The City That Is Not: Apophasis and Anglo-Saxon Urbanism

Author(s): Rafał Borysławski / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article discusses two Old English cases of walking through cities that no longer exist and the implications that such visions entail for early medieval philosophical perspectives. The first part proposes a conjectural vision of the city of Rome from around the time of the visits of young Prince Alfred of Wessex, future King Alfred the Great, in 853 and in 855 A.D. The second part is constructed upon an understanding of one of the Exeter Book elegies, “The Ruin”, presenting musings on whatever remained from another Roman city, conceivably identifiable with Aqua Sulis, that is, Bath. The reflections of the former encounter with the city may be, perhaps, found in the Meters that accompany Alfred-inspired translation of Boethius’s “De consolatione philosophiae”, and the city present in “The Ruin” is another example of the excidio urbis theme. Together, the two visions confirm the Old English metaphysical value of the city that becomes its negative, that is, the city that is formed by absences, lacunae, and vestiges of its past. Seen in this light, the “cities that are not” are presented here as instances of apophatic thinking, akin to that of Pseudo-Dionysius, whereby more can be expressed by questions and negative statements than by factual testimonials. The proposed Anglo-Saxon walks through ruined cities paradoxically offer an augmentation of reality and an existential practice in the elusiveness of signification extending beyond urban boundaries.

O czym (nie) opowiadają polsko-niemieckie miejsca pamięci

Author(s): Robert Traba,Hans-Henning Hahn / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Wprowadzenie

Author(s): Robert Traba / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Deconstructing Utopia

Author(s): Krzysztof M. Maj / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

SimCity: Where the City Ends

Author(s): Michał Kłosiński / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Analysis of the Element of Space in Negative Utopias by Antoni Lange, Jan Dobraczyński & Vladímir Páral

Author(s): Aleksandra Paluch / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Publications of Michael A. Peters

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

MISLITI RAT

Author(s): Raymond Aron / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Možda ću, u okviru ovog pokušaja sveobuhvatne interpretacije, moći da odgovorim na toliko puta ponavljano pitanje o Klauzevicevom metodu i njegovom poreklu i srodnosti sa Kantovim i Hegelovim metodom. Prethodnom odeljku prvog toma svoje knjige dao sam naziv »dijalektika«. Dakle, ne dovodim u pitanje tvrdnju da su Klauzevicevo mišljenje i metod u izvesnoj meri dijalektički. Ostaje nam samo da saznamo - u kojem smislu.

RAT U ZALIVU SE NIJE DOGODIO

Author(s): Jean Baudrillard / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Pošto je ovaj rat bio dobijen unaprijed, nikad nećemo saznati kako bi izgledao da je postojao. Nikad nećemo saznati kako bi izgledao Iračanin koji se borio i bio u prilici da se bori. Nikad nećemo saznati kako bi izgledao Amerikanac koji se borio i bio u prilici da bude pobijeđen. Vidjeli smo kako izgleda ultra-moderni proces udara, paralize, lobotomije eksperimentalnog neprijatelja, bez mogućeg odgovora. Ali, to nije rat. Isto kao što 10.000 tona bombi dnevno nije dovoljno da bi to bio rat. Isto kao što direktan prenos preko CNN, realno vrijeme informisanja nije dovoljno da rat učini autentičnim. Pamtimo Capricorn One, kad je na svim svjetskim televizijama direktno prenošen let rakete sa ljudskom posadom na Mars, koji se dogodio samo u jednom pustinjskom studiju.

Debata z perspektywy archeologii gatunków – od praktyki do teorii

Author(s): Agnieszka Budzyńska-Daca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This preliminary study might be classified as an academic inquiry from the perspective of genre archaeology. In this inquiry, the author attempts to search for the genre roots of debate as a form which shaped the public discourse of that time. To this end, the author presents various practices of debate in Athens at the times of Pericles and Aristotle. Further, she presents Aristotle’s opinion regarding the usefulness of rhetoric and debate for dispute resolution in a democracy as well as his genre division of the forms of public speaking. Lastly, the author discusses several educational practices thanks to which those genre models could have been solidified and passed on to the next generations.

