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For more than a decade the annual Innovation.bg report has provided a reliable assessment of the innovation potential of the Bulgarian economy and the state and development capacity of the Bulgarian innovation system. It has put forward recommendations for improved public policy on innovation in Bulgaria and the EU by drawing on the latest international theoretical and empirical research while taking into account the specific economic, political, cultural, and institutional framework in which the country's innovation system is operating. During the last nine years Innovation.bg has made specific recommendations for the improvement of innovation policy and practice, which have been supported by business and the science sector. Innovation.bg 2013 focuses on the innovation potential of the pharmaceutical sector.
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In the social teaching of the Church there is still a growing trend towards global recognition of social problems as well as a call for the global cooperation. Globalization is treated as a tool to enhance the well-being of humanity. At the same time the social teaching indicates that in the control of the global market cannot participate only national authorities or international ones, but also social forces. This is consistent with the principle of subsidiarity, which emphasizes the role of intermediate strength between the individual and the state and international centers. For the defense of the common good of humanity, it is necessary to take into account the analysis of the ethical aspect of integration processes. It points to respect the values of dignity and human rights, justice, solidarity, kindness, non-violence, peace among people and nations. Ethics goes beyond the pragmatic calculations, which are focused on values and universal norms.
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An alarmingly bad economic situation in Serbia has imposed the need for the Government of Serbia to draw up a strategic document for the economic development of Serbia from 2011 to 2020. This document has been designed after the document issued by the European Union under the title The New Lisbon. This European Union document gives clear directions, i.e. strategic directives for the development of the Union in the forthcoming decade. This paper presents a brief overview of the Europe 2020 strategy and the Serbia 2020 strategy, as well as the reasons due to which the anticipated projections will not be able to be achieved in this country. Furthermore, it analyses the reasons why Serbia will not be able to join the European Union for many years to come. Joining the European Union represents a government project, yet in Serbia from the very beginning, it has been marked by economic interests and strategies. Looking from this time horizon, it seems that all the former strategies in Serbia have been wrong. And the current model of economic growth is unsustainable. This is shown by macroeconomic parameters which are more than alarming. Besides the internal factors which represent an obstruction to further economic growth and development in Serbia, there are also numerous external factors. The most prominent include unsettled issues in this region, as well as the global economic crisis which has brought about the enlargement fatigue and a general identity crisis within the Union. Serbia which would like to join the European Union has to implement all the necessary reforms and meet all the obligations and criteria that had to be fulfilled by all member countries of the Union. Serbia also has to adopt European standards required by the European Commission, entailing that it truly has to show its pro- European orientation.
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In the paper author analyzed and evaluated the Social-Democratic Party of Serbia that had been established in December 2009 in Belgrade and attempted to make a prognosis regarding its role and place in society and political life in Serbia. Transition in Serbia, despite the warnings of numerous experts, has been going on paying the high price in the form of de-industrialization, high and permanent unemployment and poverty. The highest price was paid by the labor force in industry. Process of privatization that has been going on by the Law on Privatization has not provided for one of strategic objectives of economy: a strong domestic sector of small and middle-size companies (SMC), but instead it created a dependent economy ruled by a monopoly of multinational companies. In addition, due to the world economic crisis, the export process has stagnated, affecting the rise of the debt of the state in the period after 2008. In such situation, the Social-Democratic Party was established and in the paper the author analyzed and evaluated the program documents (Statutory Acts) that had been adopted on the party establishment congress. The programme encompasses all important questions of public life, including the reform of courts, local administration, social-market economy, improvement of the system of public health, education, cul¬ ture and environment. The programme of SDP also contains some strategic iedas on economic developement, including the public works and investments info the sector of energy and agriculture. It also suggests provision of more social help to single parents, unemployed people and old people. The author questioned how the money necessary for all these task could be provided without putting additional burden of public debt on the economy and all the citizens and suggested that the party took this issue into consideration, along with the attempt to help the economic growth of the state.
