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Fikce, skutečnost a radikalni vypraveni

Fikce, skutečnost a radikalni vypraveni

Author(s): Petr Koťátko / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2013

The article focuses on the nature of the worlds of narrative fiction, ways of their representation, the status and identity conditions of fictional entities and correlatively on the role of singular terms in literary texts. According to the author, the basic question providing a proper framework for addressing such topics is: what does the reader have to do (to presuppose, to accept, to imagine) in order to allow the text of narrative fiction to fulfill its literary functions? The alternative is to start with the “text itself’, i.e. sentences with their linguistic meanings (in abstraction from their literary functions), and ask what kind of material does the text provide to the interpreter, what does it enable him/her to identify and determine and what does it leave principially unidentifiable and underdetermined. According to the author, such an approach blocks the access (or makes impossible the return) to the text’s literary functions. The author defends certain specification of the interpretative attitude required by the literary functions of a text of narrative fiction from its reader. Among other things, he attempts to demonstrate its general applicability by analyzing a highly non-standard type of narration (labelled “radical”).

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Extremele alterității: înțelepciunea (senecană) și nebunia (neroniană)

Extremele alterității: înțelepciunea (senecană) și nebunia (neroniană)

Author(s): Ilona-Manuela Duță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2024

Master and student, philosopher and emperor, Seneca and Nero bring face to face the extremes of alterity faced by the decadent Roman world, both psychologically and politically, mirroring the agony of the disintegration of ancient moral rigours in contact with the carnivalesque hybridization specific to imperial expansion . The collision of the Stoic reason represented by the philosopher with the irrationality, histrionics, and with the delirium through which the power of the emperor transvestite in the actor is literally staged reveals the tragic agony (agon) of the sacrifice of virtue (virtus) on the altar of the palace erected in the temple of the new political rituals (intrigues, manipulations, crimes). The Reason is the center of Roman axiology to which Cicero devotes all his rhetorical force. In the new axiological order, virtue is replaced by the mask, signalling the weakening of the foundation (ontological, ethical, and symbolic) of a world in profound change. Not by chance, this era is the matrix of the creation of tragedy in the authentic Senecan expression, the tragedian operating a vivisection of the pathos in his tragedies, as the philosopher builds the walls of morality and of the logos by means of the Stoic doctrine. The internal cleavage of Seneca's work, since the philosophical doctrine is the space for the preservation of logos, while tragedy becomes the laboratory of pathos, is proportional to the dislocation of the Roman mentality between order and disorder. If the mental structures of the imperial world are persona (social role) and dignitas (good compliance with duty), then, the protagonists of the tragic scene, Seneca and Nero, embody these structures and confront them, the emperor dissolving the idea of role (political, social, civic) in a carnival mask, the philosopher defending the dignity given by reason and logos with his own life.

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Dărnicie și magnificență. Messer Torello și Saladin, o lectură (inter)culturală din Boccaccio

Author(s): Simona Drăgan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

Starting from novella 10.9 of the Decameron, one from a series devoted to stories about liberality and magnificence, the article confronts it to the context of ‘global Trecento’ relations with the religious alterity in Italy. In the wake of some extraordinary events, an improbable friendship comes to connect the hearts of a Christian named Torello and of the Muslim sultan Saladin. Is Boccaccio unusually benevolent regarding the religious liberties of his time, or the story truly reflects the spirit of a more tolerant age? The paper explores the historicized context of this novella in the late Middle Ages in the Mediterranean world, particularly against the history of the crusades, and eventually includes a few visual echoes of this story in the art of the wedding gifts. I also try to understand to what extent the medieval value of courtesy was a common idiom in rival religions, so that the chivalrous virtues could become a lingua franca in the relations between men of different religion and social ranks.

