Ловчанският митрополит Филарет като управляващ Охридско-Битолската епархия на Българската православна църква (1941 – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Goran Blagoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Metropolitan Philaret of Loveč was among the synodal bishops entrusted with the administration of the dioceses rejoined to the Bulgarian Church in April 1941. The Metropolitan was appointed to rule the Ohrid-Bitola Diocese. By accepting his new appointment, he distinguished himself behaving with tact and moderation, showed understanding and sensitivity for the local Bulgarians’ pains and aspirations. At the beginning of September 1944, together with the state administration and military units, Bulgarian ecclesiastical authorities were forced to withdraw from the newly liberated lands. Before leaving his position, Philaret of Loveč manifested responsibility and took care of church matters that his diocese in charge did not fall into chaos due to the looming lawlessness.

Росица Лельова. На духовния фронт от Илинден до Балканската война. Българската екзархия и екзархийските институции в Македония 1903 – 1912. София, 2021, 288 с. ISBN 978-619-245-197-3.

Author(s): Aleksandar Grebenarov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

ЗАЩИТЕНИ ДИСЕРТАЦИОННИ ТРУДОВЕ

Author(s): Asen Georgiev,Vyara Beleva,Boryana Kozareva,Georgi Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12-13/2021

Personal diaries in special library collections in Bulgaria. The testimonies of Petar Dinekov and Boris Delchev; Socialization of the museum entities in the town of Tryavna; Indicators for studying the information behavior of users in the university libraries in Bulgaria; Integration of collections of digital objects of cultural heritage through cloud technologies

НАСОКИ В ДЕЙНОСТТА НА ЗЕМЕДЕЛСКОТО МИНИСТЕРСТВО ПРЕЗ МЕЖДУВОЕННИЯ ПЕРИОД – ПРЕДПОСТАВКИ И ФАКТОРИ

Author(s): Rositsa Zlatinska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The text presents and analyzes the work of the Ministry of Agriculture in the interwar period. The history of the Ministry of Agriculture began as early as 1879,when a proposal was made to set up the Ministry of Common Buildings, Agriculture and Commerce, but in practice it did not constitute itself independently. In 1893 the Ministry of Trade and Agriculture was established and it began operating independently. Over the decades, the Ministry of Agriculture has gone through a dood deal of gradual structural and organizational transformations, as well as name changes. However, in terms of its content and functional characteristics, it has always remained one of the main units in the system of state governance in Bulgaria, as an integral part of the executive branch. Its important role is due to the traditional agrarian nature of the economy, as well as the dominance of the rural population in social stratification –essential features of Bulgarian capitalism throughout the 1878–to–1944 period. The main trends in the development of the system of state economic institutions in Bulgaria, including the Ministry of Agriculture, are determined by the domestic and international situation. Various factors have facilitated the process, including the general state of the economic base, internal political events, the ideological economic views of the ruling elite, the personnel potential, the influence of foreign institutional models, the degree of integration of the Bulgarian economy within the framework of the European and world economy, etc. The main guidelines of the Ministry of Agriculture are: supporting and encouraging farmers in agriculture, livestock development activities, support for profiled agricultural education, execution of specialized pre-war tasks. The Ministry of Agriculture, since its establishment and during the interwar period, has proved to be a contributing factor in the administrative and management system of the country. What the Ministry of Agriculture achieved during the period under review has contributed to the stabilization, improvement and modernization of agriculture in the country.

СТОПАНСКАТА КОНЮНКТУРА И ЕТЕРИЧНО-МАСЛЕНАТА ИНДУСТРИЯ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ ВЪВ ВРЕМЕТО НА ВТОРАТА СВЕТОВНА ВОЙНА (1939–1945)

Author(s): Radoslav Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The production of essential oils and specifically rose oil are among the most important, sustainable and profitable areas in the agricultural industry of Bulgaria. Their orientation in the field of luxury, puts them as a preferred business by many entrepreneurs, both in Bulgaria and around the world. The article aims to critically analyze the changes and development trends of the Bulgarian rose production and essential oil industry during the Second World War (1939-1945). In order to achieve more specific results, a comparative approach of industry data from the First World War (1914–1918) compared with information on the development of the sector during the Second World War is applied. During the analyzed period, a significant change took place in the political, economic and social development of the world, which found its projection in the development of Bulgaria and Bulgarian society. The article focuses on the processes in the military economy of Bulgaria related to the rose-oil industry and the drastic changes in the industry.

