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The aim of this paper is to survey informal interpretations of relational semantics for relevant logics in terms of the theory of semantic information. Relational semantics for relevant logics introduced a ternary accessibility relation which was often criticized as unintuitive. The paper presents three interpretations of the ternary accessibility relation based on the framework of situation theory.
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The aim of the paper is to present an ontology of scientific laws as a tool for presentation of results extracted from research articles. The way we represent scientific laws is founded on our classification of scientific laws, which is based on the works of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz and Władysław Krajewski. The classification isdescribed formally and complemented with the specification of requirements for each type of law, in order to obtain an ontology in the sense of ontological engineering. The ontology is used to represent research results from the domain of agri-food science. We give examples of representation of laws taken from scientific papers and reasoning algorithms that lead to automatic generation of new information and identification of conflicts in the literature.
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32nd Hegel Congress gave birth to a new direction in front of Hegelian studies – the turn to the systematic thinking and system-making. This general discourse rises the most basic question: how to develop “the pure philosophical science” as metaphysics, the own region of philosophical knowledge. Thinking in system, which is Hegel’s legacy, is one of the possible ways in front of the contemporary metaphysics and as a specific of philosophical method as “pure thinking“ of absolute.
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In this article, author analyses postcolonial trauma in Vasiliy Golovanov’s novel Island, or an Excuse for Pointless Travelling (also known under the second English title: Island or A Justification for Meaningless Travel). The analyzed novel reveals many examples how the Russian/soviet colonialism methods worked by decades as well as the results of colonial pressure on native Kolguyev Island inhabitants. After the fall of the Soviet Empire, situation of Nenets people was very similar to situation of other nations after Western colonial empires fall: Nenets as Africans or Asians also suffer postcolonial trauma. Franz Fanon described French colonialism in Algeria, Golovanov described soviet colonialism on Kolguyev.
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The paper continues the philosophical treatment of information, and the first idea/ in fact, the premise is that information is a concept, videlicet constructed in/by the human mind as a result of manifold human experiences, so of the multi-mediated contact of the consciousness with the external world to it. But this constructedcharacterof concepts –here, of the concept of information –raises a problem, put in the paper as the second idea: that of the correspondence of the concept of information with the real world, or in other words, that of the objective character of information. Is there this objective character? Why and how do we arrive at this conclusion, and thus what do we mean by information? The third idea mentioned in the paper is that in parallel with the development of sciences which have demonstrated the objective character of information in the inorganic and non-human living worlds, a vulgar dominant “philosophy” has put its mark on the modern and contemporary worldviews and mentalities: that the social information, given and received by humans, would be as “natural and inevitable” as the objective information in the non-human worlds. But, especially,the social information is – however reflective would it be –subjectively created and decided, not governed by physical laws. Nevertheless, this subjective character of information in the humans’ world does not mean that it is tantamount to moral relativity or taste judgements.And – this is the penultimate idea – since the social information takes place in asymmetrical power Relations subordinated to private restrictive interests, and within which those who control matter also control information, it results that the privately controlled social information producesharmful results: because the private interests subordinate all the human consequences to the hic et nunc/ short term and focusedprivategoals. The private control of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has led to informationbombardments of the masses of human beings –considered only as consumers –in order to buy more and more commodities, including IT gadgets,and programmes which make their beneficiaries vulnerable and infantile. The dominant ideology pictures the privately directed information bombardments as progress, equating them with the importance of information and the right to information. Butthe main feature of the information issued from the privately conducted information bombardments is itsquantitative and qualitative excess, leading to what was called a disease produced by information, informatonosis.Therefore, what is important is to distinguish information from quantitative and qualitative noise/trash, and there are criteria for this: the consequences of information and noise/trash.If so, the last moment of the paper is only a reminder of a “solution” given by the ancient philosophy: the concept of measure. This one has remained for the dominant modern and contemporary thinking a marginal and unpleasant memento.But nowadays,to keep measure seems to be a condition of persistence of both the humans and their creation, i.e. information/culture.
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The author discusses the controversy between Erasmus and Luther over free will. He recapitulates the position of Erasmus who identified three conceptions of free will attributing them to Pelagius, Duns Scotus and Martin Luther, respectively. Erasmus firmly rejected only the last one. The author also presents the Luther’s view that the exercise of free will would collide with the working of divine grace that forcesto reject the existence of free will. This controversy revitalizes a mediaeval problem, still highly inspirational. Is God at least partly responsible for our sins? Was He accountable for hardening the pharaoh’s heart (Ex 4: 21)? Was it approved by God that Judas would betray Jesus? Erasmus proposes an interesting solution to this problem that the author of this article finds bright and proper. It is based on the distinction between ‘the necessity of the consequence’ and the ‘necessity of the consequent’. The ‘necessity of the consequence’ is the acceptance of a logical implication together with its antecedent. In this case the consequent is entailed by logical inference (by ponendo ponens). Acceptance of this formula is equivalent to acting as an accomplice. The ‘necessity of the consequent’, however, is limited to the endorsing of the implication together with its consequent, but without accepting the antecedent. On these conditions the endorsement is no more than a concession for the occurrence of the fact implied, but it does not involve a volitional partnership in the act. To be more specific: God hardened the pharaoh’s heart and thereby He acted in collusion with the pharaoh. In the case of Judas, however, God only condescended that Judas would betray Jesus without cooperating in the act. Thus the will of pharaoh’s was weakened, or presumably deactivated, while Judas was free to act as he pleased, availing himself of his free will.