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Problematica libertății la Jean-Paul Sartre

Author(s): Alina Ilea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

Continuing the tradition of classical French philosophy (Montaigne, Descartes, Pascal), Jean-Paul Sartre links the concept of freedom to the essence of the human being. Freedom precedes essence, while also having the ability to generate its own nothingness. Thrown into the opacity and loneliness of the world, man is ”sentenced to freedom”, acquiring his authenticity only through the choices he makes. God does not exist, so the whole weight of the world hangs on his shoulders, and behind him there is nothing but nothingness. By choosing himself, man in fact chooses the entire human condition. Suspended in the void, without any support from anywhere, man is condemned every moment to reinvent himself and all of humanity. Oreste, in Sartre’s ”The Flies”, knows that freedom is a ”human business” and that when freedom has ”exploded” in a man's soul, the gods can do nothing. Man is free to constantly invent and reinvent himself, according to his own will, according to his own destiny. Man can never be anything other than what he himself has decided to become. Consequently, to be means, in fact, to choose, to opt for one situation or another, for one existential paradigm, or another. Every situation is unique and open to freedom, since man is the one who chooses it, the one who gives it one meaning or another. In the configuration of our freedom, it is our subjective nature and not external reality that plays the essential role.

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Voir et entendre flou

Voir et entendre flou

Author(s): André Scala / Language(s): French Issue: Special/2024

Between two forms of uncertainty as non-coincidence with oneself, Cartesian imprecision and Merleau-Ponty’s blur, there is the Goethean trouble, the empirical-transcendental condition of all vision which, both sensitive and metaphysical, frees the gaze from the tactile imperatives of clearness and opens it to the musical aspect of the fuzziness.

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Les promesses du flou. L’indiscernable ou l’individualité esthétique en question

Les promesses du flou. L’indiscernable ou l’individualité esthétique en question

Author(s): Bertrand Prévost / Language(s): French Issue: Special/2024

We are trying here to establish the symptomatic value of our interest, both aesthetic and intellec tual interest in vagueness, as a figure of indeterminacy, of potential… But it seems that vagueness in no way takes us out of a logic of the possible, which, far from thinking of potential forms, attach them even more in individual determination: vagueness would only be the possibility of the net. This is why we try to replace it with the notion of the indiscernible, as Félix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze have thought it, that is to say a zone of neighbourhood where at least two heterogeneous realities actually meet to form a third, wholly determined and singular, yet does not exist as an individuality: Tintoretto’s painting-dyeing, Manet’s cosmetics-skin-pastel, etc.

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Smiech a humor v kresťanstve

Smiech a humor v kresťanstve

Author(s): Ľuboš Rojka / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2024

Laughter and humour are integral parts of human life, including Christian life. In antiquity, Greek philosophers like Plato generally condemned laughter, considering it a manifestation of a loss of self control. Similarly, early Christian thinkers, inspired by Plato and the Scriptures, perceived laughter negatively. In contrast, Thomas Aquinas, influenced by Aristotle, attributed a positive role to laughter and humour, highlighting their potential educational function and importance in maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Søren Kierkegaard believed that humour is an essential part of Christian life, marking the transition from the ethical to the religious level of existence. Modern theories of humour point to it as a mechanism for overcoming differences between expectations and reality, which can be useful in Christianity for a deeper understanding of religious truths and thus overcoming misconceptions. Despite its complexity, humour in the Christian context opens up space for a more positive and humane perception of faith.

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Karl R. Popper i Ludwig Wittgenstein jako nauczyciele - Dwie biografie, dwie koncepcje filozofii edukacji

Karl R. Popper i Ludwig Wittgenstein jako nauczyciele - Dwie biografie, dwie koncepcje filozofii edukacji

Author(s): Jarema Drozdowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest mniej znanym faktom z życia dwóch najsłynniejszych filozofów dwudziestowiecznych: Karlowi R. Popperowi i Ludwigowi Wittgensteinowi. Tekst ten dokonuje rekonstrukcji ich praktyki jako nauczycieli i umieszcza ten fakt w kontekście modelu filozofii edukacji przez nich prezentowanych w wybranych dziełach. Doświadczenie nauczycielskie cechuje w obu omawianych przypadkach wiele różnic pod wieloma względami, a różnice te służyć mogą prezentacji ich dzieł koncepcyjnych oraz tego, jak koncepcje te stosowali oni w praktyce. Artykuł ten przywołuje również kontekst reformy szkolnej wprowadzonej w Austrii w latach dwudziestych XX w. i odsłania w jakim stopniu wpłynęła ona na ich koncepcje edukacji i praktyczne jej zastosowanie w szkołach, w których pracowali.