ИКОНОМИЧЕСКАТА ПОЛИТИКА В БЪЛГАРИЯ В ГОДИНИТЕ НА ПРЕХОД И ЧЛЕНСТВО В ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЯ СЪЮЗ

Author(s): Dimitar Zlatinov,Stoyan Shalamanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article examines the economic background that led to the introduction of the Currency Board Arrangements in Bulgaria since 1997 and the fiscal and monetary policies implemented before and after this. We focus on the transformation processes and challenges of the transition to a market economy, which largely predetermine some structural weaknesses of the Bulgarian economy to this day. We trace the institutional features of Currency Board Arrangements and the basic principles of its design, which requires coordination of fiscal and monetary policy measures in Bulgaria. We highlight the channels of quasi-monetary policy that the government possibly can follow through the changes of the government's deposit in the Central bank. This policy feature imposes constraints on the fiscal policy in Bulgaria, which should not put the sustainability of the Currency Board Arrangements at risk. The article also highlights the changes in the national government policy framework resulting from the European Union membership and outlines its capacity to mitigate negative cyclical developments. The atypicality of macroeconomic policy under the Currency Board Arrangements in Bulgaria is highlighted, with a clear tendency to follow a counter-cyclical and stabilisation management strategy. Our analysis shows that the effects of macroeconomic policy depend much more on the overall economic environment in Bulgaria than on the traditional transmission channels of macroeconomic policy. Following the Currency Board Arrangements in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian National Bank has limited possibilities to directly influence the price stability, while on the fiscal policy side there are more channels to influence inflation, which reinforces the notion of the government's ability to conduct quasi-monetary policy. The Central bank actions are much more related to risks stemming from the financial sector itself than they are reactive to changes in the economic environment. In such a situation, the effectiveness of macroeconomic policy can be sought if it facilitates the implementation of structural reforms that have the greatest potential to affect the overall economic environment.

ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕТО НА ВЪНШНИ ШОКОВЕ ВЪРХУ ИКОНОМИКИТЕ НА БЪЛГАРИЯ И ХЪРВАТИЯ: ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ АСПЕКТИ И СЪВРЕМИЕ

Author(s): Sonia Georgieva,Veselina Shalamanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Bulgaria and Croatia are small open economies that are not affected by prices and other macroeconomic variables internationally, but their economic activity depends on external economic trends that have an impact on their local economies. The aim of this paper is to trace and analyse the impact of external shocks on the economies of the two countries under consideration historically through a retrospective economic-historical analysis, which will clarify chronologically how, from similar starting points and potential, the two countries have different degrees of convergence vis-à-vis European Union countries and are moving at different rates of economic growth and development. It traces the impact of exogenous shocks affecting political stability, structural reforms, inflation, fiscal policy, foreign trade relations and other macroeconomic aspects as a consequence of the behaviour of the two countries.

КОНЦЕПЦИИТЕ НА КЛАСИЧЕСКАТА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКА ИКОНОМИЯ ЗА СТОЙНОСТТА И РЕНТАТА СРЕЩУ МЕЙНСТРИЙМА В ИКОНОМИЧЕСКАТА ТЕОРИЯ

Author(s): Rumen Andreev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

For a long time it was believed that the marginalist revolution rejected classical political economy and created modern economic science. In fact, various problems that had been studied by classical political economy ware completely neglected and unexplored by mainstream economic theory since the marginalist revolution. The purpose of the article is to present facts that classical political economy and mainstream theory after the marginalist revolution explore quite different problems in economic science. Two of the turning point concepts in economic theory are analyzed, that of value and land rent, which are decisive for the foundation of classical political economy. The concept of land rent as part of the distribution is almost absent from mainstream theory, and that of value is taken as an axiom. In Bulgaria, there are studies that present the fundamental differences in the two theories, but without examining the specific concepts of value and rent, which are key to the change in economic theory. The article shows why classical political economy remains relevant by better analyzing contemporary reality. Comparative and historical analysis was used for the needs of the research.

ФИНАНСОВА АДМИНИСТРАЦИЯ В ДОЛНА МИЗИЯ: ОПИТ ЗА ИЗЯСНЯВАНЕ НА ГЕНЕЗИСА И РАЗВИТИЕТО

Author(s): Kalin Stoev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The article discusses the role and function of the Moesian provincial official of the Emperor – the procurator. The sources about the Roman provincial history generally indicate that the procurators were equestrian officers charged with the care of the Emperor's property. The epigraphic data from the province of Lower Moesia (Moesia inferior) do not conclusively show that there was a procurator here who was responsible specifically for the imperial domains. The investigation of the known monuments that mention procuratores leads to the conclusion that the procurator of the vectigalis Illyrici assumed in Lower Moesia the functions of supplying the Roman troops in that part of the Empire, the provinces of Lower Moesia, and some periods mainly the neighbouring lands, as Upper Moesia and Dacia. In Lower Moesia, where strategic territories belonging to the "defense" of the province were available, the transitional period of early Roman power in these lands led to the imposition there of a military administration, which was more it was later merged with the Illyrian vectigalis. Thus, around the time of the Severi, when the vectigal was subordinated to an equestrian procuratoral office, put the end of the short period of economic development in the province of Lower Moesia, understood as the enrichment of some northern Italian families from the border commercial location of the lower Danube lands. By the 3rd century AD this frontier arrangement goes back to the early Roman development, which was entirely subordinated to the army and military affairs.

