„Sekularyzacja” czy wielość struktur sensu? Pojęcie ograniczonych struktur znaczenia Alfreda Schutza a€pytanie o racjonalność religijną

Author(s): Marek Chojnacki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 56/2012

Max Weber i Peter Berger: pytanie o racjonalność religii i o jej miejsce w społeczeństwie Poweberowska tradycja socjologii religii kryje niewykorzystane dotąd możliwości interpretacji pojęcia sekularyzacji. Możliwości te są na tyle zaskakujące, że mogą skłonić do postawienia pytania, czy użycie tego pojęcia w dotychczasowej refleksji na temat religii i społeczeństwa nie jest w pewnym sensie nieporozumieniem. Dobrym przykładem tego rodzaju reinterpretacji jest artykuł Catherine Colliot-Thélène o odczarowaniu i racjonalizacji u Maxa Webera. Odnosząc się do późnych tekstów Webera na temat socjologii religii, powstałych po książce Etyka protestancka a duch kapitalizmu, twierdzi ona, iż nieuzasadnione jest umieszczanie tych analiz w kontekście interpretacji teorii sekularyzacji. Autorka twierdzi, że ów kontekst, w którym zakłada się że zasadnicza różnica pomiędzy światem nowoczesnym i przednowoczesnym polega na emancypacji spod przemożnego wpływu religii na konstytuowanie się społeczeństwa, nie pasuje do analiz Webera, gdyż zakładają one, iż religia pełni w społeczeństwie kluczową rolę, stanowiąc w nim jedyne źródło sensu. Colliot-Thélène podaje przykład zainspirowanej myślą Webera książki Petera Bergera Święty baldachim, gdzie termin „sekularyzacja” oznacza sytuację, w której religia zostaje wrzucona w rynek komercyjnego współzawodnictwa, pozbawiona właściwej sobie mocy nadawania społeczeństwu powszechnie obowiązujących znaczeń i sensów, przez co społeczeństwo powraca do pierwotnego stanu chaosu i anomii.

„Social embeddedness”: how new economic sociology goes into the offensive and meets the own roots

Author(s): Dieter Bögenhold / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2008

The argument of social embeddedness has become one of the most celebrated metaphors in economic sociology. The attempt connected to that term is the elaboration of a solid basis for economic sociology as discipline within the concert of economics and further social sciences. The paper argues that the embeddedness argument is strategically on a necessary way to highlight the academic importance of institutional and sociological thought for debating phenomena of economic life since, as it is argued within the paper, such ambitions meet also very clearly with recent tendencies within economics which are commonly considered to be tendencies towards heterodox economics. Aim of the paper is to embed such discussion within a broader history of economic and sociological thought in order to demonstrate that recent developments meet with elements of discussion which were already used by classical authors at the beginning of the 20th century. In this respect a lot of the recent offensive of economic sociology meets with classical bases of its own academic development which seems to have become hidden or partly forgotten.

„Stała pokusa wiary”. Współczesne bałwochwalstwo i jego geneza

Author(s): Janusz Królikowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

Looking at some reputedly religious phenomena in today’s world we could openly ask whether these phenomena don’t fall, in certain cases, into a category of a new kind of idolatry which means replacing God with a creature. It is the world of human sensations and experiences that should be especially taken into consideration, sensations and experiences which are often regarded as religious or which, in some cases, undergo the process of absolutisation, whereas this is only a kind of concentration on oneself or on a particular thing. It has been noticed quite accurately, that modern times can be characterised by a shift “from wooden idols to spiritual idols”. Therefore, there is an urgent need for philosophical and theological perspective on this broad sphere of experiences, and for a question whether those experiences create new idols and, by the same token, whether they are idolatrous in character. To answer these questions responsibly and coherently we have to define the origins of idolatry and concurrently find the appropriate criteria which will enable us to evaluate theologically respective phenomena which may appear questionable. This very issue constitutes the subject of this study.