Социална справедливост и върховенство на правото

Author(s): Denitsa Topchiyska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article analyses the main theoretical models of social justice in contemporary society. The aim of the research is to reach conclusions on the conceptual and functional relationship between the modern concept of the rule of law and social justice.

Ефективност на методите за убеждаване в кандидатпрезидентската реторика

Author(s): Mariana Kuzmanska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This text explains and emphasize on the methods which the presidential-candidates in Bulgaria use to convince their audience in what they say in their speeches. In the following text it is shown which methods are effective and should be used while speaking in front of the audience and which methods are ineffective and better be avoided by the speakers. How these methods reflect the listeners, why it is important to use them when necessary and how to classify them by their importance for both speakers and audience is the main purpose of this paper.

Conflicting Methodological Metaphors Pertaining to Sameness and Difference: Eliade and Deleuze in Dialogue

Author(s): Carl Olson / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper, I propose to examine the postmodern challenge to hermeneutics exercised by historians of religions by using the hermeneutical method of Mircea Eliade as an example of an approach that has been used in Religious Studies scholarship. This hermeneutical method is compared to the postmodern approach of Gilles Deleuze and special attention will be focused on the importance of difference among postmodernists. We will witness that Eliade’s approach to the study of religion is shaped by fundamentals of Enlightenment philosophy and its representational mode of thinking that is evident in his use of the phenomenological method, intentionality, intuition, morphological classification, and his stress upon order over chaos instead of the simulacra discussed by numerous postmodern thinkers. It is possible, of course, to also find romantic thinking and the influence of Eastern Orthodox religiosity on Eliade’s thinking, but such considerations can be suspended for another paper. The phenomenological aspects of Eliade’s method presuppose a metaphysical stance and a coherence theory of truth, which are diametrically opposed to the overall postmodern position of Gilles Deleuze and his emphasis on difference. Moreover, this paper is narrowly focused on Eliade’s morphological classification expressed by the metaphor of a tree, which is compared to Deleuze’s rhizomatic method and its reliance on the metaphor of the root. This essay also compares the two thinkers on the problem of time and history because of their relationship to the hermeneutics of the two thinkers. Moreover, this paper examines the presuppositions of both positions and the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches for the future study of religion.

Between Colonial Laws and Religious Traditions: Hindu Women in the Nineteenth Century India

Author(s): Maria-Daniela Pomohaci / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In order to understand social reforms regarding women’s rights in nineteenth century India, one needs to begin by taking a look at the ideas of “rule of law” and at the “rule of colonial difference”, which animated legislation initiatives in the field of gender and discrimination in colonial India.

H.P. Lovecraft’ın “Dunwich Dehşeti” Adlı Öyküsünde Posthümanist Ögeler

Author(s): F. Gül Koçsoy / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

İnsanı, diğer varlıkların üzerinde istisnai bir özne olarak gören Hümanist bakışa tepki olarak doğan posthümanist düşünce, insanın varoluşsal kimliğini sorgular. Edebiyat, sosyoloji, felsefe, siyaset bilimi ve medya çalışmaları gibi birçok disiplinle ilintili olan Posthümanizm, insana dair yeni bir anlayış getirir: insan artık Hümanizm’in parolası olan ‘bütün şeylerin ölçüsü’1 ve efendisi değil, evrenin sıradan ve mütevazı bir üyesidir. Hümanizmanın sorgulanması Friedrich Nietzsche ve Max Stirner gibi felsefecilerle 19. yüzyıla kadar götürülebilir; ancak toplumsal karşılığını bulması, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra özellikle de altmışlı yıllarda, feminizm ve ırkçılık karşıtlığı gibi hareketlerle birlikte postmodernitenin kendini göstermesiyle gerçekleşir. “Bu hareketler Batı demokrasisi, liberal bireycilik ve herkes için sağlandığı iddia edilen özgürlüğe dayalı Soğuk Savaş belagatinin yavanlığına meydan okumuştu” (Braidotti 27). Bunundevamında seksenli yıllardan itibaren ortaya çıkan Hümanizma karşıtı fikirler bileşkesi olan Posthümanizm, insanların Rönesans’tan beri etik anlayışların tek yapıcısı, temsilcisi ve uygulayıcısı olduğu kavramına karşı çıkar. “Aslında Posthümanistler, teknoloji yönelimli geleceğimizde dünyayı ahlaki bir hiyerarşi olarak anlamanın ve insanı da bunun tepesine yerleştirmenin artık bir anlamı olmadığını iddia ederler” (ethics).