АРМИЯ И ИКОНОМИКА. РОЛЯТА НА XI КЛАВДИЕВ ЛЕГИОН В ИКОНОМИЧЕСКОТО РАЗВИТИЕ НА ДУРОСТОРУМ (II – III ВЕК) – ЗЕМЕДЕЛИЕ

Author(s): Svetlana Gancheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

This article examines the role of the Legion XI Claudia in the development of agriculture in Durostorum in the 2nd-3rd century. To determine its impact, the minimum grain requirements of the legion as well as the civilian population are calculated. On the basis of these data, and at a given yield kg/ha, an attempt is made to calculate the amount of arable land required, and the number of people engaged in feeding the military and civilian population. The proposed calculations show that about 1, 550 tons of grain were needed to supply the grain requirements of the fighting personnel of the XI Claudian Legion (5,240 men) alone for a year, and an additional 241 tons if the quantities for the legion's servants (819 men) were added. Additional quantities of grain must also be provided for the civilian population of Durostorum - over 1,300 or 1,900 tons of grain. Based on these data and with a wheat yield of 385 kg/ha, between 8,000-9 600 ha of land were needed to feed the military and civilian population of Durostorum, and probably as much more set aside. These lands can be cultivated by 1 340-1 600 people.

ТЪРГОВИЯ И ТЪРГОВСКИ СРЕДИЩА В РАЗГРАД ПРЕЗ XIX ВЕК

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Razgrad is a settlement that grew and developed as an Ottoman city. In this sense, it is a suitable example for the study of demographic, religious, economic and cultural processes and interactions as a counterbalance to settlements with pre-Ottoman roots. The present study focuses on the economic development of the city with an emphasis on the 19th century. The focus of the research will be on the trade and commercial centers that are found in the city during the time period set. In this sense, we will try to answer the question to what extent trade is a marker of economic growth. We attempt to trace their species diversity, ownership, and neighborhood distribution. The examples given in the study regarding trade and the places of trade exchange are a sure indicator of its slow recovery and economic growth in the 19th century. Its economic growth is clearly visible. The available data allow us to talk about a process of gradual densification of the professional and craft profile of the city, covering all spheres of the city's economy. The economic production profile of Razgrad derived in the research does not allow us to single out a narrow specialization of the population in any specific sector. Razgrad's economy is structured in such a way that it aims to cover all economic niches and thus satisfy the comprehensive needs of the Deliorman resident.

Лишаване от право на пенсия в българската пенсионна система (1944–1993)

Author(s): Alexander Hristov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This publication examines and analyzes certain aspects of institutional oppression and social exclusion in the social policy of Bulgaria between 1944–1993, applied to persons deprived of the right to a pension due to „fascist activity“. The separate social-legislative measures and initiatives of the state and political (party) government as part of the penal practices of the socialist (communist) regime are traced. The specific elements characterizing the repressive nature of the system and the ways for its (mitigation) overcoming during the indicated period are derived.

Два диалектни текста с исторически свидетелства от селата Габреш и Дреновени, Костурско

Author(s): Larry-Labro Korolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Both dialectal texts in the article were collected in Toronto, Canada from two informants belonging to two different generations and originating from the villages of Gàbresh and Drenòveni in the Kostur (Kastoria) region. They disclose new and never published information on the IMARO’s activities, the fate of the Bulgarian language in South-western Macedonia under Greek rule, the difficulties of the locals to visit their native villages during the years of the Greek Military Junta (1967 – 1974); they also contain some comments made by Atatürk on Bulgaria’s behalf. History and dialects of the area remain under studied, due to the Greek rule exerted on this area and its heavy assimilatory policies. The new information will help fill the gap, even to a small extent. The texts also serve as a supplement to Blagoy Shklifov’s work on the Kostur dialect.

