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Reclaiming Nature by Reclaiming the Body

Reclaiming Nature by Reclaiming the Body

Author(s): Guðbjörg R. Jóhannesdóttir,Sigridur Thorgeirsdottir / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

A number of recent environmental philosophers (Vogel, Morton, Latour) have proclaimed the end of nature. They oppose what they consider to be an outdated view of nature as a basis for environmental philosophy and political ecology. Instead of “thinking like a mountain” (Leopold), we should begin “thinking like a mall” (Vogel). These end-of-nature thinkers claim that the concept of nature in environmental discourses is bound to be something that is outside of us because man is understood as doing something to nature. Without putting forth a clearly defined concept of “nature,” we argue that pro-claiming the end of nature is misguided. This proclamation means forgetting the body. If we really want to get beyond understanding nature as something outside of us, and truly sense and understand ourselves as natural or environmental beings who are a part of the earth’s ecosystem, we should direct our attention to how nature as the biotic, inner/outer environment is experienced and sensed in and through our bodies. We thus suggest that environ-mental philosophy should encourage sensing like embodied beings before introducing notions like thinking like a mountain, mall, water, or a plant for that matter. This approach is among other things based on the phenomemology of the body (Merleau-Ponty) and phenomenology of the real (Conrad-Martius).”

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Ontology and Ethics in Thomas Aquinas

Ontology and Ethics in Thomas Aquinas

Author(s): Augusto Trujillo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This article explains how Aquinas understood: a) apprehension of the first intellectual concepts: ens, verum et bonum simpliciter (Ens is understood metaphysically as composed of human nature and the act of being, ordered according to the bonum); b) establishment of the first and the second practical commandments in a genuinely human or rational person; c) ethics and natural law as essentially derived from ontology. Therefore, natural law only makes sense from a metaphysical point of view, not merely a physical or material one.

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Martin Heidegger and Jan Patočka: Two Conflicting Paradigms on a Phenomenological Genealogy of Europe

Martin Heidegger and Jan Patočka: Two Conflicting Paradigms on a Phenomenological Genealogy of Europe

Author(s): Golfo Maggini / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

This paper explores two different, even opposite, genealogies of Europe in contemporary phenomenology by Martin Heidegger and Jan Patočka. On the one hand, the paper focuses upon Heidegger’s 1936 lecture on “Europe and German Philosophy”, which is one of his lesser-known texts. In light of this reading, the paper examines a series of key commentaries by Éliane Escoubas, Franco Volpi, Franco Chiereghin, and Reiner Schürmann. On the other hand, the later Jan Patočka’s discourse on Europe lies upon utterly different hermeneutic premisses, construing a new humanism and renewing the metaphysical tradition in the form of negative Platonism. It concludes by arguing that the major differences between Heidegger’s and Patočka’s phenomenological genealogies of Europe are, first, their different stances toward Western metaphysics and humanism, and, second, their divergent understandings of historical life-worlds.

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Aristotle: Thought and Language

Aristotle: Thought and Language

Author(s): Marin Aiftincã / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This paper aims to argue the idea that, by analyzing the relationship between thought and language, Aristotle decisively contributed to the foundation of the philosophy of language. Researching language in its relations with thinking and existence, the Stagirite demonstrated that the language is not just a communication tool, but a method of knowledge or of “deciphering” the world. The word reflects the reality thought and, in this situation, is not a slave of ideas or concepts. On the contrary, it even represents a decisive factor in their elaboration. Despite its authority, Aristotelian thinking about language, along with the whole tradition that it generated, met with a strong critical reaction among contemporary philosophers, especially among those of the analytic school. My conclusion is that even if some Aristotelian theses about language are criticized by modern thinkers, this falls under the normal evolution of science. It seems excessive to hold Aristotle responsible for not providing solutions to contemporary problems. As for the rest, the Stagirite continues to be present among us and teach us extremely difficult and enlightening lessons.

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The A priori as Bridge Between Kant’s Theoretical and Practical Philosophy

The A priori as Bridge Between Kant’s Theoretical and Practical Philosophy

Author(s): Claudiu Baciu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Kant’s philosophy revolves around the concept of a priori, a term meaning not only that something happens before any experience, but that some cognitions of ours are necessary and universal. His fundamental question was in his first Critique of how synthetic a priori judgments are possible. The a priori also plays an essential role in the second Critique, such an important role that the idea of the categorical imperative is impossible to under-stand if one does not understand how the a priori is involved in Kant’s practical philosophy.