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Soon after Industrial Revolution fossil energy resources became extremely one of the irrevocable essentials of humankind. Nowadays, use of fossil energy resources paved the way of several problems. Throughout last two hundred years of human history disagreements to share energy resources led dramatic conflicts and wars broke out. Notably WWII and Cold War were a kind of proxy clashes over energy resources. In 1991 the long lasting Cold War came to an end yet neither energy disputes nor conflicts related to the sharing of energy resources have not ended. Starting with Industrial Revolution so far oil and coal are were unmatched basic energy sources to run the engines of industry. Especially after 1980’s hitherto natural gas and shale gas gained a new status in the energy need of humanity. Because both are more effective, clean and environment friendly. Beside shale gas, Europe and Turkey do not have natural gas reserves nowadays border neighborhood of Russian Federation has rich reserves. In other words Russian Federation is between rich reserves owing Central Asian countries and importer European countries. This fact led Russia to use energy card as a tool of foreign policy. Especially after the collapse of SU, the successor state Russia has not stopped intervening domestic affairs of post-communist countries. While intervening domestic affairs of former Iron-Curtain countries Russia uses numerous excuses such as to protect the rights of Russian originated people, to save its former citizens’ lives despite the fact nobody asked such a protection. Russia also argues that it has cultural and territorial rights in former Iron-Curtain countries. This kind of foreign policy aspects in international relations are called “irredentism” and European states could not force Russia to stop such conflict escalating policies. European dependency on Russian natural gas and energy problems one way or another affects European foreign policy priorities on prevention of Russian irredentism which stirring the region. That is why European states and Turkey to mitigate Russian dependency, looks for a new alternative bypassing Russia and diversify energy sources. TANAP replacing Nabucco is a good chance for such an initiative yet there are a lot to be done for the realization of the Project.
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The purpose of this research is to carry out a comparative analysis of methodological approaches to assessing the innovation potential of regions and to substantiate the feasibility of their application in conditions of clusterization of the economy.In the article the advantages of formation and development of innovation-integrated structures in the context of growth of efficiency and innovation orientation of the national economy are explored. The analysis of the level of the Global Innovation Index of Ukraine in the context of international comparisons and indicators of innovation activity by the regions of the state was conducted. The factors of formation of innovation-integrated structures were characterized: legislative-normative, research, personnel, financial, material-resource, technological, infrastructural and informational-communicative. It was highlighted the necessity of distinguishing approaches to the evaluation, firstly, the prerequisites for the formation of innovation-integrated structures, in particular, the innovation potential of territories, and secondly, the results of the activities of such structures.The main methods of estimating the innovative potential of the regions (tabular and graphic methods, methods of comparison, expert methods, methods of sociological research, rating methods, methods of integral estimation, methods of modeling and forecasting) were defined. Since different regions of Ukraine have sufficiently differentiated innovative potential, it was marked a feasibility of using an integrated methodology for evaluation the readiness of regions to form innovative-integrated structures, in line with a number of quantitative and qualitative criteria, which would justify the feasibility of creating certain structures for territories. Also, the stages of the innovation potential of territories evaluation were substantiated.
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The article deals with the use of tools The AEO COMPACT (Compliance Partnership Customs and Trade) Model in the context simplifications of economic operators. The COMPACT framework is a methodology to perform such an assessment. Not only on a national level, but also on an international level, when more countries are involved. It is a flexible tool that can be used not just in the protection of the fiscal interests of a Member State or the Community, but also in the protection of the non-fiscal interests such as the protection of the external frontier of the Community (e.g. Supply Chain Security and Anti Smuggling).Integrated parts of the AEO COMPACT Model are the Risk Mapping method described in this document and the guidelines on standards and criteria. The economic operator applying for AEO status shall implement, in conformance with its business model and risk analysis, the systems, the procedures, conditions and requirements established in the Community Customs Code and the guidelines on standards and criteria. Customs and the economic operator shall work cooperatively toward realizing the commitment of the applicant in the risk assessment work outlined in this document. The customs authorities must audit that the applicant satisfies the requirements relevant for it's business and established in the Community Customs Code. The assessment of the operator’s risks is the cornerstone of the COMPACT framework. This assessment can be done by using the risk mapping method. Within the business community the risk mapping method is used to a great extent. Also the Customs can benefit by developing the risk mapping method to be used as a systematic method to the assessment and judgement of risks. Furthermore, a systematic approach is also needed to determine in what way a certified operator should be controlled and evaluated afterwards. The method is meant to prioritise risks by evaluating the likelihood and impact risks will have on the Customs’ objectives. It is a method that structures and supports the weighing and judging of risks. By using the risk mapping approach together with measures expressed in the COMPACT framework you will have a structured approach aimed at risk identification, risk assessment, control approach and the evaluation for continuous improvements.The risk mapping process originally consists of five basic steps: Step 1. Understanding the business (of an operator); Step 2. Clarify the customs’ objectives; Step 3. Identify risks (which risks might influence the customs’ objectives); Step 4. Assess risks (which risks are the most significant); Step 5. Respond to risks; what to do about the (remaining) risks. Proposed areas of implementation of European practices introduction of authorized economic operator, based on the AEO COMPACT Model, to the national customs legislation.
