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Dostoevsky on immortality of the soul and unearthly Paradise

Author(s): Grzegorz Przebinda / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 1/2018

Dostojewski o nieśmiertelności duszy i raju pozaziemskim Artykuł stanowi próbę opisu światopoglądu rosyjskiego pisarza i myśliciela Fiodora Michajłowicza Dostojewskiego (1821–1881) w kontekście rozumienia przez niego nieśmiertelności duszy ludzkiej oraz raju pozaziemskiego w opozycji do ateistycznych i antyteistycznych ideologii Rosji drugiej połowy XIX wieku, w tym przede wszystkim „bezbożnego socjalizmu”. Ukazuje fundamentalne różnice pomiędzy cząstkami ideowo-fabularnymi powieści Bracia Karamazow – Przewrót geologiczny, Legenda o raju i Wielki Inkwizytor – w kontekście rozważań pisarza o osobowej nieśmiertelności człowieka i jego istnieniu w „raju pozaziemskim”. W odniesieniu do bliskiej Dostojewskiemu ideowo postaci nacjonalisty Iwana Pawłowicza Szatowa z powieści Biesy została sformułowana teza o sprzeczności jego światopoglądu z chrześcijańskim uniwersalizmem, wyrażonym źródłowo w Liście do Galatów apostoła Pawła (3:28): „Nie ma Żyda ani Greka, nie ma niewolnika ani wolnego, nie ma mężczyzny ani kobiety, gdyż wy wszyscy jedno jesteście w Jezusie Chrystusie”.

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Państwo uwikłane w swój Kościół. Czy Polska powojenna była kiedykolwiek świecka w sensie społecznym?

Author(s): Tomasz Polak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2022

Poland, secularism, Church, usurpation, cultural Catholicism, state, religion, entanglement

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Przezwyciężenie metafizyki, przezwyciężenie polityki. Martina Heideggera droga do i od narodowego socjalizmu

Author(s): Radosław Strzelecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 69/2022

This paper aims to equally pinpoint the philosophical origins of Martin Heidegger’s entry into the Nazi movement and the thinker’s subsequent break with political involvement. Heidegger’s path to and from National Socialism should be apprehended not only through the philosopher’s biography but, above all, within the broader framework of the process of the development of his understanding of politics as an area of being set apart and accommodated by Western metaphysics, which marks the fulfillment of the essence of metaphysics as a forgetting of being. Heidegger’s philosophy has been repeatedly diagnosed (cf., e.g., Löwith, Adorno) as deeply linked to the fascist worldview; the line of reasoning taken up in this paper insists, on the contrary, on the integrity of the ethical reasoning behind Heidegger’s work, which emphasizes, concerning politics, its character of exploiting being, in the same way as it uniformizes people and transforms them into a resource. The conclusion, therefore, reveals the profoundly anti-fascist overtones of Heidegger’s writings from 1936–1946 and, simultaneously, underscores a worrying indifference to Heidegger’s relationship to totalitarian and non-totalitarian political systems.

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Jan Kanty Rzesiński – dziewiętnastowieczny krakowski romanista i historyk prawa (część II)

Author(s): Łukasz Jan Korporowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

The article is the second part of the work devoted to the academic profile and views of Jan Kanty Rzesiński – a Cracovian lawyer who was vigorously engaged in research on Roman law, Polish legal history, and legal philosophy in the first half of the 19th century. Despite his academic interests, J.K. Rzesiński was not working at the Faculty of Law of the Jagiellonian University for most of the time. In the first part of the article, the author discussed J.K. Rzesiński’s curriculum vitae and his works on Roman law. The objective of this the second part of the article, is to examine those of remaining literary works that dealt with law (the translation of Processus iuris civilis Cracoviensis, articles on obstagium in lieu of securing creditors rights in the old Polish law, articles on language and jurisprudence, and articles on the relations between legal history and philosophy of law) as well as his views against the epoch and the Cracovian academic milieu.