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„es sind / noch Lieder zu singen jenseits / der Menschen“. Perspektiven vom Menschen und Humanismus bei Paul Celan und Erich Fried

„es sind / noch Lieder zu singen jenseits / der Menschen“. Perspektiven vom Menschen und Humanismus bei Paul Celan und Erich Fried

Author(s): Laura Cheie / Language(s): German Issue: 19/2022

The poet and humanist Erich Fried conceived a poetical replica of the poem Fadensonnen (Threadsuns) by Paul Celan, after rereading the original poem, following the poet’s death. Through this, he distanced himself critically from Celan’s affirmation that there could be “songs” beyond mankind. The critique of Celan’s poetry and the thinking expressed by Fried gave rise to a series of interpretations on the part of German studies specialists. They considered that Fried did not understand Celan when he reproached him the escapist, nihilist tendencies, even the inhumanity, or when he rejected the hermetic poetry, supposedly disengaged, of the poet from Bucovina. Another perspective was that Fried did not criticise Celan, but the writings about him. The present paper proposes a demonstration that Celan’s poetry and Fried’s interpretation actually reveal two different perspectives on man and humanism, of which one is concrete and engaged (Fried) and the other abstract and influenced by Martin Heidegger’s philosophy of humanism of (Celan).

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W służbie Dobra i Prawdy - Ks. Andrzej Maryniarczyk sdb, przedstawiciel lubelskiej szkoły filozoficznej

W służbie Dobra i Prawdy - Ks. Andrzej Maryniarczyk sdb, przedstawiciel lubelskiej szkoły filozoficznej

Author(s): Justyna Horbowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Ks. prof. dr hab. Andrzej Maryniarczyk SDB, który zmarł pod koniec 2020 roku był najszerzej znany jako metafizyk realistyczny i antropolog - przedstawiciel lubelskiej szkoły filozoficznej. Poświęcał również wiele uwagi szeroko rozumianej działalności edukacyjnej, a także różnym formom upowszechniania dzieł z obszaru filozofii realizując jednocześnie powołanie zakonne w Towarzystwie św. Franciszka Salezego. W niniejszej publikacji została podjęta próba ukazania działalności ks. Andrzeja Maryniarczyka SDB w głównych obszarach jego aktywności i w kontekście uzyskanych przez niego efektów. Uzasadnienie podjęcia tej tematyki stanowi brak jej wyczerpującego opracowania podczas, gdy dzieło życia ks. Andrzeja Maryniarczyka SDB wydaje się zasługiwać na upowszechnianie ze względu tak na jego samego jako na wzór osobowy, jak i na treści zawarte w dziełach, które pozostawił. W opracowaniu posłużyłam się metodą analizy tekstu oraz metodą historyzmu.

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The Philosophical and Pedagogical Heritage of Yakiv Mamontov: The Concept of Pedagogical Creativity

The Philosophical and Pedagogical Heritage of Yakiv Mamontov: The Concept of Pedagogical Creativity

Author(s): Svitlana Loboda,Małgorzata Kosiorek / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The article considers Mamontov’s philosophical and pedagogical heritage through the prism of modern approaches to the development of pedagogical creativity. The aim is a deeper understanding of the topic in the context of actualising the issues of organising the activities of the participants of the educational process in the frames of the creation of a new educational paradigm. The philosophical and pedagogical heritage of the teacher has been singled out as an important component of their integral system of views on the meaning of pedagogical creativity and the system of education and upbringing of children and youth. Materials: monographs, educational publications, scientific articles, reviews, are presented and analysed in the article – altogether, 21 works can be attributed to the little-known or unpublished pages of the creative heritage of Mamontov. All these works were considered de visu.A historiographical analysis of the latest works of researchers who studied the pedagogical work of the teacher was carried out and, on this basis, the special contribution of Mamontov to the progress of pedagogical science was revealed. It was concluded that the current creation of a new pedagogical paradigm contributes to a wider acquaintance with the creative work of the teacher and makes prerequisites for considering the concept of pedagogical creativity as a basic component of the advancement of modern education. Through historical-pedagogical knowledge and rethinking, sufficient ideas, forms and methods of organising the educational process are introduced, which contribute to the establishment of the view of Mamontov as a philosopher-thinker, humanist and reformer of pedagogy.