Angela Carter’ın Spekülatif Romanlarında Hümanizm Eleştirisi ve Posthümanist Belirsizlik

Author(s): Barış Ağir / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Rönesans ve sonrasında Batı düşüncesinde etkin bir felsefi söylem olarak kendine yer edinen Hümanizm, Orta Çağ Hristiyanlığının “Tanrı merkezli bir varlık ve toplum tasavvuru” (Evkuran 39) olan teosentrik dünya görüşünün reddedildiği ve odağını Tanrı’dan insana kaydıran “homosentrik paradigmayı”1(Best ve Keller 180) ifade etmektedir. Nicola Abbagnon’un tanımlamasıyla “hümanizm insanın değerini kabul eden; onu her şeyin ölçütü olarak tanımlayan, insanın doğasını, yetilerinin ölçüsünü (sınırlarını) ya da ilgilerini konu edinen bir felsefedir” (763). Aydınlanma ve Modernite ile birlikte düşünsel zirvesine ulaşan hümanizm, insanları Tanrı’nın vesayetinden kurtararak, seküler değerlerin benimsenmesini, teknolojik egemenliği ve bilimsel akılcılığı teşvik eder. “Batı medeniyetinin seküler ve rasyonel doğrularını bariz bir şekilde yansıtan” (Davies 9) hümanizm, insan-dışı yaşam biçimlerinde olmadığını iddia ettiği temel bir insan özünde ısrar eder. Dolayısıyla, hümanizm ve ona eşlik eden kapitalist düzen Ben / Öteki, Erkek / Kadın, Doğal / Yapay, İnsan / İnsan Olmayan vb. ikili karşıtlar yaratır. Egemen aklın öznesine dayanan bu karşıtlıklar posthümanist söylemde eleştirilmektedir. Çeşitli anlam kalıplarına açık, “birden fazla ve birbiri içine geçmiş” (Ağın 1) anlamlara sahip bir kavram olan posthümanizm, hümanist söylemin iddialarını kabullenmeyi reddederek, hümanizmin hegemonyasına meydan okumayı ve onu dönüştürmeyi amaçlayan bir dizi eleştirel söylemler bütünüdür. Gülnur Güvenç’e göre “posthümanizm, hümanizmin neden olduğu bunalımları açıklayan, düzenleyen veya bunlarla başa çıkmaya yönelik fikirler içeren bir şemsiye terim olarak kabul edilir” (49). İkili karşıtlıkları aşma yönünde, insanı fiziksel ve ontolojik olarak değişime uğratan gelişmiş teknoloji kültürüne posthümanizm de özel bir önem atfetmektedir. Posthümanizmin doğayı ve ekolojiyi de kapsayan tekno-bilimsel felsefesi, artık saf olmayan ve teknolojiyle dönüştürülmüş özneler üzerinde durmaktadır. Andy Miah’ın da belirttiği gibi, “teknolojik değişim posthümanizmin çağdaş temsillerinin bir merkezi haline gelmiştir” (271). Bu atfedilen tekno-kültürde organik ve doğal olmayan “insan/makine, hayvan/organizma/insan, fiziksel/fiziksel-olmayan melez” dönüşümler gibi “posthuman’daki ‘post’ ön eki insanın sınırlarını aşan hem ‘sonra’ hem de ‘öte’ anlamını işaret eder” (Buran 126). Bu bağlamda posthümanizm insanın tarihsel bir eleştirisinden yola çıkarak hümanizm sonrası döneme önceliğini verir ve teknolojinin dönüştürücü etkisini de göz önünde bulundurur (Yeşilyurt 9). Anti-hümanist, feminist ve postmodern düşünürlerin fikirleri ekseninde gelişen posthümanizmin özünde yatan niyet, hümanizmin insanlığa dayattığı totaliter büyük anlatıları parçalayarak, onları çeşitlilik ve akışkanlık fikirleriyle değiştirmektir. Bu özellikleriyle posthümanizm klasik hümanist kavramların eleştirisini yapan, yüksek teknoloji kültürünün dönüştürücügücüne vurgu yapan postmodern bir düşünce olarak da kabul edilebilir.