„Studia Politica. Romanian Political Science Review”, nr. 2, 2016

Author(s): Monica Marinescu / Language(s): Romanian,Moldavian / Issue: 2/2017

„SVETO“ U FILOZOFIJI RUDOLFA OTTA

Author(s): Ivan Ševo / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 6/2010

The article is trying to condense a term “holy” in Rudolf Otto’s philosophy emphasizing that Otto firstly explains the basic term of numinous which can be found in all religions, especially Biblical ones, revealing two aspects of numinous secret (“mysterium numinosum”): the scaring one (“tremendum”) and the fascinating one (“fascinans”). What is mysterious is not only incomprehensible because our mind in relation to mysterious has certain insuperable limitations, but in that case we are confronted with something completely different, what is in most cases incommensurable to our intellectual ability. Regarding “mysterium numinosum” the author also observes that dichotomous aspect has been running through entire religion history. Although divine can seem horrifying to a man, it has its attracting, admiring face. Analyzing the term “holy” (lat. “sanctus”), Otto suggests that this term is translated as “extraordinary”, “transcendent”. The term “holy” is very close to the term “sublime” (“erhaben”, “augustus”). Therefore the term holy “sanctus” symbolizes distinctiveness of numinous which has subjective value of making happy, while the term sublime, magnificent (“augustus”) symbolizes objective value of numinous, value which can be found in itself. The author also defines the term “irrational”, which is considered by Otto as an attribute of divinity which cannot be understood “clare et distincte” by our notional instruments. It does not evade from our feeling than from our rational thinking.

„System analityczny” Platona w relacji krytycznej Arystotelesa

Author(s): Marian Wesoły / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2008

Ancient Platonists and Aristotelians considered the heuristic method of reasoning to first principles as “analysis.” It was derived from Greek geometrical practice. Plato’s theory of first principles, as we reconstruct it following Aristotle, postulated such an “analytic system.” In this system both sensible things and mathematical objects, ideas and eidetic numbers are gradually reduced to the same principles (ἕν – μέγα – μικρόν). In the reversal order, from the principles are genetically elicited eidetic numbers and through them numbers, mathematical objects, and sensible things. This is a great analytical system that in fact has a mathematical structure. It transcends the physical explanation of the Timaios and is a broad translation of the nature of things. Our considerations concern a reconstruction and debatable issues, and they follow the following topics: 1. Testimonia Platonica, 2. Analytic theory of principles and agrapha dogmata, 3. Contextual problem and the field of agrapha dogmata, 4. The construction of a system: a procedure from and toward the principles, 5. The alleged paradox: “Good – One.” Ethics or mathematics? 6. Written and unwritten dogmata: dialogue or system?

„Systemizm” Mario Bungego: współczesna postać materializmu

Author(s): Mirosław Twardowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 22/2015

Materialism is a family of naturalistic ontologies, according to which matter is the only material of all reality. One of the modern proponents of the materialistic doctrine is an philosopher Mario Bunge. According to his version of materialism, called emergentist materialism or, shortly, „systemism”, all material entities are divided into at least five qualitatively different complementary levels: physical, chemical, biological, social and technical. Accordingly these levels correspond to several types of matter: physical, chemical, animated, social and technical. „Systemism” was inspired by the ideas of the Hungarian biologist and philosopher, Ludwig von Bertalanffy’ general system theory. „Systemism”, according to the author's intention, should avoid the simplifications of physicalism, as well as the ambiguity of dialectical materialism. The system materialism is a specific view of the world, the axis of which being emergentism. Emergentism accepts the formation of qualitatively new forms and properties as a result of interactions between the elements of a given system. The opposite concept to the concept of emergence is submergence, which means the loss of one or more of the properties of an entity or system because of its metamorphosis into something else. System materialism („Everything is related to some other things”) is a middle path between the two extreme directions: holism („Everything is related to all other things”) and atomism („Everything follows its own way”). In his explanation of systems, Bunge dissociates himself from naive reductionism („Just explain the whole with the knowledge you have about the elements”), while recommending that a strategy of moderate reductionism („You can reduce anything that just might be reduced, but without ignoring the diversity and emergence” ). In the center of the materialistic system ontology is the thesis that there are no absolutely isolated things: everything works together with (some) others. Together they form coherent systems.