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In this article that includes a broad bibliography, we present a modern educational approach, in an attempt to help students have a better understanding in the historical and ideological context in which the Romanian literature from the post-war period was written. So that we interpreted the message and the symbols we had found in the video of Depeche Mode - Where’s the Revolution. We mention the fact that we have issued opinions on the history of communism from a Christian perspective and not a political one. However we think that the interdisciplinary approaches of school themes provided in the curriculum for the national examinations may motivate students, raise the critical spirit in judging different aspects concerning the world of ideas and the visible reality, to determine the students to form an independent way of finding the needed information and also to come out of the rigor of mediocrity that media frequently promotes nowadays.
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The paper concerns mystical teaching of Julian of Norwich (1342 – 1416) in relation with phenomenon of sin and human suffering. Julian was an English anchoress whose text Revelations of Divine Love became wide spread and influential in her times. Today, after almost six hundred years of silence, the Revelations are newly discovered and studied with regard to its rich and profound spiritual and theological implications and potency. The article focuses on the problem of sin which is qualified as pain, discordance, conflict, isolation, cognitive delusion and as such having no essence. The paper is pointing out a deep experiential discrepancy between essentially unlimited divine nature of a person, depicted by Julian, and existential limitedness which he or she normally experiences. In this context the paper further elaborate the notion of sin from Julian’s Revelations. She invites us to transcend the conditioned and limited existential horizon of the antinomic human reality toward unbound possibilities of divine goodness which may be found and activated in one’s own inmost being. Finally, out of this Julian’s phenomenological and ontological picture, one can deduce a really radical meaning of the Christian term incarnation.
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Ko je Zlatko Paković? (Ja sam) onaj koji se ne miri sa postojećim. Redatelj, pisac, glumac, šta je od toga najdominantnije? Reditelj. Autor pozorišne predstave. Autor kritičke predstave o društvu kakvo jeste i, iako je to malo verovatno, kakvo bi moglo da bude, kakvo bi bilo dobro da bude. Kao pisac komada, ili dramaturg dramskog teksta drugog pisca, ja najpre režiram u duhu, u ima- ginaciji, a zatim, u zajedničkom radu s glumcima, pevačima, muzičarima i svim ostalim saradnicima, režiram u stvarnosti, i to u duhu onih otkrića do kojih sam došao dramaturški rekonstruišući/dekonstruišući političke-kulturalne-socijalne-psihološke osnove datog dramskog teksta kao teksta drame same ljudske komunikacije u istorijskim okolnostima. Ako nema otkrića, tog novog pogleda na ono što se uobičajeno smatra poznatim, onda nema ni uslova za autentično umetničko pozorišno delo, za taj simbolički nivo (mog i našeg) života.
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The manner of functioning of South Slavic literature translators in the social field is presented in the article as a case of “multiplied social participation”, participation in the “game”, which they treat as an incentive for cultural, intellectual and moral development in the individual and social dimension. Methodological considerations on the translation presented in the article are based on the concepts of Barnard Lahire, Pierre Bourdieu, and Roger Caillois.
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The Church and the Society are two unquestionable, undeniable realities thatintertwine in countless ways. Every society assumes the idea of community, andthe whole human society is the entirety of all human communities. Universalideals are being invoked through universal systems. What ideology exists withintoday’s societies in the world? It is Secularization. This is the ideology that somephilosophers call liberalism. Initially the reform was followed by the era of theEnlightenment. The basis of this philosophy is the idea of personality, humanrights and liberty. The man has become a measure of all things and he thinks he isin power to say: I decide what I need and not God at all. These ideas are closelyrelated to the ones of the Renaissance - the rebirth of paganism, the atheisticvision of the world. All the Olympians were gods. This is the sinful man whoinstituted and developed the idea of rights and freedom, bypassing the idea ofmoral responsibility before God.
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I show how classical and quantum physics approach the problem of randomness and probability. Contrary to popular opinions, neither we can prove that classical mechanics is a deterministic theory, nor that quantum mechanics is a nondeterministic one. In other words it is not possible to show that randomness in classical mechanics has a purely epistemic character and that of quantum mechanics an ontic one. Nevertheless, recent developments of quantum theory and increasing experimental possibilities to check its predictions call for returning to the problem of comparing possibilities given by classical and quantum physics to accommodate and prove the existence of a `genuine randomness'. Recent results concerning `amplification of randomness' show that, in certain sense, quantum physics is in fact ‘more random’ that classical and outperforms it in producing a `truly random process'.
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Recenzja książki: Ewa Bińczyk, Epoka człowieka. Retoryka i marazm antropocenu, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa, 2018, ss. 325.
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