Развитие на организацията на спешната медицинска помощ в България - предизвикателство пред здравеопазната система

Author(s): Iliya Katrandzhiev,Boryana Naydenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

В началото на 70-те години спешните медицински случаи се превърнаха в политически проблем в цяла Европа. Понятието за спешна медицинска помощ обаче има по-стара история, в пресечната точка на историята на медицинските техники, лечението на пациентите и социалното възприемане на рисковете за здравето. Понятието спешна медицинска помощ наистина се появява като категория за действие на публичните власти през двадесети век благодарение на медицинските и научни иновации, както и на утвърждаването на социалната държава. Идеята за спешна медицинска помощ в болницата беше резултат от политически избори; болницата беше мястото на скрининг, подбор и установяване на йерархия за случаите в зависимост от тяхната сериозност и често представляваше последния етап от процеса на грижа, включващ различни участници с допълващи се, а понякога и конкуриращи се умения. Целта на настоящата публикация е да се направи преглед на развитието на организацията на спешната медицинска помощ в страните от европейския регион.In the early 1970s, medical emergencies became a political problem throughout Europe. However, the concept of medical emergencies has an older history, at the intersection of the history of medical techniques, patient treatment and social perception of health risks. Indeed, the concept of emergency medical care emerged as a category for public action in the twentieth century thanks to medical and scientific innovation, as well as the consolidation of the welfare state. The idea of emergency medical care in the hospital was the result of political choices; the hospital was the site of screening, selection, and the establishment of a hierarchy for cases depending on their severity, and it often represented the last stage of a care process involving different actors with complementary and sometimes competing skills. The aim of this publication is to review the development of the organisation of emergency care in the countries of the European region

ABORDAREA SISTEMICĂ A CORUPȚIEI ÎN PRIMII ANI AI REGIMULUI CEAUȘESCU – INSTITUȚII, NORME ȘI MĂSURI (1965-1968)

Author(s): Cosmin Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: V seria 3/2023

The anti-corruption and bribery policy was an important concern of the new Romanian leader of the PCR. Being in a moment of maximum contact with society, the regime relied on a systemic approach to the problem, focusing in the first years on attempts to fight corruption by introducing legislative provisions and norms, intended to regulate fields and relationships considered by regime susceptible to developing various forms of corruption. The administrative reform of 1968, in addition to the fact that it was intended to connect directly the local authorities to the superior party decision, it was also a salient attempt to destruct the informal networks from the local level and to promote a new generation of party leaders.

The Specific Characteristics of the Creativity of Alexander Chekmenev in the Concept of the Development of Social Documentary as a Significant Part of Contemporary Ukrainian Art Photography

Author(s): Anna Safronova,Camil Mihăescu,Valeriy Safronov,Olena Safronova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Social documentary photography is one of the key genres that Ukrainian artists use for creating a series of works presented in the form of a photo book or as an independent project. Among the most prominent representatives of this direction, Alexander Chekmenev and the members of Kharkov School of Photography (Boris Mikhailov, Evgeny Pavlov, Mikhail Pedan, etc.) should be singled out. It is notable that despite the fact that their works have common issues, the similar choice of the method and general stylistics, there are a number of significant differences. With the transfer of individual facial features, Aleksander Chekmenov seeks to reveal the psychology of the person being portrayed and elevate a person in the eyes of others, while representatives of the Kharkov school of photography use sharp, satirical language with the active inclusion of various manipulations of the image. On the basis of the art history analysis of a number of well – known projects by Alexander Chekmenev, certain regularities in the strategy of creating a social documentary project in his works have been identified.

