From Banishment to Ascribed Residence: Controlling Internal Movement in Socialist Bulgaria (1944-1989)

Author(s): Rossitza Guentcheva / Language(s): English

This paper seeks to address one mobility-preventing mechanism, namely restriction on internal movement in socialist Bulgaria (1944-1989). Through a series of measures – ranging from banishment to dislocation to residence legally inscribed in the passport – the state engaged in spatial stratification and geographic management of its population. Its officials had elaborated categories linking human rights to a specific geographical location, while state and local authorities implemented in practice human rights’ successful territorialisation. In both cases, infringement on free movement was aimed at the cultivation of a perfect socialist society, where the moral recovery of unhealthy elements was achieved through removal and isolation.

Reconciliation of the Spirits and Fusion of the Interests - "Ottomanism" as an Identity Politics

Author(s): Aleksander Vezenkov / Language(s): English

The history of the different national traditions of social and political thinking in Southeastern Europe is usually examined in their relationship with the developments in the leading European nation states. This is certainly a legitimate approach, but it should be added that beside the multiple interactions between the "marginalized," "small nations" in the "periphery" and the "European core" there was one more major actor – the multinational empires in the Eastern part of the continent. They had their identity politics, which failed in the long run, but had a considerable influence during the 19th century. In what concerns the Ottoman Empire, almost all studies mention these politics, usually referred to as "Ottomanism," but very few of them examine it. This article focuses on "Ottomanism" as a problem in its own right, but also raises the question of the impact of these politics on the national discourses in the region.

THE PEOPLE INCORPORATED Constructions of the Nation in Transylvanian Romanian Liberalism, 1838–1848

Author(s): Kinga-Koretta Sata / Language(s): English

The existence of a specific Transylvanian Romanian liberalism, either in the sense of being a fully-fledged movement, or only a more or less clear-cut affective community of individual theorists and politicians, is not taken for granted by the national historiographies of 19th-century Transylvania, either Hungarian or Romanian. The theorists and activists that this paper groups under the heading of Transylvanian Romanian national liberals are most commonly described as members of the national movement in Transylvania, that is, the movement that fought for the emancipation of the Romanian people in Transylvania. It is the argument of this paper, however, that the identity politics devised by the theorists discussed cannot be understood without taking seriously their allegiance to the liberal project of modernity (and modernization) besides their commitment to the national cause. They themselves thought that the two projects, liberal modernization (and its economic corollary, capitalism) and national emancipation were not only reinforcing each other, but could not be conceived of separately. It is this apparently paradoxical concatenation of a progressive and a conservative idiom of political thought, liberalism and nationalism, that the present paper intends to describe through a reconstruction of the Transylvanian Romanian version of liberal identity-building, both political-institutional and cultural.

Is Skopje a Child-Friendly City?

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

The Concept of Smart City – Regulation Questions?!

Author(s): Gabriella Csűrös / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, cities also can be “smart”. More and more cities use the label “smart” – in Hungary as well. Is it a rational decision for cities full with opportunities or, if it is a necessity, however, is it a new trend that must be followed without any substance? Besides this dilemma, the study also focuses on the regulation of the smart city concept. Regarding the growing number of smart cities and the simultaneous regulation gap, the question is whether we need to regulate smart cities? If we do, at which governmental level and what kind of substance, and, if we do not, what are the reasons?The urban development is the theoretical framework of the study. After the definition of smart city, the study focuses on the content of smart city, systematizing its features on the basis of the relevant regulations and literature. As the result of my research, the risks of regulation as well as further deficiencies and contradictions will be demonstrated.

Conferinţa de cercetare în construcţii, economia construcţiilor, urbanism şi amenajarea teritoriului. Rezumate ale lucrărilor

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Romanian

Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of constructions, architecture, urbanism and territorial development

Conferinţa de cercetare în construcţii, economia construcţiilor, urbanism şi amenajarea teritoriului. Rezumate ale lucrărilor

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Romanian

Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of buildings, architecture, urban and territorial development.