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Mieczysław Gogacz’s Anthropological Explanation for the Existence of Angels

Author(s): Izabella Andrzejuk / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

Professor Mieczysław Gogacz, the renowned philosopher and founder of the recent version of Thomism – the Consistent Thomism 1, claims that angels are the final causes (causa finalis) of human soul. He derives his conception from the principle, characteristic not only for Thomism but also for the entire classical philosophy, which says that for the existent results we respectively search the prior causes. Ultimately, such established philosophical stance regards searching for causes and asking about causes. Hence in analysing the problem of final causes understood as the external causes which constitute the essence of human being, it is worth to define the scope of the research. First of all, we search for the answer to the question about the causes of human being, therefore metaphysics of real beings is the area of our study, what results in further implications. Primarly, we need to acknowledge that each essential state or activity inevitably must possess its real cause in another being. When we notice there is no such cause it means that we encounter the subsistent being (ens subsistens). It belongs to the essence of the method of metaphysics to demand theses cause to be indicated. Metaphysical methodology, when applied consequently, allows to claim that within the area of human being, reality is that what the essence exclusively receives from its existence (esse). Consequently, there must be some other causes that constitute the essence in its internal content, endowed with an act and potency (potentia), both spiritual and material. The aim of this paper is to follow the thought of Gogacz exactly in the area of discovering the role of angels as causes for the particular development of human soul. Therefore Gogacz’s proposal becomes the „proof for the existence of angels”, on the basis that each thing in order to act and cause results must, first of all, exist.

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Развитието на „индийската нишка“ в Европа: пренос и рецепция на източните идеи на Запад

Author(s): Yana Stephanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The article examines the earliest evidence of the transmission of Indian and Buddhist ideas. The aim is to outline a schematic mental “map” of the first contacts between Ancient Greece and Europe during the early Middle Ages and India in a socio-cultural and religious-philosophical aspect, without claiming absolute comprehensiveness. The historical-philosophical method was used in order to establish the lines of reception, to discover the specifics of the changes during its transmission and, accordingly, the differences that appeared, and to indicate the historical-philosophical connections and moments of “intersection” of the two traditions under consideration. The proposed article is the beginning of a series of articles that will explore in a similar manner the development of the “Indian thread” in Europe until the flowering of mature Indology in the 18th century, as until now there is no similar presentation in the Bulgarian language. The aim is not to bring to the fore a supposed influence on Christianity, nor to debate which came first, but only to show that familiarity with Indian philosophy-religious reality is not something that appears 'suddenly'. The study of the historical-philosophical context of each of the periods would provide clarity on the level of familiarity and the method of reception and interpretation of the "new knowledge" on which to base texts on East-West dialogue in modern times.

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ФЕНОМЕН МНОЖИННОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ПАРАДИГМАЛЬНОГО ПОВОРОТУ ВІД ІНСТРУМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ ДО КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ РАЦІОНАЛЬНОСТІ

Author(s): Maya Trynyak,Svitlana Oleksandrivna Rudenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2023

In the conditions of the information society, personal identity acquires a multiple and situational character that with the dominance of instrumental rationality in public consciousness and insufficiently developed auto-communication practices may lead to the destabilization of global cultural and communicative process. Based on the analysis of discourses of communicative act by J. Habermas, S. Toulmin, A. Honneth, the authors of the article have justified relevance of paradigm turn from instrumental to flexible communicative rationality.