In Search of Rosie Ney: A Life Reflected Through the Lives of Others

Author(s): Rastislav Rusnák / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This study examines a brief period in the lives of four artists: František Foltýn and Gejza Schiller, two of the most renowned figures in the Košice Modernist movement, the author Béla Illés, and the main character, the photographer Rosie Ney. Several sources have suggested that the paths of these four individuals crossed in Košice in 1921. The study does not intend to present their lives or work in their full complexity but aims instead to clarify some ambiguities over their fates in the early 1920s. The primary focus of the article is to address the persisting uncertainty over the nature of the relationships between the four individuals and their movements between 1919 and 1923. The research collates and analyses a wide range of fragmented evidence of varying degrees of reliability in an effort to identify possible connections between the lives of the four artists and thereby raise the discussion of the issue to a new level. On the more settled question of the marriage of Rosie Ney and Béla Illés, the study also attempts to identify Rózsi Földy, alias Rosie Ney, within Illés’s autobiographical novel Ég a Tisza and to clarify the timeframe of their marriage and various aspects which can shed light on subsequent events. The key topic is the unresolved question of the relationship between Rosie Ney and František Foltýn. By outlining the sequence of events in the lives of the two artists in the early 1920s, the study offers a new perspective and some interesting findings regarding the nature of their relationship.

Архивен прочит на видими и невидими образи и следи от (или за) социалните грижи и здравеопазването в България в периода 1945 – 1989 г.

Author(s): Mariyana Piskova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The article seeks answers to the question of how the state policy in Bulgaria towards disabled and disadvantaged people, adults, and children in institutions in the years after the Second World War until the end of the 1980s is reflected in the archival photo documents. The study is based on 143,740 descriptions of photo films from the fund of “Bulgarian Photography” stored in the Central State Archive.

Ловчанският митрополит Филарет като управляващ Охридско-Битолската епархия на Българската православна църква (1941 – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Goran Blagoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Metropolitan Philaret of Loveč was among the synodal bishops entrusted with the administration of the dioceses rejoined to the Bulgarian Church in April 1941. The Metropolitan was appointed to rule the Ohrid-Bitola Diocese. By accepting his new appointment, he distinguished himself behaving with tact and moderation, showed understanding and sensitivity for the local Bulgarians’ pains and aspirations. At the beginning of September 1944, together with the state administration and military units, Bulgarian ecclesiastical authorities were forced to withdraw from the newly liberated lands. Before leaving his position, Philaret of Loveč manifested responsibility and took care of church matters that his diocese in charge did not fall into chaos due to the looming lawlessness.

Росица Лельова. На духовния фронт от Илинден до Балканската война. Българската екзархия и екзархийските институции в Македония 1903 – 1912. София, 2021, 288 с. ISBN 978-619-245-197-3.

Author(s): Aleksandar Grebenarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

За лекаря и дарителя на град Елена - д-р Христо Момчилов

Author(s): Marusya Petkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

While the paper reveals details for an impressive donation of doctor Hristo Momchilov from Elena town in 1928 towards his native town, it sheds light on the philanthropic practices common for Bulgaria after the Liberation of the country in 1876. Attention needs not only the act of giving itself but rather the important issues of the day and their social causes addressed with the donation.

ЗАЩИТЕНИ ДИСЕРТАЦИОННИ ТРУДОВЕ

Author(s): Asen Georgiev,Vyara Beleva,Boryana Kozareva,Georgi Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12-13/2021

Personal diaries in special library collections in Bulgaria. The testimonies of Petar Dinekov and Boris Delchev; Socialization of the museum entities in the town of Tryavna; Indicators for studying the information behavior of users in the university libraries in Bulgaria; Integration of collections of digital objects of cultural heritage through cloud technologies