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The Historical Evolution of the Concept of the Subject and the Contemporary Humanitarian Crisis

The Historical Evolution of the Concept of the Subject and the Contemporary Humanitarian Crisis

Author(s): Milad Azarm,Mohammadreza Khaki,Sadegh Mirveisinik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

It is necessary to seek out the origins of the modern world’s problems in their theoretical and intellectual infrastructures, which are based on concepts. This paper aims to study the modern crisis of identity from the viewpoint of the evolution of the Subject. The Subject is one of philosophy’s more complex concepts, and its complexity can be analyzed through its historical evolution. It has been connected with meanings such as subjectness, subjectivity, subjugation, and subjection, and each of these meanings contain a part of the Subject’s complicated definition. In addition to calling the concept of the human subject into question, this paper demonstrates that we are witnessing a rise in feelings of insecurity and meaninglessness. The paper will analyze three main concepts of the Subject, and an explanation of each with reference to history’s great philosophers.

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The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Complete Works of Alfred North Whitehead. Series editors: George R. Lucas, Jr., Notre Dame University and Brian G. Henning

The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Complete Works of Alfred North Whitehead. Series editors: George R. Lucas, Jr., Notre Dame University and Brian G. Henning

Author(s): Rosen Lutskanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

The Edinburgh Critical Edition of the Complete Works of Alfred North Whitehead. Series editors: George R. Lucas, Jr., Notre Dame University and Brian G. Henning, Gonzaga University. Vol. 1. The Harvard Lectures of Alfred North Whitehead, 1924-1925. Philosophical Presuppositions of Science. Edited by Paul A. Bogaard and Jason Bell. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 2017, ISBN 978 1 4744 0184 5 (hardback), ISBN 978 1 4744 0185 2 (webready PDF), ISBN 978 1 4744 0468 6 (epub).

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Looping effects of neurolaw, and the precarious marriage between neuroscience and the law

Looping effects of neurolaw, and the precarious marriage between neuroscience and the law

Author(s): Toma Strle,Olga Markič / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

In the following article we first present the growing trend of incorporating neuroscience into the law, and the growing acceptance of and trust in neuroscience’s mechanistic and reductionistic explanations of the human mind. We then present and discuss some studies that show how nudging peoples’ beliefs about matters related to human agency (such as free will, decision-making, or self-control) towards a more deterministic, mechanistic and/or reductionistic conception, exerts an influence on their very actions, mentality, and brain processes. We suggest that the neuroscientific view of the human mind exerts an influence on the very cognitive phenomena neuroscience falsely believes to be studying objectively. This holds especially when we consider the systematic integration of neuroscience into the public domain, such as the law. For, such an integration acts as a reinforcement of the public’s and legal decision-makers’ endorsement of and trust in neuroscience’s view of human nature that further changes how people think and act. Such looping effects of neurolaw are probably inevitable. Accordingly, we should be aware of the scope of neuroscientific explanations and be careful not to overstate neuroscientific evidence and findings in legal contexts.

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An Essay on the Mind-Brain Problem and Legal Proof

An Essay on the Mind-Brain Problem and Legal Proof

Author(s): Drozdstoy St. Stoyanov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The aim of this paper is to highlight the rationale behind the use of data from neuroscience, particularly neuroimaging, in psychiatric legal expert procedures and their interference with the mind-brain problem. The critical argument is that the employment of mental health evaluation of the defendants and/or witnesses as collected with clinical assessment methods in court proceedings should not be considered irrespective to the data from neuroscience. Essentially, neuroscience methods belong to the domain of nomothetic (natural explanatory) knowledge, whereas clinical evaluation methods in psychiatry belong to the domain of intra- and inter-subjective narratives. There exists an explanatory gap between those two groups of disciplines which concerns the ability to translate and integrate data across diverse methodological and terminological systems. Furthermore, it depends largely on the implicit positions in the mind-brain debate and the brain-to-behavior connections, which reflect on the professional and legal reasoning in terms of prioritizing certain solutions or approaches over another in the expert judgements. There are described those tacit positions adopted in the mind-brain debate by different traditions in psychiatry, with special emphasis on reductive and non-reductive forms of physicalism. In conclusion, a cognitive pluralist stance is adopted which sets priority for the supervenience theory of mind.

