MARTİN HEIDEGGER VE NASYONEL SOSYALİZM: O BİR NAZİ MİYDİ?

Author(s): Nurhayat ÇALISKAN AKÇETIN / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 08/2016

This work is written in order to put forward M. Heidegger's views regarding national socialism and the debate on whether Heidegger is a Nazi or not. After the First World War, the economic and political systems were in turmoil in Europe. Germany was forced to accept very harsh provisions after the war and the Treaty of Versailles. Following this, it became a widespread view that Germany was in the grip of the USA and Russia. As a result of this environment, National Socialism emerges and develops so as to recover Germany from this miserable state. Heidegger, who is also a German, has expressed his admiration for National Socialism and its founder Adolf Hitler many times. For, according to him, only a particular kind of socialism can save Germany from the communist materialism and the wage slavery of capitalism. Being committed to racism and believing that the German race was superior to any other race, Hitler thought that the ideology he founded would reverse the collapse, would revive the spirit of Germany and save the country from a technological nihilism. There are many people from the public and the scientific world who follow Hitler and endorse his ideology. Thus he gains strength in terms of both politics and ideology. Attaching a great importance to universities, Hitler believes that the participation of the intellectuals in the party would enable them to reach the desired target more quickly. So he considers Heidegger's support as highly significant. Due to his sympathy for the National Socialists and his support for his Jewish colleagues and students, Heidegger has been subjected to the reactions from both sides.

The Transhumanism of Nick Bostrom and the Ultra-Humanism of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin

Author(s): Teresa Driollet de Vedoya / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Nick Bostrom, Swedish philosopher at Oxford University, director of the Future of Humanity Institute, thinks and works for the building of the posthuman being. He means to favorite human enhancement through the ethical application of science. The improvement of human condition and human organism would be accomplished by the advancement of technology, genetic engineering, information technology, molecular nanotechnology or artificial intelligence. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin curiously employs the word ultra-human in his writings. We ask ourselves if he uses this expression in the same way Bostrom does. Complexity and consciousness intensify through the way of life Evolution. With the human zoological group cosmos covers with a new envelope: the noosphere. Science, technic, industry, aesthetic and moral developed by men leads to a deep dependance between human beings. The human collective body, explains the Jesuit, will be the Matter that Christ will vivify and save. True human development only prepares the way to receive more than we are: a flame that would make us live for ever.

Odpoveď Ivanovi Karamazovovi

Author(s): Magdaléna Miklušičáková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2016

The aim of this paper is to find Camus’s and Sartre’s answer to logic and nihilistic freedom of Ivan Karamazov. In contrast to Karamazov Sartre and Camus used freedom to find the way for morality without God. Sartre based his “philosophy of freedom” on postulate: existence precedes essence and defined man as never done project. Camus created his concept on revolt against absurdity and came to solidarity and request an active position. They both see freedom as a burden, but burden with necessity to carry, not to throw away.

Два исторических этапа глобализации

Author(s): Leonid Djakhaia / Language(s): Russian Issue: 13/2014

The article was first considered and proposed a three-component structure of modern global object: 1) the internationalization of social life, 2) global problems of mankind and 3) contemporary globalization, which took place two historical stages – the first stage in the first half of the twentieth century, classical imperialism that led to two World wars, and the second stage in the second half of the twentieth century, globalization itself, which led to the domination of the world economy of transnational corporations (TNCs).

Polonoznawczy Kongres Interdyscyplinarny w Pradze

Author(s): Krystyna Kardyni-Pelikanova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2013

Tolerance or a War on Shadows: John Milton’s Paradise Lost, the English Civil War, and the kaleidoscopic early modern frontier

Author(s): Tadd Graham Fernée / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This article comprises two sections. The first analyses John Milton’s Paradise Lost in terms of the frontier dividing Providence and Chaos. Chaos is represented in violent images of the colonial world, the English Civil War, and Scientific Revolution cosmology. Providence intends to justify the ways of God in history. Milton’s retelling of the traditional Biblical Fall allegorises the 17th century Scientific Revolution, English society overwhelmed by market forces, and early modern nation-building wars. The second section analyses the English Civil War, focusing on Providence and Natural Rights. The Natural Rights defence of pluralism was the work of political refugees, attempting to curtail atrocities done in the name of Providence. Providence, meanwhile, was a political weapon, amidst new forces of capitalism, dynastic rivalry, and nationalism. This article examines Milton’s poetic visions, and the institutions and actions that characterized his political life in the English Revolution, and their interconnection.

