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Review of: KRZYSZTOF FOKT - Monumental Edition of Early Modern Peasants’ Last Wills (Testaments of Polish Peasants from the Second Half of 16th to 18th Century, ed. Janusz Łosowski, UMCS Publishing House, Lublin 2015, 519 p.)
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Selected legal aspects of media tabloidization. Protecting the image of celebrities would seem that modern media constantly balance on the edge of law, common decency and morality. Puzzling might be the reason why these unlawful procedures keep happening even though regulations exist in the Polish law, however not sufficient. In fact, there are many causes. The consumers’ interest in the offered product appears to be one of the most important. The immediate consequence of this phenomenon is the tabloidization of media. Searching for scandals, gossips and drama in every sense of the word, has become the driving force behind the media market. It can be assumed that the media are slowly losing their independence, following the defined (in their judgement) needs of society. The financial aspects outweigh the quality and the reliability of given content. Journalism, as a public trust profession, imposes on the broadcasters and the publishers the duty of acting pro publico bono. It is associated with fulfilling a certain mission and serving the public. Honest journalism, that is in line with the norms of ethics and is fully responsible for the effects of the publications may be considered as such. Unfortunately, the customary practice suggests that the journalists very often decide to overstep the boundaries set by the legislators. Their actions are fully conscious and what is more, desired and accepted by the employers, all the while being consistent with the economic interest of a given media organisation. It results in operating on the edge of the existing law, leading up to an increasing number of public image rights violation claims. The Polish law is not adapted to the changing media reality. The review of judicial decisions shows that the current rules must be updated and specified. Both media representatives and public figures ought to be aware that they operate within the law and if they are to go beyond it, they do that knowingly, on their own responsibility, and that there are legal consequences to be suffered.
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Ovaj policy dokument daje prijedloge izmjena i dopuna Zakona o radu Federacije BiH koje je potrebno provesti kako bi se unaprijedila zaštita prava povezanih sa majčinstvom, očinstvom i brigom o djeci tj. povezanih sa porodičnim životom, kao i stvorili bolji uslovi za ostvarivanje ravnopravnosti spolova u porodičnom i druš- tvenom životu u BiH. Sve formulisane preporuke su pripremljene kao odgovor na identificirane probleme koji se u pomenutoj oblasti javljaju u praksi i koji nepovoljno djeluju na nesmetanu primjenu principa ravnopravnosti spolova u privatnoj i profesionalnoj sferi, kao i na zaštitu osnovnih vrijednosti porodičnog života. Preporuke su kao takve usmjerene na unapređenje zaštite ljudskih prava u navedenoj sferi, oslanjajući se na relevantne međunarodne i standarde prava Evropske Unije, te dobru komparativnu praksu, kao i potrebu harmoniziranja standarda zaštite koje pružaju različiti izvori radnog zakonodavstva unutar BiH i relevantni dokumenti iz oblasti ravnopravnosti spolova. Navodimo nekoliko ključnih intervencija koje je u tom smislu potrebno načiniti u Zakonu o radu FBiH: 1. Uvesti rodno neutralan termin “roditeljsko odsustvo” i pružiti adekvatnu definiciju ovog prava, uz istovremeno omogućavanje podjele odsustva među roditeljima i njegovog korištenja u više dijelova, čime bi se podstakla praksa ravnopravnog korištenja ovog prava oba roditelja. 2. Uvesti dodatne ključne stimulanse za očeve radi korištenja roditeljskog odsustva: Ako je otac koristio mjesec dana roditeljsko odsustvo, koje je određeno kao odsustvo koje traje 12 mjeseci, isto se produži za mjesec dana, tako da traje 13 mjeseci. 3. Izdvojiti kao zakonsku kategoriju posebno pravo na očinsko odsustvo i predviđanje trajanja do deset radnih dana. 4. Izvršiti terminološko usklađivanje kako bi zaštita prava u vezi sa otkazom u kontekstu trudnoće i roditeljstva bila jasno obezbijeđena za oba roditelja. 5. Predvidjeti automatsko produženje ugovora o radu na određeno vrijeme do isteka korištenja prava na roditeljsko odsustvo. 6. Osigurati pravo svih radnika/ca da za vrijeme trajanja i po isteku roditeljskog odsustva (ili majčinskog/očinskog odsustva) zadrže radno mjesto i uvjete rada, tj. status koji su prethodno imali/e. 7. Predvidjeti principe posebne zaštite za vrijeme trudnoće, nakon poroda, te radi njege djeteta. 8. Zabraniti zahtijevanje podataka ne samo o trudnoći, nego i uopšte o bračnom statusu i planiranju porodice, i ne ograničavati ovu zabranu na već zaposlene radnice, nego eksplicitno referirati i na one koje apliciraju za radno mjesto. 9. Predvidjeti da žena može samo iznimno, na vlastiti zahtjev, uz saglasnost poslodavca, koristiti kraće porođajno odsustvo. 10. Ponovo vratiti u zakonski tekst produženo roditeljsko odsustvo u trajanju od 18 mjeseci u slučaju rođenja blizanaca, trećeg i svakog sljedećeg djeteta. 11. Predvidjeti odgovarajuće kaznene odredbe koje bi imale odvraćajući efekat od kršenja ključnih prava u vezi sa roditeljstvom.