НАСОКИ В ДЕЙНОСТТА НА ЗЕМЕДЕЛСКОТО МИНИСТЕРСТВО ПРЕЗ МЕЖДУВОЕННИЯ ПЕРИОД – ПРЕДПОСТАВКИ И ФАКТОРИ

Author(s): Rositsa Zlatinska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The text presents and analyzes the work of the Ministry of Agriculture in the interwar period. The history of the Ministry of Agriculture began as early as 1879,when a proposal was made to set up the Ministry of Common Buildings, Agriculture and Commerce, but in practice it did not constitute itself independently. In 1893 the Ministry of Trade and Agriculture was established and it began operating independently. Over the decades, the Ministry of Agriculture has gone through a dood deal of gradual structural and organizational transformations, as well as name changes. However, in terms of its content and functional characteristics, it has always remained one of the main units in the system of state governance in Bulgaria, as an integral part of the executive branch. Its important role is due to the traditional agrarian nature of the economy, as well as the dominance of the rural population in social stratification –essential features of Bulgarian capitalism throughout the 1878–to–1944 period. The main trends in the development of the system of state economic institutions in Bulgaria, including the Ministry of Agriculture, are determined by the domestic and international situation. Various factors have facilitated the process, including the general state of the economic base, internal political events, the ideological economic views of the ruling elite, the personnel potential, the influence of foreign institutional models, the degree of integration of the Bulgarian economy within the framework of the European and world economy, etc. The main guidelines of the Ministry of Agriculture are: supporting and encouraging farmers in agriculture, livestock development activities, support for profiled agricultural education, execution of specialized pre-war tasks. The Ministry of Agriculture, since its establishment and during the interwar period, has proved to be a contributing factor in the administrative and management system of the country. What the Ministry of Agriculture achieved during the period under review has contributed to the stabilization, improvement and modernization of agriculture in the country.

СТОПАНСКАТА КОНЮНКТУРА И ЕТЕРИЧНО-МАСЛЕНАТА ИНДУСТРИЯ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ ВЪВ ВРЕМЕТО НА ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА ВОЙНА (1939–1945)

Author(s): Radoslav Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The production of essential oils and specifically rose oil are among the most important, sustainable and profitable areas in the agricultural industry of Bulgaria. Their orientation in the field of luxury, puts them as a preferred business by many entrepreneurs, both in Bulgaria and around the world. The article aims to critically analyze the changes and development trends of the Bulgarian rose production and essential oil industry during the Second World War (1939-1945). In order to achieve more specific results, a comparative approach of industry data from the First World War (1914–1918) compared with information on the development of the sector during the Second World War is applied. During the analyzed period, a significant change took place in the political, economic and social development of the world, which found its projection in the development of Bulgaria and Bulgarian society. The article focuses on the processes in the military economy of Bulgaria related to the rose-oil industry and the drastic changes in the industry.

ИКОНОМИЧЕСКАТА ПОЛИТИКА В БЪЛГАРИЯ В ГОДИНИТЕ НА ПРЕХОД И ЧЛЕНСТВО В ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ

Author(s): Dimitar Zlatinov,Stoyan Shalamanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article examines the economic background that led to the introduction of the Currency Board Arrangements in Bulgaria since 1997 and the fiscal and monetary policies implemented before and after this. We focus on the transformation processes and challenges of the transition to a market economy, which largely predetermine some structural weaknesses of the Bulgarian economy to this day. We trace the institutional features of Currency Board Arrangements and the basic principles of its design, which requires coordination of fiscal and monetary policy measures in Bulgaria. We highlight the channels of quasi-monetary policy that the government possibly can follow through the changes of the government's deposit in the Central bank. This policy feature imposes constraints on the fiscal policy in Bulgaria, which should not put the sustainability of the Currency Board Arrangements at risk. The article also highlights the changes in the national government policy framework resulting from the European Union membership and outlines its capacity to mitigate negative cyclical developments. The atypicality of macroeconomic policy under the Currency Board Arrangements in Bulgaria is highlighted, with a clear tendency to follow a counter-cyclical and stabilisation management strategy. Our analysis shows that the effects of macroeconomic policy depend much more on the overall economic environment in Bulgaria than on the traditional transmission channels of macroeconomic policy. Following the Currency Board Arrangements in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian National Bank has limited possibilities to directly influence the price stability, while on the fiscal policy side there are more channels to influence inflation, which reinforces the notion of the government's ability to conduct quasi-monetary policy. The Central bank actions are much more related to risks stemming from the financial sector itself than they are reactive to changes in the economic environment. In such a situation, the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy can be sought if it facilitates the implementation of structural reforms that have the greatest potential to affect the overall economic environment.