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The goal of the article is to define the nature and structure of management system of the technical instruments. The paper presents the definition of management of customs controls technical systems as an ordered set of actions of interrelated elements that provide use of technology during customs control. The aim of the operation is to improve the use of technical systems and special means of customs control. According to the law, the subject of administration is the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, its structural units and officials. The object of management is technical systems and special means of customs control, namely the process of application. It is defined necessary valuation, accounting, analysis and ranking of needs, control over use, analysis of results and effectiveness of the use of technology, market monitoring, coordination, and information support the formation and training of employees. Clarification of goals and objectives that must be met to achieve them will form clear vision areas of improving handling process and use of technology to increase the efficiency of customs control.
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In 1989, Hungary was seen as the most market-ready economy in Eastern Europe. In termsof its per capita GDP, however, Hungary is yet to catch up to state socialist levels even aftertwo decades, despite incorporation into the European Union and sharply increased globaland European trade flows. The privatisation of the erstwhile socialist state’s property andthe dominance of western Europe-based capital in assembly plant manufacturing hasmeant high import content for exports and weak wage and subcontracting effects for thelocal economy.
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In this research work, Author focus on the current analysis trends in foreign trade theory and policy. Accordance with the foreign trade policy theory further trade liberalisation and improved framework policies would increase trade and promote growth. It must be emphasized that openness to trade is associated with higher incomes and growth and there is the need for new approaches to trade cooperation in light of the forces that are currently re-shaping international business. What indicates the importance and innovativeness of the research is the presentation of the new models of the foreign trade policy and trade interests. First of all, it must underline that in the new theoretical terms in demand for trade policy very important is factor specificity. The low specificity of factors means that factor returns are equalized throughout a region’s economy. On the other hand, some factors are stuck in their present uses; therefore, factor returns are not equalized throughout a region’s economy but are industry specific. The main objective of the research task is to give a comprehensive analysis of current trends in foreign trade theory and policy and in particular models of foreign trade policy, trade interests indicated by export orientation and import sensitivity, foreign trade policy in different types of authoritarian regimes, protectionist pressures in different political system, the level of protectionist pressures, the tendencies to bilateralism in the foreign trade policy. It should be stressed that free trade in itself is not responsible for economic growth, but more significant are the determining macroeconomic stability and increasing investment.
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In the article the features of forming of aims of emission strategy of domestic enterprises are examined on international capital markets, the circle of factors which predetermine going of domestic issuers into global fund markets and determine emission strategy of domestic corporations on these markets is determined.
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The article analyzes the principal external risks and threats to Ukraine's public finances related to a new stage of development of financial - economic crisis. Much attention is paid to the situation emerging in major trade relations between Ukraine and Russia, the EU, China. We have recommendations for mitigating the negative influence of external factors on the sector of public finance in Ukraine.
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The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the place of Ukraine among other countries by the level of budget openness, to specify the disadvantages inherent in different groups of countries in order to justify the directions of increasing the efficiency and transparency of the budget process and budget management in Ukraine. The methodology of calculating the Open Budget Index, which is calculated by the International Budget Partnership since 2006, is explored. Based on the analysis of the Reports of 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2015 years, the results of a comparative analysis of the position of Ukraine among the rest of the world by the level of openness (transparency) of the budget using the data of the Open Budget Index are presented. A grouping of countries was conducted using a matrix approach to establish the relationship between the levels of the Open Budget Index and the levels of public participation, oversight by legislature and oversight by the Supreme Audit Institution. Taking into account the number of countries covered by the Opne Budget Index, a detailed analysis of the indicators of a group of 28 countries in Europe and Central Asia, covering 27.5% of all countries covered by the study, and which includes Ukraine, has been made. Taking into account the indicators presented in the Report of the International Budget Partnership, in order to more accurately characterize the content of the evaluated processes, the feasibility of using the title "Index of Openness (Transparency) of Budget Management" is substantiated. The necessity of the analysis of the influence of the quality of budgetary management on other international indices has been substantiated in order to reveal their interrelation and to substantiate the directions of development of the system of budget management. The shortcomings inherent to various groups of countries of the world with the purpose of substantiation of directions of increase of efficiency and transparency of budgetary process and budget management in Ukraine are specified. The results of the comparative analysis show that more attention should be paid to public participation, since at a low level of this indicator it is not possible to reach a high level of Open Budget Index, even by creating an effective system of supervision and control by the legislature and Supreme Audit Institution.