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Koniec wieku poetów? O zszyciach literatury i filozofii

Author(s): Andrzej Zawadzki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 37/2022

The article presents an attempt to outline, from a mainly typological and partly historical perspective, what the author considers the most important varieties of the relationship between philosophy and literature (which is, of course, understood here in a working and broad sense, as poesis). In the first of these varieties, for which the fundamental significance is Plato’s gesture of excluding poets from the state, the philosophical logos defines itself in opposition to literature, or mythos. In the second, which appears to predominate from Aristotle to the 18th century, the relationship between philosophy and literature takes on a more neutral character: the former provides the latter with motifs, themes, topics, mainly related to moral philosophy in the broadest sense, while the latter provides the former with discursive modes, such as genre. Modern aesthetics and the philosophy and theory of literature (fundamentally different from the tradition of the great poets and rhetoricians of the 16th and 17th centuries), which emerged together with transcendental philosophy and its reception in German Romanticism, contributed both to the increased interest among philosophers in literature and to a clear embedding, or even closing, of literature in philosophical notions, which originated mainly in the tradition of transcendentalism and dialectical thought. Finally, the beginning of the twentieth century is distinguished, in most of the major continental philosophical traditions, by a tendency to seek, or to find, in literature the most important partner of philosophical thinking, and sometimes even the identity of philosophy.

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Sudûr Nazariyesinin Platon ve Aristoteles Felsefeleri Çerçevesinde Analizi

Author(s): Mehmet Murat Karakaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2023

In the history of philosophy, various theories have been proposed concerning the emergence of existence around concepts such as principle, cause, origin, hypostasis, and so on. Some of these theories, due to the weakness of their hypotheses, eventually lost their significance and faded away in the history of thought, while others have maintained their influence from the past to the present due to the strength of the principles they encompass. One of the most robust theories for the coming into existence and positioning of beings is the theory of emanation/overflow. Emanation is attributed to Plotinus, the founding philosopher of the Late Platonic Period (Neoplatonic Era). Although Plotinus is known as a Platonist philosopher, it is understood from his Enneads he also greatly benefited from Aristotle. While it is acknowledged that emanation is not prominently emphasized in the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, the doctrines they articulated regarding being and oneness have greatly influenced various philosophical traditions. For instance, the Later Platonic tradition, which followed in Plato's footsteps, developed the theory of emanation based on his metaphysical framework concerning being and oneness. In this regard, it becomes necessary to establish a foundation for the concepts of “participation,” “oneness,” and “being” within the context of causality, which constitutes one of the most distinctive aspects of the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, to comprehend the theory of emanation. The problematic issue to be addressed within the context of this study is the investigation of the philosophical background behind the emergence of the theory of emanation within the framework of Platonic philosophy, as opposed to Aristotelian philosophy. The fact that Plotinus is one of the important philosophers of the Platonic tradition does not seem to be an adequate explanation for the subject. The fact that such a theory did not emerge during the period from Plato’s death (347 BC) until the third century AD, that is, up to the time of Plotinus (d. 270) is not a matter that pure Platonism can explain. Therefore, it is philosophically important to identify the arguments that come to the forefront within the context of the theory of emanation in explaining of the matter. This study examines both metaphysical approaches within the theory of emanation.

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Absolutul – „ultima frontieră” a cunoașterii

Author(s): Liliana Danciu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2023

In the volume of essays “The Absolute - from disintegration to reconstruction”, the theorist and thinker Mircea Braga starts from the considerations of the philosopher George Steiner about the “disintegration" of the old existential platform of humanity, based on a mythical knowledge of man and of the universe. The new existential platform absolutizes human reason and proclaims the “death of God," to promote social and ideological mythologies that promised earthly heaven. However, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Absolute is reconstructed with the help of science that ascertains the infinity of worlds that make up the universe. Neurosurgery proves the existence of the soul and quantum physics proclaims the validity of multiple worlds beyond the limits of our perception. Including the “world beyond"! The Absolute is “reconstructed", therefore, on scientific bases, consolidating itself both theoretically and spiritually. Mircea Braga captures the way of coagulation of the concept of the possible world in the prosaic and poetic, religious and analytical imaginary, by appealing to scientific studies and literary texts from the Romanian cultural space.