Лишаване от право на пенсия в българската пенсионна система (1944–1993)

Author(s): Alexander Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This publication examines and analyzes certain aspects of institutional oppression and social exclusion in the social policy of Bulgaria between 1944–1993, applied to persons deprived of the right to a pension due to „fascist activity“. The separate social-legislative measures and initiatives of the state and political (party) government as part of the penal practices of the socialist (communist) regime are traced. The specific elements characterizing the repressive nature of the system and the ways for its (mitigation) overcoming during the indicated period are derived.

Два диалектни текста с исторически свидетелства от селата Габреш и Дреновени, Костурско

Author(s): Larry-Labro Korolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Both dialectal texts in the article were collected in Toronto, Canada from two informants belonging to two different generations and originating from the villages of Gàbresh and Drenòveni in the Kostur (Kastoria) region. They disclose new and never published information on the IMARO’s activities, the fate of the Bulgarian language in South-western Macedonia under Greek rule, the difficulties of the locals to visit their native villages during the years of the Greek Military Junta (1967 – 1974); they also contain some comments made by Atatürk on Bulgaria’s behalf. History and dialects of the area remain under studied, due to the Greek rule exerted on this area and its heavy assimilatory policies. The new information will help fill the gap, even to a small extent. The texts also serve as a supplement to Blagoy Shklifov’s work on the Kostur dialect.

Reflections on the Bulgarian Ilinden 1903: 120 years later

Author(s): Georgi N. Georgiev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 was an uprising of the Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians in the European vilayets of the Ottoman Empire, supported by the free Bulgarians living in the Principality of Bulgaria. This fact, which is the shortest possible definition of the uprising, has been simultaneously and universally recognized– first of all, by the Ottoman authorities themselves, and together with them – by the jealous and hostile to the Bulgarian national cause Balkan neighbours, as well as by ‘big’ and ‘small’ countries, by international observers of different origins. The questioning of the Bulgarian character of the uprising started to gain momentum much later, with the blurring power of politics and geopolitics which intervened to create misconceptions. This way they turned over time until today into an artificially maintained problem in interstate relations. The Bulgarian Ilinden of 1903 and the revolutionary struggle in Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in general prepared the Balkan War of 1912. The Macedonian-Adrianople liberation movement provided the Bulgarian national state with the historic chance to solve the all-Bulgarian question inherited from the Revival period: a task with which, unfortunately, the Bulgarian political elite failed to cope.

Ехо от Април 1876: черешовата артилерия в Илинденско-Преображенското въстание

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

In the spring of 1876, during the April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, the Bulgarians used homemade wooden artillery: the so-called cherry cannons. Its real effect was insignificant, but it had a certain moral impact: it raised the fighting spirit of the insurgents. Nearly thirty years later – during the Ilinden Preobrazhenie Uprising – the Bulgarians again used the same type of cannons. If in 1876 wooden cannons were an extremely outdated technology that was almost without analogue, at least in Europe, then at the beginning of the 20thcentury their manufacture and attempts to use them appeared to be an absolute, hard-to-explain anachronism. The main explanation for the use of this ‘artillery’ by Ilinden-insurgents was the fact that they were inspired by the same ideals, by the same urge for freedom, as their oppressed countrymen of nearly three decades ago.