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The article deals with the basic aspects of regulation on the definition and control of customs value of goods in European countries. The methods of customs valuation used in the EU, the main elements of the procedure of the correctness of its determination, especially the settlement of disputes in this area. The analysis and expediency of implementation of articles of the Customs Code of the EU in defining and controlling the customs value of goods in domestic practice.Thus, the purpose of writing is a synthesis of European experience regarding normative regulation on the definition and control of the customs value.Thus, summarizing the results of the research, it should be noted that the question of definition, control and adjustment of the customs value of goods in the EU is economic in nature and provides for the protection of customs interests of both the state and participants in foreign economic activity is regulated exclusively by regulations that are not only customs Code, but also leadership (guidance) to determine the customs value and amendments thereto, which contain detailed algorithm of actions for each of the participants customs relations. In addressing problem areas to adjust customs value of preferred consensus through written consultations between the customs authorities and participants of foreign trade who are interested in observing the customs legislation creates conditions for the development of mechanisms for customs simplifications.However, it should be noted that certain elements of the European practice of regulation study issues reflected in the Customs Code of Ukraine, however, worth noting that it is expedient adaptation implemented articles to domestic realities of state customs, which certainly should include the development and adoption of additional regulations andlegal acts that regulate issues identification, control, adjustment of customs value of goods, and will make these processes "transparent" and accessible to members of customs relations.
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The paper is defined the necessity of forming integrated structures for improving the competitiveness of agroindustrial complex as the main component of sustainable development of economy and its national security at current stage of economy's reforming. Personnel provision as one of the formative factor in the process of the formation of integrated structures in the agroindustrial complex is distinguished.The main socio-economic preconditions of personnel provision of integrated structures in general and in the agro-industrial complex, in particular, are considered. The shares of rural population and agricultural lands in terms of countries of the world, including Ukraine are analyzed. The status of staffing of rural areas of Ukraine, the based on basic demographic indicators is considered. The dynamics of indicators, which are characterizing the socio-economic preconditions of personnel provision of integrated structures in the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine, are analyzed. The complex of measures which could aim to solve the problems with personnel provision of integrated structures in the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine is presented.
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Poverty has been a long outstanding crisis at global scale and poverty alleviation has become one of the primary national developmental agendas. Conventional microfinance programmes have received growing attentions due to its capability to improve standard of living and social inclusiveness. Arguably, however, these conventional microcredit programmes do not effectively alleviate poverty as the borrowers remain into an interest-base debt cycle which may worsen the financial burdens. Meanwhile, Islamic microfinance by way of Mudharabah financing is equity based financing structure which is perceived to have a fair borrower-lender agreement. It promotes an effective wealth redistributive mechanism to reach the poor, to encourage their participation in productive real economic sectors. This not only alleviates poverty, but also enhances standards of living. This research discusses the applications of conventional and Islamic microfinance models currently practiced globally and proposes an enhanced Mudharabah microfinance model to be adopted.
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Although the prevailing crisis is directly connected to subprime lending, indirectly institutional and real economic causes lie in its background. In particular, income concentration is one of its most significant reasons. Although there was also significant economic inequality in the United States prior to the Great Depression of 1929, this economic phenomenon as an explanation for the crisis has emerged only in the very recent years. Nevertheless, there has been no agreement in the literature so far about what the real causes of the prevailing turbulent processes and the growing inequality could be. The aim of this paper is to provide insight into these controversies in order to make more understandable the hints and the conflicts in the literature. These controversies are placed in a framework of the creation and the dismantling of the New Deal.
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If income inequality is at the root of the financial crisis, then what policies are necessary to buildback better and support a robust and sustained recovery? Growing inequality within and betweencountries is a major source of the crisis, according to the UN commission on reforms of theInternational Monetary and Financial System, led by noble-laureate Joseph Stiglitz.
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