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On lifting of embeddings between transitive models of set theory

On lifting of embeddings between transitive models of set theory

Author(s): Radek Honzík / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Suppose M and N are transitive models of set theory, P is a forcing notion in M and G is P-generic over M. An elementary embedding j : (M, ∈) → (N, ∈) lifts to M[G] if there is j+ : (M[G], G, ∈) → (N[j+(G)], j+(G), ∈) such that j+ restricted to M is equal to j. We survey some basic applications of the lifting method for both large cardinals and small cardinals (such as ω2, or successor cardinals in general). We focus on results and techniques which appeared after Cummings’s handbook article [Cum10]: we for instance discuss a generalization of the surgery argument, liftings based on fusion, and compactness principles such as the tree property and stationary reflection at successor cardinals.

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CENSORSHIP, CONTROL, AND COMPLIANCE IN BYZANTINE MUSICOLOGY IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA

CENSORSHIP, CONTROL, AND COMPLIANCE IN BYZANTINE MUSICOLOGY IN COMMUNIST ROMANIA

Author(s): Cătălin Cernătescu / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2024

My paper examines censorship and control in Byzantine musicology during the communist regime in Romania. The investigation draws upon archive materials from the Romanian Composers and Musicologists Union which reveal a previously unknown narrative. Within these records, covering the years 1950 to 1989, I unearthed unpublished accounts on Byzantine musicology and on scholars writing on church chant. In addition to identifying explicit instances of censorship, I have sought evidence for the compliance with the policies that heavily restricted the use of theological vocabulary. Furthermore, I have examined how musicologists outside such expert groups engaged with the research conducted by their peers. Through this pursuit, I aim to enhance the understanding of how specialists in sacred chant navigated the intricate landscape of cultural dynamics during a tumultuous historical period.

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FROM THE “METAPHORIZING MAN” TO THE ARTIFICIAL “MAN” AND “BACK”

Author(s): Henrieta Șerban / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Throughout his history, man has proven himself to be a creative creature. The paper contrasts man and IA, discussing in this respect the meaning of the Turing Test and the value of reference for the human being, in fact consecrated by the Turing Test. In Lucian Blaga’s philosophical system, we find a beautiful plea for the uniqueness (singularity) of man, defined as a cultural mutation in the universe. This beautiful perspective brought to philosophy by Lucian Blaga is by no means something exotic (in a negative sense): we find resonances of this perspective in the philosophy of Ernst Cassirer, Richard Rorty, Basarab Nicolescu and Mihai Drăgănescu. As man is the measure of all things in the universe in which he lives, a measure of creative man is that he provides his own living environment, as an interface for the natural environment or even as a substitute for the natural environment in various concrete circumstances and in some interpretive perspectives. Another measure of human creativity, but without reducing everything to these two aspects selected for discussion, will be the creation of artificial man, the AI. However, cumulating our interpretation of the Turing Test and of Lucian Blaga’s vision upon the singularity of man, either this achievement will be called “human” (an intelligence or a “mind”), or it will be able to be recognized as an instance of authentic thinking being when it will manifest at least a relative detachment from the program, through metaphorical capacities derived from the algorithmic programming, proving its “learning” dimension or, unexpectedly (spontaneously), in relation to its programming.

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DESPRE RELAȚIA DINTRE CREȘTINISM, CREDINȚELE RELIGIOASE ȘI PLURALITATEA RELIGIOASĂ

DESPRE RELAȚIA DINTRE CREȘTINISM, CREDINȚELE RELIGIOASE ȘI PLURALITATEA RELIGIOASĂ

Author(s): Gelu CĂLINA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

Four aspects of religious pluralism are discussed that help to clarify the meaning of this concept. First of all, it refers to the fact that pluralism is not only diversity, but also its energetic correlation with diversity. Second, it highlights that pluralism does not only mean tolerance, but also the active search for understanding that appears as beyond the lines that draw differences. Third, pluralism is not relativism, but the making of mutual commitments, which means the responsibility to preserve what makes us who we are in the deepest way, even the differences in our beliefs. Fourth, pluralism is based on dialogue, which means speaking and listening to the other, crossing the threshold and entering the religious world of the other and then returning home, enriched by this sacrament of marriage. In light of these approaches, we will summarize four scenarios regarding the future of religion and spirituality worldwide. Through this approach we want to highlight the role of the relationship between Christianity, religious beliefs and religious plurality.