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The subject of this paper is a short presentation of opinions of the Czech authors expressed in the monograph “Introduction to the land law”. By the land law the authors of this monograph mean an interdisciplinary area of law which deals with the sources, methods, principles and tools of private and public law concerning legal relations which subject is land. The land law reveals strict and direct relation with the environmental law. After each of 17 chapters of this monograph resemblances and differences with the Polish law are presented.
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Legal regime of access to information on the environment in Russian Federation law is significantly different from the one accepted by the member states of the European Union. Its main characteristic is the lack of a single legal act regulating all aspects of this subject. The aim of the article is to present solutions that were adopted in this area in the provisions concerning ecological expertise, which is one of the most important institutions in russian environmental law.
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Iako je Zakon o zabrani diskriminacije u velikoj mjeri usaglašen sa komunitarnim pravom Evropske unije i međunarodnim standardima ljudskih prava ostvarivanje jednakih prava i mogućnosti kao i efikasna zaštita od diskriminacije još uvijek ne postoji. Brojne aktivnosti su već pokrenute u BIH kako bi se ovi ciljevi ostvarili ali ostvareni napredak je ograničen. Ova analiza zagovara donošenje strateškog dokumenta (javne politike) za prevenciju i borbu protiv diskriminacije, razmatra uticaj ovakvog dokumenta i daje smijernice za sadržinu ali i proces izrade.
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Pod koniec 2015 r. niemiecką prasę obiegła wiadomość, że z początkiem następnego roku przed sądami w Detmold, Hanau, Neubrandenburgu i Kilonii mają się rozpocząć cztery nowe procesy „oświęcimskie”. Przed niemieckimi sądami miało stanąć trzech mężczyzn i jedna kobieta, oskarżonych o współudział w zbrodniach dokonywanych w nazistowskim obozie zagłady Auschwitz. Do chwili obecnej zakończyło się tylko jedno postępowanie sądowe w Detmold. Byłego strażnika obozu zagłady w Auschwitz Reinholda Hanninga oskarżono o współudział w mordzie 170 tys. osób i skazano na karę pięciu lat pozbawienia wolności.
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According to the Romanian legislation, the child is entitled to the highest standard of health attainable, and also to preventing situations that endanger life, growth and development. Children with cleft lip and palate (CLP) represent a socially disadvantaged group, with a tendency toward social inhibition, social anxiety and low self-esteem, due to their medical condition, facial appearance and speech difficulties. Radiation exposure is an essential aspect of the proper health care during all stages of surgical and orthodontic treatment, having a significant impact on CLP patients’ quality of life. A survey was conducted among 104 residents training in four medical specialties, to assess the usage of proper radiologic examinations during CLP management. The results indicate the necessity to improve the physicians’ level of knowledge regarding 3D imaging modalities, their awareness on the necessity of high quality health services for CLP patients - as socially disadvantaged children, and pediatric patients in general, but also on the effect of improper radiation on the quality of life.