ALWAYS ON THE RUN: THE VICISSITUDES OF REALISM IN HUNGARIAN CRITICISM

Author(s): Sándor Hites / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

In this article I offer an overview of the ways in which the term realism has been understood and used in Hungarian literary criticism, from the introduction of the term into Hungarian discourses in the middle of the 19th century to the post-1989 period, when the term had to grapple with the legacy of its appropriation by the Socialist regime. I examine three specific junctures in the critical trajectory of Realism: the introduction of the term in the 1850s, the uses and abuses of the term by Marxist ideologues, and finally the aversion towards the term that emerged in the post-Socialist era. In addition to examining pivotal moments in the history of this critical concept in Hungarian literary discourse, my inquiry also offers a critical perspective from which to consider an enduring anxiety concerning the achievements, past and future, of Hungarian literary culture, an anxiety that finds expression in a symptomatic concern with the ways in which tendencies in Hungarian culture do or do not relate to cultural developments outside of Hungary.

O etykę w życiu politycznym - formacja elit politycznych

Author(s): Tadeusz Michałek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/1999

Niniejszy temat kryje w sobie dwa dość obszerne, ale wewnętrznie powiązane zagadnienia. Pierwsze dotyczy obecności zasad etycznych w całości życia społecznego, gospodarczego i politycznego. Istnieje bowiem dzisiaj dość powszechne przekonanie, że polityka (rozumiana jako sztuka rządzenia i kierowania ludźmi) winna się inspirować zasadami etycznymi, gdyż jest wymiarem życia ludzkiego. Nie jest bynajmniej czymś nadrzędnym w stosunku do podstawowych ludzkich działań.

Identitate și globalizare: o problemă metafizică a secolului XXI

Author(s): Dragoş Tiberiu Niță / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2018

Our present history is characterized by complexity and dynamics. The phenomenon that creates our theoretical and empirical daily environment is globalization. To understand the relation between identity and globalization it is necessary to place ourselves in the hermeneutical site of culture. And this for two reasons. On the one hand, culture is directly affected by globalization and, on the other hand, it is culture that gives people’s community self‐identity.In this study, we try a conceptual clarification of the two terms and we will follow the relationships between them. In general, globalization as a process of civilization, with its basic components ‐ technology, information and interconnections of all social areas ‐ is considered a real danger of the cultural identity of the human community. Starting from the hermeneutics of Arnold Toynbee’s history, we try to identify answers to the challenge of globalization, responses whose comprehension and assumption affect the salvation of the human in us and the identity of our community to which we belong.

Facebook ‐ fabrica de narcisism

Author(s): Dragoș‐Ionuț Răduț / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2018

This article is an invitation to debate on an actually and very important theme with influence in social, psychological and religious field, we are talking about the effect in human relationship of internet in general and the effect of social network, in special. Facebook is a very useful network, if we see it like a communication facilitator between people, without discrimination regarding nationality, religion, sex, opinion, age or territory, being a part of the ,,big plan” of globalization. Beside of these advantages, we can identify a lot of desadvantages, which are reflecting in the human relationships: the invasion of virtual in the reality and the confusion between them, virtual addiction, people are neglecting the real relationships and the face to face communication. This confusion between real and virtual is historical, like we saw in the iconoclastic controversy.