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Naturalizing the subjective side of the crime: a few introductory remarks on the role of consciousness in criminal law based on American and Polish examples

Naturalizing the subjective side of the crime: a few introductory remarks on the role of consciousness in criminal law based on American and Polish examples

Author(s): Bartosz Janik,Maciej Próchnicki / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Advancements in neuroscience cast new light on the functioning of the human mind. This is especially important within the context of criminal law, wherein consciousness plays a crucial role in determining criminal responsibility. Yet, there are some caveats in the direct application of these new findings, most of which are related to the specific conceptual framework of law based upon common sense knowledge and (sometimes) outdated psychology. This framework has also produced different doctrines of interpretation in the systems of common and civil law. Moreover, the goals of the law are to some extent different from scientific research on the brain. The aim of this study is to assess to what extent and under what interpretation scientific knowledge concerning consciousness might be useful for legal purposes, especially for the criminal law. Our assessment is that most of the current concepts of criminal law are directly related to outdated psychological and neuroscientific theories, and that the content of those concepts should be updated according to the newest scientific findings while remaining in accordance with the primary functions of criminal law.

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Applying Confirmation Theory to the Case against Neurolaw

Applying Confirmation Theory to the Case against Neurolaw

Author(s): Anton Donchev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Neurolaw is the emerging research field and practice of applying neuroscientific knowledge to legal standards and proceedings. This intersection of neuroscience and law has put up some serious claims, the most significant of which is the overall transformation of the legal system as we know it. The claim has met with strong opposition from scholars of law, such as Michael Pardo and Dennis Patterson (2011), who argue that neurolaw (and neuroscience more generally) is conceptually wrong and thus perceive most of it as “nonsense” (Patterson, 2003). I expose a flaw in Pardo and Patterson’s arguments by means of confirmation theory. My main point is that Pardo and Patterson use implicit hypothetico-deductivism in their attack on neurolaw, and that we have good reasons to doubt the employment of such a model, because it faces serious theoretical problems. I then demonstrate how the alleged problems associated with neurolaw disappear if we use a quantitative probabilistic account of confirmation. I also explain why it provides a better account for the way the legal system actually works.

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Coming to Know by Asking Questions: Exploring the Borderline of Logic and Epistemology

Coming to Know by Asking Questions: Exploring the Borderline of Logic and Epistemology

Author(s): Rosen Lutskanov / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The paper explores the intricate interplay of two parallel developments: on the one hand, the Socratic turn in epistemology with its shifting focus on information retrieval, evidence-based reasoning, and the cognitive relevance of questions; and the advance of dynamic epistemic logic with its accent on knowledge-acquisition. Both are relevant for any realistic model of knowledge which pays due attention to learning. It is argued that the formal models are still wanting in some key respects, but the development of alternative and mutually complementing logical systems marks a promising trend for re-establishing the close links between epistemology and epistemic logic.

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Contemporary Polish Ontology. Where it is and where it is going

Contemporary Polish Ontology. Where it is and where it is going

Author(s): Roman Krzanowski / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

Book review: Contemporary Polish Ontology. Skowron, B. (ed.), Philosophical Analysis, 82. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2020. pp.320.

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“Is logic a physical variable?” Introduction to the Special Issue

“Is logic a physical variable?” Introduction to the Special Issue

Author(s): Michał Eckstein,Bartłomiej Skowron / Language(s): English Issue: 69/2020

“Is logic a physical variable?” This thought-provoking question was put forward by Michael Heller during the public lecture “Category Theory and Mathematical Structures of the Universe” delivered on 30th March 2017 at the National Quantum Information Center in Sopot. It touches upon the intimate relationship between the foundations of physics, mathematics and philosophy. To address this question one needs a conceptual framework, which is on the one hand rigorous and, on the other hand capacious enough to grasp the diversity of modern theoretical physics. Category theory is here a natural choice. It is not only an independent, well-developed and very advanced mathematical theory, but also a holistic, process-oriented way of thinking.

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The Myth of a World without Disease

The Myth of a World without Disease

Author(s): Jarosław Merecki / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Progress in contemporary medicine seems to be unveiling amazing prospects for the future of humanity. Reasearch on human stem cells, which due to their characteristics of totipotentiality (embrionic stem cells) and pluripotentiality (adult stem cells) may raise the possibility of recreating entire humann organs, inspires a whole new vision of the world in which human organism could be recreated almost endlessly. This research, however, calls for some ethical reflection. While taking stem cells from adult human persons does not provoke moral reservations, the use of stem cells taken from embrionic human persons raises the question: can such procedures be morally justified? According to the principle of justice one may never sacrifice a single human life for the sake of an advantage for many others. On the other hand we must not forget that contingency is the immutable dimension of human life on earth.