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The relationship of philosphy and sociology in the light of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological philosophy

Author(s): Milomir D. Erić / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2023

In this paper, in the context of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenological philosophy, the author deals with the following questions: why two disciplines, sharing the same problems, philosophy and sociology, have become distant to a large extent, and even opposed to each other. Is it possible to establish a fruitful dialogue between sociology, which was dominantly positivist at Merleau-Ponty’s time, and phenomenological and existentialist philosophy? Can the change in the manner of placing the problems about society help to bridge the abyss between “absolutely self-sufficient” philosophy and sociology that, unaware of its theoretical suppositions, “only collects facts”? Can fundamental sociological concepts – social fact, role, culture, institutions etc. – be redefined so that they become the subject of philosophical analyses and at the same time revitalize philosophical layers of sociology itself? One of possible solutions to overcome such unnatural separation of these two disciplines is to raise awareness about and emphasize their common foundations, because a philosopher also thinks about scientific facts, just as a sociologist, every time when reconsidering the conceptual network in an attempt to include social facts, when returning to live sources of his knowledge – actually philosophizes. Apart from the analysis of the relationship of sociology and philosophy, the manner is emphasized in which positivist and phenomenological methods perceive and understand their mutual relationship.

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КАНТОВА ЕСТЕТИКА КАО КРИТИКА ЛЕПОГ

Author(s): Saša Ž. Radovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

The paper discusses Kant’s understanding of aesthetics. The analysis relies on the place of the Critique of Judgment in his system of critical thinking. In such a system of critical thinking, there is no science of beauty, but only criticism of beauty. This critique of beauty in Kant’s aesthetics is realized as an analysis of beauty. The analysis of beauty is carried out as an analysis of the judgments of taste, guided by moments analogous to the logical functions of the judgments of understanding from the Critique of Pure Reason. In the end, it is concluded that Kant’s notion of criticism is appropriate for the notion of fine art.

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Poezja otwartych ran. Stygmateksty Teresy Ferenc

Author(s): Katarzyna Szopa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2023

The article is an attempt at reading the poetry of Teresa Ferenc through the prism of feminist politics of mourning. Using Helene Cixous’s neologism “stigmatext,” I argue that the figure of an “open wound” constitutes Ferenc’s poetic imagination. This figure refers not only to the tragic event of pacification of Sochy – Ferenc’s family village – but also to the specifically understood relation with mother as is conceived in our culture. Motherhood functions here as a synecdoche of stigmatized otherness. From this point of view, poetry of open wounds emerges as an integral element of Ferenc’s ethical program,v which is opposed to the phallogocentric logic of war, death, and destruction.

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Giving Voice to the Psalms in the Alfredian Metre 4 of Boethius

Author(s): Tatyana Solomonik-Pankrashova / Language(s): English Issue: 115/2023

This article will read the Alfredian Boethius Metre 4 as a lamentation, spoken in the voice of Mod (Mind) and recited by the inner voice of the reader. The voice of Mod is mingled with the Alfredian voice, which is given a further authority by the voices of king David and the Psalter itself. The aim of this article is to highlight the echoes of Old English Psalms in the thought and rhetoric of the Alfredian Boethius Metre 4. The Old English translation of the Psalms embraces the Old English Prose Psalms (represented by Psalms 1–50) and the Old English Metrical Psalms (represented by Psalms 51–150). The Old English translation of the Prose Psalms traditionally ascribed to King Alfred the Great of Wessex (c. 871–899) is of particular interest for the present study. Yet, the inner space of Metre 4 is redolent of the vernacular voice of the selected Old English Psalms both in prose and verse.

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Някои философско-логически аспекти относно изкуствения интелект

Author(s): Doroteya Angelova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2023

The article examines some philosophical and logical aspects that are present in the definitions of the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and in the different views about its essence and goals. The main focus will be on the place of logic, including non-classical logics, in the context of the mentioned views. The question of the boundaries of AI will be also discussed and it will be proposed to be considered in several different contexts.