Protocronismul, exceptionalism românesc sau fundament livresc pentru national-comunism? Protocronism în cultura română

Author(s): Ana-Maria Florescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2016

This paper presents the Romanian protochronism between the years 1965- 1989. By analyzing the social, political and economical context and through several relevant articles, I have traced the implications it had on the society at large. I concluded that the Romanian protochronism is in and out of itself an exaggeration, and an attempt at Romanian exceptionalism, in which the personality cult of the infamous Ceausecu family was demanded, and at times enforced.

Zum Fomu jing (‚Sūtra der Mutter des Buddha')

Author(s): Tsuneki Nishiwaki / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2006

Das in dieser Arbeit behandelte Fomu jing ist ein buddhistisches Werk, das nicht in den historischen Sūtrakatalogen enthalten ist. Die große Anzahl von Manuskripten dieses Werkes, die in Dunhuang entdeckt wurden, zeigt, daß es zu einer bestimmten Zeit dort sehr verbreitet war. Im ersten Abschnitt wird unter Berücksichtigung dieser Manuskripte ein Überblick über die Gestalt des Mohemoye jingbzw. des Fomu jing gegeben und es werden Petersburger Dunhuang-Manuskripte des Textes vorgestellt, die bisher in den Nachdrucken nicht benutzt wurden. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird ein Berliner Turfan-Manuskript präsentiert und es werden die „Sechs Großen Alpträume“betrachtet, die den Beweis für den apokryphen Charakter des Fomu jingliefern. Im dritten Abschnitt wird dasFoshuo xiaoniepan jingaus der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothekvorgestellt und gezeigt, daß dieses mit den Dunhuang- und Turfan-Manuskripten des Fomu jingin Verbindung steht. Im Schlußkapitel wird versucht darzustellen, in welcher Form das Fomu jingtradiert wurde. Dazu wird der Verlauf der Überlieferung vom Fomu jingzum Foshuo xiaoniepan jingverdeutlicht, und der Umstand erklärt, warum das Sūtra keinen Eintrag in den Sūtrakatalogen fand.

Master Yinshun and the Pure Land Thought

Author(s): Stefania Travagnin / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2004

The Chinese scholar-monk Yinshun (1906-), who is conceived as the founder of the renjian fojiao which is spread in Taiwan, dedicated quite a large part of his literary production to the Pure Land doctrine. This paper is divided into three main parts. The first section is an introduction to Yinshun's works on Pure Land and includes the criticism that those writings received. The second part discusses the concepts of purity and pure land in Yinshun's writings. Finally, the third and main part includes monographies on the main Pure Land in Mahayana Buddhism (the Pure Lands of Amitabha, Aksobhya, Maitreya and the Medicine Buddha), as concerned and analysed by Yinshun. This study aims to define Yinshun's philosophy through the analysis of his interpretation of the Pure Land doctrine, and provides a portrait of the Pure Land school in the contemporary Taiwan through questioning Yinshun's hermeneutics of Dharma. In addition, this work touches the issue of the relationship between tradition and innovation, by taking Yinshun and his Pure Land philosophy as case-study.

The Term shenming - Its Meaning in the Ancient Chinese Thought and in a Recently Discovered Manuscript

Author(s): Sándor P. Szabó / Language(s): English Issue: 2-4/2003

In-depth research of the scope of meaning of the term shenming is essential for the better understanding of several important ancient Chinese texts and the ancient Chinese thinking. One of the recently discovered texts, in which the term appears in cosmogonical context, has made it more obvious for us. Altough former studies threw light on several meanings of the term, I will demonstrate that on the basis of the ancient Chinese written sources (including both transmitted and recently discovered texts) we can explore even more extensively the scope of meaning of the term shenming, and we are able to determine some of its previously unknown connotations.

Natural History of Sin

Author(s): Róbert Simon / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2003

The different approaches to the problem of sin frequently attributed to it an ethical connotation which would have assigned its role and place even in the history of religions. These approaches supposed implicitly a closer or looser connection between religion and ethics. The present author's historico-philological investigation, after having compared some basic linguistic and historical data of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, came to the conclusion that the early forms of the sin perceptions had not yet belonged to the sphere of ethics, while those forms which developed in early modern times have not become part of ethics. Evil and sin were originally associated with religion, later on, however, the judgement of sins has been taken over by the secularised law.