Proiectul cultural al generației interbelice. De la provincialism la universal

Author(s): Ion Cordoneanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In this chapter I will discuss the role that Mircea Eliade had, as an exponent of the generation, in the interwar Romanian culture in general and the humanist thinking in particular, under two challenges, the historical and the political. Between the two tendencies crystallized in the Romanian interwar period, philosophical universalism and autochthonism, Mircea Eliade intuits that, after the achievement of the national unity on December 1, 1918, the Romanian culture must assume a new direction. Between the first tendency, which understood that the specificity of modernity lies in the universality of truth beyond the national specificity, and the second interested in deciphering the "Romanian vein" in the cultural and philosophical capitalization of ethnicity, Eliade projects the destiny of national culture in the universal dimension, considering that Romania's destiny must be a cultural one, and our cultural modernity should by represented by the "universal man". Eliade's project, perhaps, was doomed to failure or had a partial and unfinished character, and modernity understood as cultural universalization was only the awareness of a trend that, under the "terror of history", did not materialize. But he became a personal project that Mircea Eliade assumed through the hermeneutics of the world's religions and the understanding of homo religiosus and "total man".

Tradiție și modernizare în filosofia lui Mircea Florian

Author(s): Mihaela Gligor / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In an attempt to capture the beginnings of modernity in Mircea Florian's philosophy (and, implicitly, in Romanian philosophy in the twentieth century) we start from the philosophy of recessiveness developed by the Romanian thinker and discuss, for a start, the relationship between philosophy and nation, on the one hand , and the relationship between Romanian philosophy and universal philosophy, on the other hand. In both cases, the recessive ratio indicates a duality. Philosophy means infinity, generality, totality, and the nation expresses the essence, the real, the individual. The dominant term is philosophy, and the nation is recessive. Mircea Florian accentuated the state of Romanian philosophy through a series of rules of philosophical conduct, thus affirming its autonomy from other fields of spirit and recognizing its existence in a national context.

INDIVIDUALISM SI COLECTIVISM – TEORII, METODE ȘI APLICAȚII

Author(s): Marilena Doncean / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The connotations of the term individualism have been debated many time throughout history, giving it a wide range of meanings, more vague or more precise, depending on those who use it - historians, writers, anthropologists, philosophers of social sciences, politics or political theorists. Each gave it its own meaning and thus integrated it into their work. The promoters of individualism have as their ultimate goal the individual goals and desires, in other words, individualism is the opposite of holism, collectivism, totalitarianism, which support the community objectives of society. The last part of the twentieth century was the period when neoclassical market policies began to dominate the globe. This was due to two series of major events: the crisis of the welfare state and the fall of communism. The triumphalist spirit of this age, present in works such as Francis Fukuyama's "The End of History and the Last Man" was the New Spirit of the New Age. The term individualism was the one that best captured this spirit better than any other.

The Philosophical Vision of Legal Punishment

Author(s): Virginia Zaharia,Veronica Pozneacova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of punishment represents one of the most difficult legal issues that are related to the concept of human freedom and responsibility. Since Antiquity, the brilliant minds of humanity contemplated about the sense of punishment and the function of this institution. Each epoch analyses this concept from different aspects and some of them are reflected in the actual legislation. The most important principles of contemporary criminal law were expounded by the Ancient, Modern and Contemporary philosophers. The field of research of this article is the philosophy of punishment of criminal law. In this study, we have applied the method of historical research of the proposed topic, which gives us the opportunity to analyze the development of criminal punishment and its goals from a historical perspective. In this paper, we aimed to determine the philosophical base of the legal punishment that legitimizes the application of sanctions to the person who committed the crime. We established the importance of the theories developed by brilliant thinkers for the contemporary concept of penal retribution and legal regulation of this institution. This theme generates several discussions that are formed in the process of comparison and debating of the ideas of influential philosophers regarding the purpose of criminal punishment. Therefore, we consider that the analysis of the theories of great thinkers gives us the possibility to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of criminal punishment, and leads to the more effective application of state constraint towards the offender.