„Tańczący z Popperem”. Dembski o sprawdzalności

Author(s): Wesley R. Elsberry / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 08/2011

Referring to the controversy over scientific status of Darwinian theory of evolution and intelligent design theory, author reviews the key notions in the philosophy of Karl Popper, such as falsifiability, testability or refutability of a theory. His aim is to check the accuracy of the use of these notion in the argumentation of William Dembski who is a proponent of intelligent design theory. Dembski invokes Popper in his argumentation regarding refutability of this theory, but author shows that Dembski distorts Popperian concept of falsifiability. He indicates also that Dembski’s objection that Darwinism is unrefutable is mistaken and proofs that even in the light of Dembski’s own criterions the theory of intelligent design turns out to be unfalsifiable.

„Társastudat” Közép-Európa antikarteziánus filozófiája? Kristóf J. Nyíri: Tradition and Individality

Author(s): Gabriella Újlaki / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 03/1993

A lélektan vagy a szociológia ismeretelméleti elsődlegességének kérdése, másképpen fogalmazva a tudás alapvetően társadalmi vagy egyéni meghatározottságának problémája mentén felrajzolhatók a XX. század tudomány- és nyelvfilozófiájának legjelentősebb gondolati irányzatai.

„Thank Goodness That’s Over”

Author(s): Jerzy Gołosz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 54-55/2011

Tytułowy argument, sformułowany przez Priora w 1959 r. i analizowany przez niego kilkakrotnie, jest jednym z nielicznych argumentów na rzecz poglądu, który jakkolwiek dla człowieka niefilozofującego wydaje się oczywisty i naturalny, od czasów Parmenidesa był przedmiotem krytyki filozofów, a mniej więcej od początku wieku XX stał się również obiektem ataku fizyków. Chodzi tu o pogląd uznający obiektywność (lub realność) upływu czasu i podstawowego dla nas rozróżnienia pomiędzy przeszłością, teraźniejszością i przyszłością. Jakkolwiek wśród zwolenników realności upływu czasu można znaleźć tak znane historyczne postacie, jak Heraklit, św. Augustyn czy Bergson, grupa współczesnych wyznawców tego poglądu jest bardzo nieliczna; oprócz wspomnianego już Priora na pewno warto jeszcze wymienić C. D. Broada, R. Chisholma a jeszcze bardziej współcześnie Q. Smitha, T. Merricksa i S. Savitta.

„To nie jest kraj dla starych ludzi…”. Dwie fenomenologie starzenia się: Cycero i Améry

Author(s): Leszek Koczanowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2019

The article discusses old age and the role played by that stage in life at the time of (post)modernity. In order to fully accentuate the specificity of (post)modernity the author of analysed three conceptions of old age. The first was depicted by Cicero and enables us to comprehend the idea of old age in Classical antiquity. The second, formulated by Jean Améry, allows us to interpret the manner in which old age is perceived in modern times. The third is an interpretation of old age in the Dutch bestseller: Little Happiness Experiments /The Secret Diary of Henrik Groen, 83 ¼ Years Old, which, in the opinion of Leszek Koczanowicz, provides insight into the way in which old age is understood in the postmodern era.

„Tożsamość narracyjna” Ricoeura jako medium między pojęciem i doświadczeniem „ja”

Author(s): Marcin Urbaniak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 4/2010

Synaesthesia had been described as early as in 1883 by Francis Galton, but until recently it was perceived merely as a subjective phenomenon impossible to study using objective methods. The development of neuroscience and the consciousness studies created the possibility of scientific study of this phenomenon. At present many types of synesthesia are known, and there are many theories trying to explain its mechanisms. Understanding the answer to the question of the nature of synesthesia may be faciliated by a standarized method of Synesthesia Batter Test developed by David Eagleman and his colleagues, which allows to explore synesthetic experience and compare reliable data from different laboratories. This paper presents this method and a case of EW, experiencing the most common type of synesthesia, grapheme-color. This means, that when EW sees letters or numbers, she has an experience of color.