One of the ways to the architectonic sacrum

Author(s): Robert Łucka / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The process of cognition usually ends with an attempt to name and understand the searched/encountered phenomenon. The essence of sacrum is not observable simply because as „we do not have direct access to the quantum world via our senses”, but it does exist. Remembering the words of L. Wittgenstein which state that „the borders of the language (the only language I understand) constitute the borders of my world”, one ought to take one of the ways leading to our subject of cognition. A direct arising in the sphere of sacrum can be both a mental and emotional anticipation of the essence of subject we are heading to, and whose spatial frame is determined by architectonic objects. In its sensory meaning sacrum materializes itself often in a form of sacred chapels, paintings, sculptures, fragments of buildings, landscape etc. In the following article an attempt to select one of the ways that can lead to more complete contact and understanding of a sacred, materialized phenomenon which is referred to as sacrum. One, however, ought to bear in mind that the attempt at reaching the essence of such a place is a difficult task because just like „watching a wild brook does not concern the flow, the sound or reflexes of this particular brook but the general concept of a brook: unbridled push of unformed matter”, the understanding and sensing of sacrum escapes a clear codification.

Tolkien w oczach mediewisty

Author(s): Thomas Honegger / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The Lord of the Rings, ever since its publication, has been something of a nuisance to traditional literary critics and has been maligned often and with zest. The main reason for these strong—and often irrational—reactions are primarily due to the fact that The Lord of the Rings does not fit into the literary mainstream and challenges standard critical assumptions about what a work of twentieth-century fiction should be like. The standard tool-kit of the literary critic seems utterly inadequate. Mediaevalists, in contrast, have often taken a more sympathetic view of Tolkien’s work. Honegger’s article Tolkien Through the Eyes of a Mediaevalist will therefore present several ‘mediaeval’ approaches towards Tolkien, evaluate their critical value and discuss their contribution towards a more adequate understanding of Tolkien’s literary work.

Nomadyczność w cieniu Mordoru

Author(s): Jakub Alejski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The article Nomadicity in the Shadow of Mordor analyzes the tools of reproducing ideologies in video games based on Tolkien’s legendarium, including Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor (2014). Alejski tackles its mechanics using the concepts presented by Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guatttari—the nomadic thought and dynamics of relations between particular objects, such as territory, map and diagram during the gameplay. In order to identify these nomadic strategies occurring in the game, the processes of deterritorialization, the creation of maps and diagrams, and the ways of functioning in relation to these processes occurring in the game are taken under consideration. Alejski’s particular attention is dedicated to the categories of inhabitation and movement—both in the topological and ontological context. An important source of reproduction of nomadic thought described in the article is the so-called Nemesis system— a gameplay management module contained in the code of Middle Earth: Shadow of Mordor that allows new actors to join the game, enabling them to enter into relations not only with the user but also with each other. The operation of the Nemesis system brings together the potential of the agency of all actors involved in the game (including the user) and allows for decentralized and non-hierarchical production of the story.

PRAGMATIC INTELLIGENCE în Intelligence și Security Corporatist

Author(s): Mariana MION POP / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2013

Позитивистката идея за историята като наука

Author(s): Zhelyazko Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2017

On the basis of the two fundamental antinomies in the philosophy of history, positivists insist on forming the naturalistic (scientistic) methodology of history. In their opinion, the social sciences, including history, are built according to the pattern of natural science. They also talk about the manifestation of historical laws that the main task of the philosophy of history is to build a scientific theory about the historical process. Their successors – the neo-positivists – deny the manifestation of historical laws and consider the attempts to defend them as a typical “metaphysics”. The evolution of the positivist methodology of history shows its transition from the principles of naturalistic (scientistic) historicism to the principles of naturalistic (scientistic) anti-historicism.