MITROVICA: KOSOVO’S LITMUS TEST

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Mitrovica is Kosovo’s litmus test. It is here that the Guiding Principles set down by the Contact Group – no partition, decentralisation, return and a multiethnic Kosovo – will face their toughest test. It is in Mitrovica that the Kosovo leadership must prove that its commitment to a multiethnic society is more than rhetorical. On 4 May 2006, Mitrovica and municipal boundaries will be on the agenda of the status talks in Vienna. In recent weeks, there has been renewed and often heated debate over competing proposals for this divided town. ESI organised a special conference on Mitrovica with Wilton Park in Vienna on 30 March, where we outlined our proposals for a lasting solution for the town.

UTOPIAN VISIONS. Governance failures in Kosovo’s capital

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Amidst the high political drama surrounding final status talks, it is easy to lose sight of the vast challenge facing Kosovo once status is resolved. In social and economic terms, Kosovo has been falling behind Europe for half a century. A decision on status alone will not break this trend. It will require major changes in the way Kosovo is governed. As the capital city, Pristina should be leading this process of revitalisation, by setting the standard for effective and democratic governance. Pristina is Kosovo’s wealthiest municipality, the seat of all of its governing institutions and home to a large number of international institutions. Yet Pristina is still far from setting a positive example.

Geografie znevýhodnění

Author(s): Robert Osman / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This chapter offers a Czech introduction to a subdiscipline of social geography—disability geography, its development and main research topics. It also grounds the whole book and our project in a broader thinking about the relationship between space and the body. In between the general beginning towards a concrete ending of this book, it turns our attention from the study of disability to space and shows how space participates on social disadvantage and this disadvantage is inscribed in space. The chapter focuses on the interactions of diverse bodies with diverse space and notices, what these interactions enable and what they disable, and how certain spaces participate in dis/abling and enabling of certain bodies. The question resonating through the whole book is “how space participates on disadvantaging of our bodies”, or “how diversity of our bodies translates into the form of space”? The chapter is divided into two parts; the first one discusses geography of disability and tries to show how discussions within disability studies are transferred with some delay into disability geography, where they interact with the research on space. The second part is devoted to three selected examples of space experience: the experience of people with physical impairment, the experience of people with sight impairment and the experience of „d/Deaf“ people. Each of the examples discusses two or three broader topics that have represented or might represent key research streams of the respective spatial experience.

Navrhování digitální přístupnosti měst

Author(s): Stanislav Škop,Jan Martinek,Ladislava Zbiejczuk Suchá / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The fourth chapter outlines the context and methods for designing accessible, usable, and useful urban services. Digital services are introduced as an integral part of city services, connecting urban infrastructure with the services of a city (an example of digital urban service in the context of removing barriers can be accessibility maps). At the beginning, methods that help municipalities to design better services are presented, focusing on the digital aspect and being part of so-called human-centered design or design thinking. Special attention is devoted to dual diamond method, characterized by combination of methods to be able to better determine and analyze the needs of potential users, and to create and test the developing design. Involvement of future users is of key importance not only in the preparatory phase, but also through participative design and user-oriented evaluation. As the methods are very broad, it is necessary to include representatives of various skills and multidisciplinary perspectives. The chapter also offers three criteria for evaluating good public digital services— accessibility, usability, and usefulness. Each of these concepts is discussed in more

Politiky zpřístupňování městského prostoru v České republice

Author(s): Jana Línová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The fifth chapter discusses policies and planning of accessible public space. The text works with the approaches of universal design and tactical urbanism and applies them to concrete practical examples. It demonstrates the limits of various space designs and introduces their possible complementarity with the aim to give an overview of practical examples of municipal efforts to make public space accessible. The data collected via semi-structured interviews and the analysis of conceptional and strategic municipal documents in the Czech Republic identified cities (Brno, Olomouc, Pardubice a Praha), which have already institutionalized the agenda of barrier-free space. These cities can be placed on a timescale corresponding to subsequent phases of this institutionalization, with Olomouc being at front (after 18 years of experience with accessibility policies) and Brno, which started to remove barriers systematically only in 2017, at the opposite side. Urban municipalities use diverse tools and define their goals for in strategies and conceptions that serve as guides for multiple working groups. Some of these groups have their own budgets, in which European and state support can be used. The working groups usually belong under one of three types based on their activities: the actual barrier-removing work, conceptional and methodic work and educational work. Most visible results are usually found in public transport (public transport stops, crossings, lowering sidewalk and traffic island curbs, etc.). Strategic and systematic effort in removing barriers, which has been carried out by these four cities, can undoubtedly be an inspiration for other municipalities.