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Początek i koniec według Pawła Beręsewicza

Początek i koniec według Pawła Beręsewicza

Author(s): Grażyna Lewandowicz-Nosal / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The article discusses and analyzes two short stories written by Paweł Beręsewicz, Kloss and Pięć niedźwiedzi (Five bears), contained in a short story collection entitled Ściśle tajne (Top secret). The considerations pertain to death and the beginning of human life, the author’s philosophy. The said two short stories decisively have educational and cognitive value; they can serve as a stimulus to discuss existential topics with children.

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Lust zwischen ästhetischer Selbst- oder Ideenliebe und religiösem Leidenwollen beim frühen Kierkegaard

Lust zwischen ästhetischer Selbst- oder Ideenliebe und religiösem Leidenwollen beim frühen Kierkegaard

Author(s): Jonas Hodel / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2020

The aim of this paper is to offer a provisional, though coherent overview of the different phenomenal aspects of lust (dan. Lyst) with respect to the three existential stages stated by Kierkegaard. It proceeds in four steps: first, Kierkegaard’s concept of anxiety and its relation to personal freedom is introduced as background for the question of how lust comes about in the individual. Second, it exposes the aesthetic character of lust, consisting in the fulfilment of a multitude of desires rather than in any of their specific objects themselves. A third step reconstructs the main critique of the hedonistic ‚view of life’ as articulated from the ethical standpoint. The dialectic of religious joy as an intentional suffering for a higher form of fulfilment is being analyzed in the final step.

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Het belang van sociaal tolken als instrument van tolerantie in het kader van de huidige vluchtelingen- en arbeidsmigratie

Het belang van sociaal tolken als instrument van tolerantie in het kader van de huidige vluchtelingen- en arbeidsmigratie

Author(s): Pavlína Knap-Dlouhá,Kateřina Křížová / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2020

As a result of social changes in society in Western Europe at the end of the 20th century, it was recognised that a new perspective on interpreting science was needed. For a long time, community interpreting was ignored or considered inferior in comparison to the dominant interpreting mode, namely, conference interpreting.Intensifying trade contacts and labour migration within the European Union have, in combination with the current influx of refugees, led to a high demand for interpreting services in the field of social and legal interpreting. Additionally, there is only a limited number of qualified interpreters available on the market, especially in combinations of less widely-spoken languages. The lack of qualified community interpreters and translators has direct consequences for delays in the functioning of certain government bodies and social services. The same applies to the quality of healthcare provided and to the social climate. Increasing the scale of interpreting and translation assignments, changing the professional profile of the interpreter and raising the demand for the provision of language services in specific language combinations are clear signals for small philological departments to offer their students the opportunity to specialise in this area. For this reason, two projects are presented in this article, both of which aim at promoting know-how in the field of social interpreters and at developing modules in social interpreting and translation.

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Gij zult andermans taalfouten koesteren! Tolerantie voor taalveranderingen en spellingfouten

Gij zult andermans taalfouten koesteren! Tolerantie voor taalveranderingen en spellingfouten

Author(s): Agata Kowalska-Szubert / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2020

This essay is a plea for more careful use of Dutch language, in particular by translators and teachers of Dutch. In particular, the spelling always proves to be a difficult stumbling block, and not just for second-language or foreign-language learners. The essay examines the problem of compound words and mistakes made by professional language practitioners of Dutch when writing these words or not.

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Историософията на Августин Блажени
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Историософията на Августин Блажени

Author(s): Zhelyazko Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

Blessed Augustine was the progenitor of the theological philosophy of history. In the first half of the fifth century, he used several texts by Eusebius of Caesarea (260– 340), considered the founder of patristic historiography, but mostly of the Chronicle of the Beginning of the World, by Sulpicius Severus, and Seven Books of History Against the Pagans by Paulus Orosius. His historiosophical theses are embedded in the work “On the City of God”. Here he proposes a theory of history oriented toward the future, not the past. He united the heuristic Hellenistic chronology and historical tradition with Christian historicism, which led to the formation of the Christian philosophy (more precisely – theology) of history. He also sharply opposed some Christians who, because of the fall of the “fourth kingdom”, foretold the “end of the world”. At this point his “idea of time” and the notion of the essence of the state (kingdoms – divine and secular) are very useful. And therefore his work is considered the real beginning of a new stage in historical thought, known as “medieval historiography and historiosophy”.

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