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The objective of this article is to present the patient’s right to pastoral care, with reference to the legal status of a given religious group. The analysis is conducted pursuant to the principle of equal rights of churches and other religious organisations (Art. 25.1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2nd 1997). The author presents legal guarantees of the patient’s right to pastoral care, and discusses the right of churches and other religious organisations to provide patients with pastoral care during hospitalisation. The theoretical findings were compared with the practice of medical entities in Poland in terms of application of the right to pastoral care. The final section of the article provides some practical proposals.
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In Poland, after World War II, religious policy, led then by the communist government, was rooted in the Marxist-Leninist system that was atheistic in nature and, as a consequence, hostile to churches and religious associations. In Poland, the vast majority of the population were Catholic, so almost full brunt of anti-religious campaign of the then authorities was directed against the institutions of the Catholic Church. One of the methods of fighting was instrumental application of the provisions of statutory law. The article describes such an application of the Regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of 27 October 1932 - Law on Associations. All congregations had to comply with the provisions of this law after the entry into force of the Decree of 5 August 1949. Thus, the rules relating not only to legalization or liquidation of the associations already operating, but even those defining supervision over the activities of these legalized associations have become the means of repression against religious congregations of the Catholic Church. In this paper, the author presented examples of the instrumental application of the provisions of the Law on Associations to monitor and obstruct the activities religious orders.
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In 2014, two acts introducing significant changes in the field of disciplinary liability of attorneys, legal advisers and notaries entered into force. These changes, in principle, should be assessed positively. However, many specific solutions raise some reservations about their correctness. Most concerns refer to the institution of dean’s reminders in relation to attorneys and warnings in case of legal advisers.
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Nasilje u porodici prisutno je u svim zemljama svijeta bez obzira na njihovu demokratsku tradiciju, ekonomsku snagu, stepen obrazovanosti ili kulturu. Radi se o globalnoj pojavi koja postoji u svim društvima svijeta. Nasilje u porodici je svaki oblik fizičkog, seksualnog, psihičkog ili ekonomskog nasilja ili prijetnja takvim nasiljem kojem se izlaže neki od članova porodice. Ono nije izolirani, pojedinačan događaj, već obrazac ponavljajućih ponašanja.
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The paper is devoted to the significance and part interest institution as tax obligation. The cordial and exchange taxobligation functions are considered. The concept to the tax obligation has diversity and important role in the modernization ofthe national law and economy are noted. Author shows on example Bulgarian tax legislation is perfect as related to setting toBulgarian tax decisions to stimulated the tax payment.
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In typischen Beschreibungen der bosnischen Behördenlandschaft werden oft Begriffe wie “unprofessionell”, “korrupt”, “ineffizient” und “politisiert” genannt. Das Zentrum für humane Politik hat bei seinen Erhebungen im Jahr 2010 mit genau diesen Begriffen die Erfahrungen der Bürgerinnen und Bürger von BuH mit der öffentlichen Verwaltung zusammengefasst. Die Strategie für die Reform der öffentlichen Verwaltung wurde im Jahr 2006 verabschiedet und enthielt — als kurz- und langfristiges Ziel — die Reform aller Bereiche des Verwaltungsgeschehens, von der Auswahl der Mitarbeiter, über das Verwaltungsverfahren und die Schaffung von Regelungen für die Übernahme des EU-Acquis bis zum Erreichen der EU-Standards. Die Reform hätte in diesem Jahr abgeschlossen werden sollen. Die Arbeiten in dieser Ausgabe analysieren die projektierten Ziele und die Ergebnisse. Sie zeigen, dass dieses gut gemeinte Vorhaben gescheitert ist. Die öffentliche Verwaltung ist weitgehend auf dem Niveau des bisherigen Systems, und zwar als Dienstleistung der politischen Parteien, geblieben. Sie schadet in dieser Eigenschaft dem Ansehen des Staates sowie den Menschen und Institutionen, die durch ihre Arbeit betroffen sind.
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The use of punitive psychiatry against political opponents appears to be on the upswing in post-Soviet states.