Taktické mapování bariér

Author(s): Tomáš Krejčík,Jakub Trojan,Robert Osman,Eva Nováková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The seventh chapter focuses on an illustrative demonstration of the application of tactical urbanism and tactical mapping on the example of the city of Brno. Here we used six related tactics. First, in cooperation with the Advisory Board for a Barrier-Free Brno, we identify the types of spaces of priority interest. Then (also in cooperation with the Brno City Advisory Board for Accessibility) we prioritize places and institutions that are key for people with disability. In the third tactic, we identify the spatial concentrations of these priority places (in order to identify priority areas). We then identify barriers in the prioritized areas through field research and categorize these into several classes. We then subject each barrier to an assessment of how challenging it is to remove — either in terms of the nature of the barrier or through the lens of ownership/management of the barrier. In the final sixth tactic, we design comprehensive barrier-free routes connecting priority institutions and focusing on removing precisely those barriers that would provide the greatest “benefit” (i.e., most help to make the route more accessible) in the spirit of tactical urbanism. The design of the tactical mapping process is not one-size-fits-all and openly deals with dead ends. For example, it has been shown that it is not necessary to use sophisticated instruments to successfully describe the nature of barriers (but a common smart phone will suffice) or that barriers cannot be narrowed down to point objects, but we must also work with linear barriers (such as missing guide lines, warning strips, etc.). It is also important to have a broader interdisciplinary team involved in tactical mapping — in addition to social geographers and cartographers, this includes barrier specialists (so that barriers in space can be clearly identified) and public administration representatives who are in charge of accessibility. However, it should be taken into account that this is an illustrative example working in a specific city.

Brněnský archiv příkladů dobré praxe: proč ne Metodika?

Author(s): Robert Osman,Pavel Doboš,Daniel Kaplan,Ondřej Šerý,Stanislav Škop,Simona Surmařová / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

This chapter presents Examples of good practice for the creation of accessible urban space, which have been practiced by multiple actors in Brno city under specific circumstances and which can serve as inspiration and motivation for other municipalities in their barrier-free policies and practice. While being the source for inspiration can be their principal goal, another goal is to archive the good practice. The authors start the chapter defining themselves against methods guidelines for barrier-free space; methods are introduced as a certain conceptual tool for strict, systematic and universal creation of barrier-free/accessible space, which can be too binding and less open to eventual changes. On the other hand, Examples of good practice represent a different approach, open to eventual developments, unexpected phenomena and trying to inspire for creation of accessible space everywhere and every time, in pragmatic, unprecedented and diverse ways. As has been indicated above, Methods guides for barrier-free space can be bound by three universalities, which usually prevent experimenting and creativity. Examples of good practice aim to inspire and incent creativity, and thus represent a universal “will” to be creative, unhinged and active.

TRADITIONAL, DISAPPEARING AND EMERGING HUMAN GEOGRAPHY TOPICS AT GRAMMAR ACHOOLS AND IN UNDERGRADUATE GEOGRAPHY TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMMES

Author(s): Rastislav Čief,Branislav Nižnanský / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Traditional Human Geography was referred to as Socio-economic Geography in the didactic practice of the Soviet bloc. Thematic areas of the Socio-economic Geography curriculum included traditional topics: population and settlement, economy, manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries, services, tourism and foreign trade. The current curriculum of the subject of Geography has undergone the transformation of the content of the curriculum. The original topic of the population and settlements has been modified mainly under the influence of the development of Social Geography at the CU in Prague. In the field of Economic Geography, the thematic content has responded to the Industry Classification System, with emerging topics related to the quaternary and quinary sector of economy. There have emerged topics related to Cultural Geography, including the development of Political Geography. The paper presents the comparison of traditional, disappearing and emerging topics of Human Geography within the curricula of grammar schools and undergraduate Geography teacher training programmes.