„Transcendentalny narcyzm” i filozofia sztuki.

Author(s): Piotr Schollenberger / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 02/2006

The author discusses the question of “narcissism”, specifically understood in the phenomenological works of Merleau-Ponty, in which it denotes a perception that discovers truth within itself, the unexpressed, pre-rational truth of the world as it is, which best captures the process of painting as a work of art. Merleau-Ponty believes that although it evades the claims made by the rationalising description, the relation between the visible and the invisible generates a linguistic, discursive meaning. In other words, it is possible to speak about art in the language of philosophy and, in addition, to speak well by doing justice to a given work of art, or not. Does the philosophical discourse apply painting as an illustration, or perhaps it unites in a common objective the solution of the mystery of visibility, or discovers within it its own “silent” reflection? Regardless of the answers we give to these questions, the problem of “narcissism” – a perception which finds the truth within itself – remains a problem not only of contemporary philosophy but also of contemporary art.

„Trójka widm w bezokoliczniku”. Spektralne koniugacje Witolda Wirpszy

Author(s): Piotr Bogalecki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 2/2016

This article presents an interpretation of Witold Wirpsza’s poem ‘Zgryzota i dalekie światło’ [Distress and a Distant Light]. Bogalecki begins with an analysis of the poem’s formulas and procedures in a Deleuzian context. His goal is twofold: first, to deduce Wirpsza’s understanding of the theme of the spectre, which only becomes meaningful through Jacques Derrida’s hauntology and the works of Giorgio Agamben and John D. Caputo. The second goal is to indicate a direction for a post-secular reinterpretation of Wirpsza’s work. His return to the theological or religious tradition can be understood as a deconstruction of the traditional form of religious and metaphysical poetry. The effect turns out to be an affirmative recognition of the language of religion as a spectre that incessantly ‘haunts’ modern, seemingly secularized discourses.

„Troska o duszę” a polityka. Propozycja Alasdaira MacIntyre’a

Author(s): Piotr Machura / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 25/2007

The aim of the article is to present the sources of Alasdair MacIntyre’s political conception. Considering his criticism of contemporary culture as known, the issue of man’s subjectivity, its intellectual character, and perception of community as a place of thereby understood realization of the human nature follow. At the same time, an emphasis of the importance of philosophical reflection for self-knowledge of an average member of such a community somehow forces a conclusion on a political nature of an intellectual activity.

„Twardy” problem realizmu metafizycznego i współczesny antyrealizm

Author(s): Stanisław Judycki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2009

The aim of the article is to consider the problem of metaphysical realism that is defined as the thesis that there are objects that are independent of human consciousness. The problem was not solved by I. Kant, since he assumed, without a justification, that there are objects (“things in themselves”) that are the causes of human mental states. The author interprets the problem of metaphysical realism in the context of the so-called principle of immanence (“principle of consciousness”), according to which every entity (object) may be treated exclusively as a correlate of consciousness. The principle of immanence is the cause why even causal relations have to be treated as only certain data for the consciousness, and hence they may not be referred to by asserting that there is a factor that is the cause of states of human consciousness. Contemporary anti-realism, as the so-called conceptual realism, does not consider the problem of metaphysical realism in the context of the principle of immanence, and hence it is not a part of the traditional dispute on the existence of the (external) world. The author sees the solution to the problem of metaphysical realism in combining two arguments: in the reference to the ontological proof, which – via God’s veracity – is to “lead outside” the immanence of consciousness, and in the reference to the concept of participation in such a way that the human mind participates in God and it is Him that is the real entity (ens realissimum) that is referred to by the dispute about the existence of the world and the problem of metaphysical realism.