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Uvođenje novog nastavnog predmeta “Zdravstveni odgoj” u osnovne i srednje škole u Republici Hrvatskoj od školske 2012/2013. godine od samog početka postala je vrlo aktualna tema u hrvatskom društvu, medijski konstantno pomno praćena. Gotovo da nije bilo društvenih aktera koji se nisu uključili u raspravu o njoj, od Vlade Republike Hrvatske i državnih tijela, stručne javnosti, političkih stranaka, organizacija civilnoga društva do Katoličke Crkve. Uglavnom, svi prijepori su bili svjetonazorskog karaktera, te se mogu sumirati i svesti na sukob tradicionalno-konzervativnih i liberalno-progresivnih društvenih struja. Vrhunac javnog neslaganja dogodio se podnošenjem tužbe predstavnika prvonavedene struje Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske i donošenjem odluke Suda o privremenoj obustavi provođenja nastave zdravstvenog odgoja.
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U Bosni i Hercegovini nastavni i istraživački rad obavlja ukupno 45 visokoškolskih ustanova, od toga deset javnih i 35 privatnih. Podjela nadležnosti u oblasti visokog obrazovanja uslovljena je složenom državnom organizacijom Bosne i Hercegovine. Za ovu iznimno bitnu oblast, koja bi trebala da obrazuje buduće naraštaje i da doprinese razvoju i napretku države, nadležno je čak 14 ministarstava. Na državnom nivou koordinirajuću ulogu ima Ministarstvo civilnih poslova. U Republici Srpskoj za oblast visokog obrazovanja nadležno je Ministarstvo prosvjete i kulture RS, u Federaciji BiH Ministarstvo obrazovanja, nauke, kulture i sporta koje je odlukom Ustavnog suda FBiH proglašeno neustavnim, te deset kantonalnih ministarstava obrazovanja i Odjel za obrazovanje pri Vladi Brčko Distrikta.
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Accepting the concept of local selfgovernment determined by the European Charter od the local selfgovernment, that BiH ratified, is an important part of the EU integration process. The reform of the local selfgovernment is an on going process which will have to give answers to many questions and problems with regard to the relations between mayors and municipal councils. Since the politics play the most important role in most fields of life in BiH, including the ones that in most European countries belong originally to the local authority, direct election of mayors is a positive step. It gives control to the citizens, who are closest to the mayors, and who are enabled now to elect the mayor amongs their neighbors, colleagues, friends etc. On the other hand, the two legitimacy, that both, the municipal councils and the mayors draw from the people, are often in conflict, which stands in a way for normal municipality /city functioning. Their responsabilities and authorities should therefore be very clearified as well as the usage of the mayor’s recall procedure, in order to increase the responsibility on both sides.
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There are two ways to deny the lineage of a child who was born in marriage contract in classical Islamic legal doctrine. The first is to sue in court by husband accusing his wife by adultery. In this case, both the wife and husband swear properly (liʿān / mulāʿana) in the court opened and as a result of the court, the child’s lineage falls from husband. The second is that there are certain special circumstances that are inevitable for the child to be born in marriage from husband in terms of reason and science/ medical point. In such a case, the husband has the right to sue the denial of lineage without the need for a liʿān/mulāʿana application. Nowadays (recently), with the development of science and technology DNA fingerprinting is used as a means of proof in proving the lineage and denying the lineage. Contemporary Islamic law researchers have stood on the issue of the determination or denial of lineage with DNA fingerprint test. This study will focus only on “Denial of Lineage/Paternity by DNA Fingerprint Test in Islamic (Family) Law”. In Islamic Law has given great importance to determine a lineage truthfuly, and the right for husband to refuse the lineage of a child, who was born in marriage contract as long as the child was from somebody else. There are two ways to deny the lineage of a child who was born in marriage contract in classical Islamic legal doctrine. The first way is the method known/called as liʿān/mulāʿana. As a legal term the liʿān/mulāʿana is both the wife’s and husband’s swearing in the court opened for denial of lineage (liʿān) after the husband’s blaming his wife for adultry (qazif). The second way which makes the child's paternity impossible to husband are conditions such as knowing with certainty that the woman got pregnant from someone else before mariage contract or her giving birth after marriage contract before six month completed; realizing that the husband could not have (was not able to have) a child because of his biological and/or physiological defects (disabilities) and/or the sexual intercourse between the husband and wife is not possible. In such circumstances, the right to refuse the lineage of this child who was