Илинденско-Преображенското въстание в публикациите на тогавашния полски печат (по материали от вестник „Сzas“)

Author(s): Jaroslav Rubaha / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Among the newspapers that shaped the level of knowledge of Poles in Galicia, the daily Czas newspaper played an important role. This also concerned the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, to which the paper devoted much attention, informing its readers objectively and extensively about the events taking place in the Balkans. The article deals with the journalistic coverage of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising and the preparations therefor, as provided by the Polish Cracow-based daily newspaper Czas in 1903, placed on the background of the intricate geopolitical developments of that time. The articles meticulously refers to all the publications made by Czas on these issues.

Австрийски планове за умиротворяване на Балканите преди и след Мюрцщегската спогодба

Author(s): Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The situation of the three Macedonian vilayets has been traced conscientiously by Austro-Hungarian authorities at the turn of the century according to the consular reports of the HHStA and the series of reports published in Diplomatische Aktenstücke in 1906. These included observations on schooling, ethnic and religious situations prior to the outbreak of the Ilinden revolt. These documents testify that Austria-Hungary wanted to exploit the growing unrest for its own political purposes by initiating a reform plan that would give the right for Vienna to interfere into the internal affairs of Ottoman Turkey, maintaining its integrity under the aegis of a humanitarian intervention together with Russia. This is highlighted by the fact that several versions of ethnic maps and conscription of schools did exist at the turn of the century in the Austrian consular agencies with often contradictory or manipulated contents, depending on the actual political relations towards the Ottomans and Bulgaria. The worsening economic situation in Macedonia was also detected by the local Austro-Hungarian authorities,and this, together with the increasing observations on political and “everyday” violence and migration gave a good pretext to intervene together with Russia, as the Ottoman reform plans in 1902 were considered unsatisfactory both by the Powers and the Bulgarians. Knowing the Austro-Russian endeavour to intervene, and considering the plans of the Powers unsatisfactory, the IMARO acted prematurely fearing of a modest agreement between Ottomans and the Powers over Macedonia.

Пътеписните бележки на проф. Йордан Иванов от първото му пътуване из Македония през 1906 – 1908 г.

Author(s): Georgi Minczew / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The Archiv of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences contains several notebooks and a typewritten text in which the famous Bulgarian scholar, Prof. Yordan Ivanov, described his impressions of his first trip to Macedonia, when he was collecting materials for his future book Bulgarian Antiquities around Macedonia. These notes have not been published until now. They obviously served Y. Ivanov in the preparation of his monograph, but at the same time they differ from its scientific style. The notes also contain factual material, but it is secondary to the personal impressions of the author’s encounters with ordinary people, to his reflections on the political situation in the Ottoman Empire after the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, to poetic descriptions of nature landmarks, etc. The said manuscript materials from the archive constitute a special kind of scholarly travelogue, an artistic description of unknown but also familiar lands. In 1906, the Bulgarian scholar visited the ‘unknown’ Macedonia for the first time; but she was at the same time ‘familiar’: known from stories about the family history of Y. Ivanov, whose roots were from the Kratovo district. Attached to the article is the transcript of the first notebook, describing Prof. Y. Ivanov’s impressions from his trip from Vrancha to Thessalonica and Athos in October 1906 – January 1907.

Държавният институт за глухонеми в Скопие (1943 – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Zhivko Lefterov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article examines a practically unknown episode of educational and social policy during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia 1941 – 1944: the opening of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in Skopje. Regardless of the difficult wartime conditions and the unresolved problems of the deaf community in the old boundaries of the country, the Bulgarian state, guided by responsibility and humanity towards the deaf schoolchildren in the new lands, including Pirot and Vrana districts, made maximum efforts to respond to their needs and to fulfil the endeavour. Unfortunately, despite the finding of a suitable building and its equipment, the secondment of appropriately trained teachers from the three institutes for the deaf and dumb in Bulgaria and the allocation of the necessary budget funds, the activity of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in Skopje, which onlystarted at the end of 1943, was discontinued already at the beginning of 1944 – given the end of classes and the evacuation of a number of educational institutions due to the bombing of the city by the Allies.