„Twórzmy relacje, a nie dzieci”. Wspólne życie na zniszczonej planecie w chthulucenie Donny Haraway

Author(s): Aleksandra Derra / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2017

The aim of the article is to discuss the basic assumptions, theses and solutions of Donna Haraway’s book “Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene”. The author places the considerations of an American philosopher and biologist on the background of her earlier books and conceptual proposals. She analyses her suggestion of using the category of Chthulucene instead of Anthropocene, the category of sympoietic system instead of an autopoietic one, she presents her appeal for creating new forms of kinship and extensive response-ability for each other.

„Utrata” znaczenia Kilka kroków ku „pierwszoosobowej” praktyce fenomenologicznej

Author(s): Natalie Depraz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2013

Doświadczenie, w które zamierzam się zagłębić, odnosi się do procesu wyłaniania się znaczenia w świadomości. Mówiąc bardziej szczegółowo: tym, co jest mi dane pod pojęciem „znaczenia”, jest sama utrata znaczenia tego, to co mi się w tej chwili wydarza. Oto kluczowa hipoteza: odkrycie swojego własnego doświadczenia i tworzenie jego osobistego opisu w ramach zdyscyplinowanej praktyki. Jest to jedyny sposób, by sprawdzić efektywność mojego pierwszoosobowego dostępu do własnego wyjątkowego i nieredukowalnego doświadczenia. Po napisaniu wiele „na temat” konieczności rozpoczęcia takiej praktyki, po „twierdzeniu”, że jest to absolutnie niezbędne, a niedawno także po sprawdzeniu tego w świetle odczytywanej krok po kroku książki Husserla oraz twierdzeniu, że to jest to autentyczne ujęcie fenomenologii husserlowskiej, tu jestem tą, która w końcu wyjawi trochę samej siebie, podejmując ryzyko podjęcia się takiej praktyki. W rzeczywistości owo „ujęcie” pierwszoosobowego doświadczenia, w oparciu o wypowiedzi fenomenologów, którzy o nim pisali, jak to dziś często czyni się na przecięciu fenomenologii i kognitywistyki – to jedno; a czymś zupełnie innym i całkowicie odmiennym epistemologicznie jest praktykowanie takiego pierwszoosobowego doświadczenia poprzez ujęcie via samoujawnianie wyjątkowego przykładu, który usytuowany jest hic et nunc, na przykład kiedy używam narzędzi opisowych, które są mu wierne i tym samym uwierzytelniają wspomnianą praktykę, dobrze jej służąc.

„Vers à l’austère”. Sztuka peryferyjna a rytm i forma w malarstwie formistów polskich

Author(s): Iwona Mikołajczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2015

Artykuł Iwony Mikołajczyk „Vers à l’austère”. Sztuka peryferyjna a rytm i forma w malarstwie formistów polskich omawia wybrane dzieła polskiej awangardy z punktu widzenia stosunku ich twórców do kultury peryferyjnej: folklorystycznej, jarmarcznej i popularnej. Wykorzystując wtórne znaki modelujące typu determinowanego, Tymon Niesiołowski, Eugeniusz Zak, Tytus Czyżewski i Andrzej Pronaszko transponowali dostrzeżone w niej wartości estetyczne, środki artystyczne i motywy w przestrzeń własnych płócien, wiążąc je z technikami awangardowymi. Zagęszczając w obrębie jednego dzieła techniki twórcze, dochodzili do nowych jakości formalnych, surowej i czystej konstrukcji, wspartej na rytmie i ekspresji wyrazu. Te wizualne wartości odróżniają ich twórczość od osiągnięć awangardy zachodnioeuropejskiej.

„Vnímání je již vyjadřování“. Merleau-Pontyho první přednášky na Collège de France

Author(s): Jan Halák / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 52/2017

In his initial lecture course at the Collège de France, Merleau-Ponty attempted to develop a new analysis of rational thought in order to clarify its link with corporeal-perceptive life. The formulation of thought in lan- guage as the most elaborate human activity of expression explicitly takes over what we already observe in perception as the implicit and mutual reference between the perceiving subject and that which is perceived. The article reconstructs Merleau-Ponty’s argumentat, based on his preparatory notes for the lectures, and provides an interpretation of the key concepts of “expression” and “body schema”.