born in marriage contract has been legitimated to the husband without liʿān. Nowadays (recently), with the development of science and technology, DNA fingerprinting is used as a proof in denial or approval of the lineage cases. DNA fingerprint is defined as the genetic code transmitting from parents to children through inheritance, that signifies each individual’s particular biological identity and that is possible to be known within the framework of specific scientific guidelines. There are differences as well as similarities in the physiological structure/creation (phenotype) of each person. In the same way, each person's biological and genetic structure/characteristics (genotype) are similar to each other but there are some differences between them. As a matter of fact, it has been scientifically proven that people who look physiologically very similar are different from other people in terms of biological/genetic (genotype) characteristics such as "fingerprints, phonemes, scent marks and DNA fingerprints". On the other hand, the determination or denial of lineage is closely related to many legal issues as inheritance, custody, marriage (marriage prohibition), hıdane (right of protection and training), right of alimony, āqila, witness, etc. That is why, in Islamic law, in the case of a precise information, evidence or a strong possibility about the child born in a true marriage is adulterated or belongs to the pre-wedding/before the wedding, the husband has been given the right to refuse the child's lineage/surname by resorting to the liʿān or without resorting to the liʿān. As understood from the verses (al-Nur 24/6-9) concerning the subject, the practice of liʿān has been made legitimate for the husband who cannot prove an adulterous crime to his wife with four witnesses. Hence, if the husband accuses his wife of adultery and proves it with four witnesses or the wife confesses adultery, there is no need for liʿān application and a penalty for adultery (hadd) is imposed on a woman because the wife’s adultery is certain with the witnesses and the application of liʿān is not needed. In that case, just as it is in the evidence of adultery, also on the issue of lineage’s denial, the husband should have the right to refuse the child's lineage when he claims that he did not impregnate his wife or that the child born in their marriage does not belong to him and he proves it by DNA fingerprint test without the need for liʿān application. Accordingly, if the DNA fingerprint test reveals that the child is from the husband, a slander (qazif) penalty is applied to the husband because he blamed his wife for adultery (qazif) and could not prove it. However, if the DNA fingerprint test reveals that the child is from someone else but the child's lineage cannot be annexed to husband, adultery is not applied to the woman because of the possibility that the pregnancy may be by way of rape (enforcement to sexual intercourse) or as a result of suspected sexual intercourse. On the other hand, the application of liʿān related with the denial of lineage is an exceptional rule. The main issue is to prove with four witnesses that the child is the result of adultery. Therefore, religiously, the liʿān is not an application that must be done with worship consciousness and that makes one a sinner when abandoned. According to this, to accept the DNA fingerprint test as evidence is not to cancel the liʿān application, on the contrary, it is to abandon it because it does not need the liʿān application. Therefore, the application of the liʿān will continue to be in effect where there is no opportunity to apply DNA fingerprint testing. As a result, on “Denial of The Lineage/Paternity by DNA Fingerprint Test in Islamic Family Law” it is possible to say The Qur'an and the Sunnah, the main sources of Islam, encourage and require wisdom and practice in accordance with it. Therefore, there should not be any objection to the use of DNA fingerprint testing, which is a scientific proof, in the case of lineage denial as well as lineage approval. As a matter of fact, the general rule expressed by Shafiî jurist el-Maverdî (d. 450/1058) about matter of lineage’s denial “If the scientific facts indicate that the child is not from the husband, the child's lineage is rejected without the need for the liʿān application” (Māverdī, āl-Hâvi al-kabīr, 9: 159), shows that the means of modern/scientific proof such as DNA fingerprint testing will be accepted in the matter of lineage’s denial in Islamic law. Therefore, in accordance with the provision of the verse: “Call them (your adopted children) with the name of their fathers. This is more righteous and just in the sight of Allah” (al-Ahzab 33/5), in order to ensure the identification of lineage truthfuly, the husband must have the right to refuse the lineage of a child who is proven, by a DNA fingerprint test, not to belong to him without the need for a liʿān application .
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The review of/Prikaz: Zoran Miladinović, „Pravo intelektualne svojine“; Pravni fakultet, Kragujevac, 2009.
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