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DESPRE ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTUL RELIGIOS DIN ROMÂNIA ȘI REGIMUL LUI JURIDIC

DESPRE ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTUL RELIGIOS DIN ROMÂNIA ȘI REGIMUL LUI JURIDIC

Author(s): Cătălina Mititelu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2024

From the brief analysis and comparative evaluation of the texts of the Romanian legislation on religious education from 1948 until now, the reader can find that the legal regime from 1948-1989 is different from the one provided by the Romanian legislation since 1990. By introducing the religion lesson as an educational object into the analytical curriculum, the religious education system in Romania - provided for by the constitutional texts, the Education Laws and the Protocols concluded between the Ministry of Education and the State Secretariat for Cults - became largely similar to those in other democratic states of the world. With the entry of Romania into the European Union, the education system - high school and university-theological - also adapted to the requirements formulated by their competent bodies, which made the rules regarding religious education provided by domestic law to state in their content the basic principles enunciated by international law.

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A székely viccek pragmatikája

A székely viccek pragmatikája

Author(s): Sára Mátéffy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2024

Various pragmatic misunderstandings can be observed in Szekler's jokes. These misunderstandings are typical of the Szekler way of thinking. They are constructed by creating anti-maxims in contradiction with Grice's maxims. Szeklers do not want to lose their authority, try to hide their narrow-mindedness, or even emphasize their cunning nature. Knowledge of language misunderstandings and the worldview of the Szeklers helps to find the source of humor and to gain comprehensive knowledge about the world of the Szeklers.

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Вестернизъм и комунизъм (Европа и Изтокът във възгледите на Карл Маркс и Фридрих Енгелс)
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Вестернизъм и комунизъм (Европа и Изтокът във възгледите на Карл Маркс и Фридрих Енгелс)

Author(s): Ivan Katzarski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2024

The article explores a rarely studied topic – theWesternism of Marx and Engels. In a theoretical and abstract framework, they anticipate that, in the course of capitalist development, national distinctions will gradually disappear, eventually ceasing to exist entirely under communism, along with class divisions. National oppression is also expected to vanish. In line with these broad ideas, the „Сlassics” condemn the destructive impact of Western expansion on the countries and regions affected by this expansion. Marx and Engels, particularly the former, compiled a well-documented dossier on the West's crimes in subjugated countries and regions. However, they also firmly believed that the victims of this expansion were deserving of their fate because they stood as obstacles to „progress”, being perceived as „barbarians” obstructing the path of Western civilization. This viewpoint provides a form of philosophical justification for these crimes. Subsequently, as an alternative to Westernism, I briefly examine the symbiotic relationships between the archai cand modern elements in certain Eastern societies (Japan, India, and China). The conclusion offers a brief comparison of the Westernism of Marx and Engels with contemporary Westernists and outspoken anti-communists.

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Идеология и морал
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Идеология и морал

Author(s): Stiliyan Yotov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2024

The article is an attempt to take stock of personal experience related to studying the topic of ideology in the 1980s in the philosophy faculties of Bulgaria and with the discussions on this topic. Initially, it reconstructed the way in which the original texts of Marx and Engels were read, which contrasted with the circulating official versions. Then it draws attention to a deficient moment in education related to the neglect of a certain type of interpretations following the work of Antonio Gramsci, enjoying at the same time an increased interest in the world. Finally, it offers an attempt to explain the meaning of alternative readings of ideology, related, on the one hand, to the work of Louis Althusser, on the other, to that of N. Abercrombie, B. Turner, St. Hill, who break with the traditional idea of a direct relationship between the economic structure of society and ideology, as well as of the relationship between a ruling class and an oppressive ideology. Against this background, the problem of the relationship between ideology and morality is addressed and the thesis is defended that morality may not be a form of ideology, but a critique of ideology.

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Защо не съм комунист?
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Защо не съм комунист?

Author(s): Karel Chapek / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2024

The article is based on the thesis that not being a communist is not only a negation, but also a definite ideological and life credo. The author dwells on the topic not so much because he needs to debate on communism, but rather to defend before himself about the fact that he is not a communist and why he cannot be one. He is alien to communism which instead of help, holds out the banner of revolution. Communism's last word is rule, not rescue: its slogan is power, not help. It does not consider poverty, hunger, unemployment to be an unbearable pain and shame, but a welcome reserve of dark forces, an impetus for mass rage and resistance. According to him, “the social system is to blame for this”. All of us are guilty of this, whether we ignore human misery with our hands in our pockets or with the flag of revolution in hand.

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