WEBBOVA TYPOLOGIE ÚZEMNÍCH JEDNOTEK A JEJÍ MODIFIKACE HODNOTÍCÍ ZMĚNY VĚKOVÉ STRUKTURY OBYVATELSTVA

Author(s): Zdeněk Matěja / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Human resources are considered the main wealth of any society even at the regional level. However, the populations of similar sizes may have completely different age structures; hence it is needed to pay attention to these structures. The paper introduces a modification of Webb's typology of territorial units in terms of demographic ageing, which may be used for capturing of ongoing demographic changes and which is designed to evaluate changes in the age structure of population of regions. The aim of this paper is to apply both conventional and modified Webb's typology of territorial units to examine the dynamics of population and changes in age structures of Czech regions between 1996 and 2015. Then its results allow to test the usability of Webb's modified typology of territorial units by fulfilling the objective. The results shown large differences in demographic development of Czech regions over the 20-year period, e.g. the population of the Central Bohemia region increased by more than 220 thousands of inhabitants, while that of the Moravia-Silesian region decreased by more than 80 thousands. Moreover, the development of age structures of the Central Bohemia region and Prague differ significantly from the other regions.

ROLE MIGRACE V POPULAČNÍM VÝVOJI SHRINKING CITY – PŘÍKLAD MĚSTA UHERSKÉ HRADIŠTĚ

Author(s): RICHARD HUBL,Miloslav ŠERÝ,Václav Toušek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The aim of the paper is to evaluate the aspects of the migration of the Uherské Hradiště inhabitants in the period 1991-2015. In this context, the attention is paid to the migration balance, analysed are also directions of migration, both internal and foreign. Further the analysis of possible causes and consequences of this process is outlined, including the analysis of the phenomenon of emigration potential of the city inhabitants. The methods used are the geographic analysis of available statistical data on migration and analysis of primary data that was obtained in Uherské Hradiště in the form of a questionnaire survey. The main results of the analysis are the determination of the spatial aspects of migration, particularly the negative migration balance in favour of city´s hinterland and also relatively high positive potential of emigration of the population in the context of the already carried out research on a similar topic.

PROSTOROVÉ ASPEKTY NÁBOŽENSKÝCH, NÁRODNOSTNÍCH A SEXUÁLNÍCH KOMUNIT/MENŠIN V BRNĚ

Author(s): Ondřej Šerý,Jiří Dujka / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper deals with the issue of religious, ethnic and sexual communities (minorities) in Brno, namely the example of Christians and Jews, as well as the Moravians/Moravists, Vietnamese, Ukrainians and Russians, and not least the LGBT people (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people). The text aims to identify the above mentioned communities (minorities) in Brno and also characterize the spatial aspects of their everyday life. The topic is examined by combining quantitative and qualitative methods, i.e. quantitative analysis of spatial data, observation, analysis of media content and performing of semi-structured interviews. Among the main findings in the majority of surveyed communities (minorities) are some inconspicuousness and closeness to the outside world, when individual communities (minorities) coexisting side by side but not too much mutual penetration. Some of them are also within Brno spatially concentrated, respectively subjects associated with them (religious buildings, restaurants and other facilities associated with leisure) are spatially concentrated.

TRANSFORMÁCIA ÚZEMNEJ IDENTITY „KREMNICKÉHO HAUERLANDU“

Author(s): Magdaléna Nemčíková,Alfréd KROGMANN,Daša Oremusová,Viera SCHOLZOVÁ / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Investigation of relations between individuals or society and a particular territory are at the center of attention not only in geography. The concept of territorial identity is the subject of a number of geographic studies due to the fact that territorial identity is considered to be a “soft” factor or a tool of regional development. The aim of this paper is to identify and analyze the main processes and factors which form the current identity of the “Kremnický Hauerland” region. The paper also deals with important historical events that have influenced the development of territorial identity. It also includes an interpretation of the results of empirical research through which we surveyed the state and level of regional awareness among the inhabitants of the region using field survey, questionnaire and controlled interview. In the end, we will outline the prospects for the development of territorial identity in the “Kremnický Hauerland” region.

Selo i šuma: nastanak i nestanak sela u šumovitim predjelima središnje Slavonije

Author(s): Žarko Španiček / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

This work starts from the observation that, mainly in the hilly areas of central Slavonia, in the last fifty years, the number of inhabitants and inhabited places has decreased, while wooded areas have expanded considerably. The number of villages, facing disappearance, without a single resident, or with just a few, is increasing, and forests have covered the area anew. Drawing on these developments, efforts were made to examine the unequal relation between cultivated and natural, wooded areas. It is proposed to conduct a more complex evaluation of the historical role and significance of the forest that would indicate that forests not only provide natural wealth and significant social resources but can also be an indication of general social backwardness.