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The Stoic Conception of Philosophy as an Art of Living and the Pursuit of Moral Beauty

Author(s): Neşe Aksoy / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2023

The Stoics argue that philosophy as an art of living (techne) is not only a theoretical and intellectual pursuit of knowing the rational order and harmony (or logos) of nature/physics/God but it is also a practical activity that aims to transform and shape our lives in accordance with this knowledge. In this sense, the Stoics argue that philosophy is not an abstract subject to be considered but rather a practical matter that has a direct influence on our way of living. Based on this main Stoic conception of philosophy, in this paper, I fundamentally take issue with the general claim about the the Stoic moralism entails that philosophy is solely grounded on the purpose of achieving moral virtue, suggesting that all other elements are excluded from its purview. By arguing that Stoic moralism is not contrasted with the conception of moral beauty, I adopt the view that Stoic moralism is not free from the conception of beauty, such that it encapsulates the idea that beauty is within the virtuous. In light of this, I focus on the conception of philosophy and suggest that, for the Stoics, although the ultimate goal of philosophy is to lead a virtuous life that is grounded on our understanding of the rational order and harmony (or logos) of nature, the philosophical life does also correspond to a moral life, which has the aesthetic aspect of embellishing our lives with beauty, harmony, and order.

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Rêve versus Cauchemar. Le problème de la réalité dans le film

Author(s): Virgil Ciomoş / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

The paper starts with the psychoanalytic Lacanian difference between Real and reality, to redefine the relations between reality itself, as a real image, and the Imaginary. It insists on the inversion of the relations between Knowledge and the Subject, which Lacan analyzes in Crucial Problems for Psychoanalysis, and clarifies the role of Cartesian doubt as a symptom in the constitution of the modern subject. The division of knowledge between the signifier and the signified thus explains the function of the dream, but also the limits of this function in the particular case of the nightmare, as the return of the Symbolic in the Real.

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L’étoffe cauchemardesque du cinéma japonais – La mémoire de l’Autre

Author(s): Flaviu-Victor Câmpean / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

The paper approaches the theme of nightmare in two classical short films by Akira Kurosawa and Masaki Kobayashi, by way of Lacanian psychoanalysis. Ianalyze Freud’s theory of dreams together with Lacan’s reinterpretation of it,considering an indescribable memory of the nightmare that belongs to the Other asa radical lack. Relating to the navel of the dream and to the mystery surrounding itand blurring the already thin borders between sleep and awakening, all these key dimensions of the nightmare stand for its impossibility to be defined, thus intertwining life and death by way of the rigorously portrayed uncanny from theJapanese cinema.

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Le labyrinthe de Pan : mécanismes de défense dans le conte de fées cinématographique

Author(s): Ioan Mateiciuc / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

This article attempts to debate the possibility of choice based on the relationship that is established between the concepts of avoidance and defence (or adaptation) from a psychoanalytic and an experiential perspective in a context where the filmic fairy tale proposed for analysis has this capacity to deliver a double dimensionality in relation to the realities to which Ofelia has access. The experienceof the nightmare in this noir fairy tale seems like a choice that is bound up with thelack of morality of the objective real and an ethic of salvation that defines thefantastic. My interpretative approach will be based on the principle of suspension of disbelief supported by the general atmosphere of a clinical picture of thecharacters with which Ofelia comes into contact throughout the film and accordingto whose actions she will understand the relationship between the two probabilities that contribute substantially to defining the limits of the nightmare experience.

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Психолингвистично изследване на „теорията на съзнанието“ при турски деца билингви

Author(s): Hristo Kyuchukov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This article presents the results of a study of bilingual Turkish preschool children living in Berlin, Germany. The study was conducted among two groups of children between 4 and 6 years of age (18 in total) in kindergarten with the aim of examining the extent to which the mother tongue (L1) and the second language (L2) are a factor in understanding the theory of mind. The children were offered the classical tests for the theory of mind, as well as language tests related to the comprehension of interrogative sentences, containing a verb that shows a mental state, and to the comprehension and production of vocabulary in native Turkish and German as a second language for them. The results show that vocabulary is not an important factor, and that the mastery of interrogative sentences is a factor that helps understand the theory of mind. The results obtained were analyzed statistically with the t-test.

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