Reflections on the Bulgarian Ilinden 1903: 120 years later

Author(s): Georgi N. Georgiev / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903 was an uprising of the Macedonian and Thracian Bulgarians in the European vilayets of the Ottoman Empire, supported by the free Bulgarians living in the Principality of Bulgaria. This fact, which is the shortest possible definition of the uprising, has been simultaneously and universally recognized– first of all, by the Ottoman authorities themselves, and together with them – by the jealous and hostile to the Bulgarian national cause Balkan neighbours, as well as by ‘big’ and ‘small’ countries, by international observers of different origins. The questioning of the Bulgarian character of the uprising started to gain momentum much later, with the blurring power of politics and geopolitics which intervened to create misconceptions. This way they turned over time until today into an artificially maintained problem in interstate relations. The Bulgarian Ilinden of 1903 and the revolutionary struggle in Macedonia and Adrianople Thrace in general prepared the Balkan War of 1912. The Macedonian-Adrianople liberation movement provided the Bulgarian national state with the historic chance to solve the all-Bulgarian question inherited from the Revival period: a task with which, unfortunately, the Bulgarian political elite failed to cope.

Ехо от Април 1876: черешовата артилерия в Илинденско-Преображенското въстание

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

In the spring of 1876, during the April Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, the Bulgarians used homemade wooden artillery: the so-called cherry cannons. Its real effect was insignificant, but it had a certain moral impact: it raised the fighting spirit of the insurgents. Nearly thirty years later – during the Ilinden Preobrazhenie Uprising – the Bulgarians again used the same type of cannons. If in 1876 wooden cannons were an extremely outdated technology that was almost without analogue, at least in Europe, then at the beginning of the 20thcentury their manufacture and attempts to use them appeared to be an absolute, hard-to-explain anachronism. The main explanation for the use of this ‘artillery’ by Ilinden-insurgents was the fact that they were inspired by the same ideals, by the same urge for freedom, as their oppressed countrymen of nearly three decades ago.

Илинденско-Преображенското въстание в публикациите на тогавашния полски печат (по материали от вестник „Сzas“)

Author(s): Jaroslav Rubaha / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

Among the newspapers that shaped the level of knowledge of Poles in Galicia, the daily Czas newspaper played an important role. This also concerned the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, to which the paper devoted much attention, informing its readers objectively and extensively about the events taking place in the Balkans. The article deals with the journalistic coverage of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising and the preparations therefor, as provided by the Polish Cracow-based daily newspaper Czas in 1903, placed on the background of the intricate geopolitical developments of that time. The articles meticulously refers to all the publications made by Czas on these issues.

Австрийски планове за умиротворяване на Балканите преди и след Мюрцщегската спогодба

Author(s): Gábor Demeter / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2023

The situation of the three Macedonian vilayets has been traced conscientiously by Austro-Hungarian authorities at the turn of the century according to the consular reports of the HHStA and the series of reports published in Diplomatische Aktenstücke in 1906. These included observations on schooling, ethnic and religious situations prior to the outbreak of the Ilinden revolt. These documents testify that Austria-Hungary wanted to exploit the growing unrest for its own political purposes by initiating a reform plan that would give the right for Vienna to interfere into the internal affairs of Ottoman Turkey, maintaining its integrity under the aegis of a humanitarian intervention together with Russia. This is highlighted by the fact that several versions of ethnic maps and conscription of schools did exist at the turn of the century in the Austrian consular agencies with often contradictory or manipulated contents, depending on the actual political relations towards the Ottomans and Bulgaria. The worsening economic situation in Macedonia was also detected by the local Austro-Hungarian authorities,and this, together with the increasing observations on political and “everyday” violence and migration gave a good pretext to intervene together with Russia, as the Ottoman reform plans in 1902 were considered unsatisfactory both by the Powers and the Bulgarians. Knowing the Austro-Russian endeavour to intervene, and considering the plans of the Powers unsatisfactory, the IMARO acted prematurely fearing of a modest agreement between Ottomans and the Powers over Macedonia.

Пътеписните бележки на проф. Йордан Иванов от първото му пътуване из Македония през 1906 – 1908 г.

Author(s): Georgi Minczew / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The Archiv of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences contains several notebooks and a typewritten text in which the famous Bulgarian scholar, Prof. Yordan Ivanov, described his impressions of his first trip to Macedonia, when he was collecting materials for his future book Bulgarian Antiquities around Macedonia. These notes have not been published until now. They obviously served Y. Ivanov in the preparation of his monograph, but at the same time they differ from its scientific style. The notes also contain factual material, but it is secondary to the personal impressions of the author’s encounters with ordinary people, to his reflections on the political situation in the Ottoman Empire after the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising of 1903, to poetic descriptions of nature landmarks, etc. The said manuscript materials from the archive constitute a special kind of scholarly travelogue, an artistic description of unknown but also familiar lands. In 1906, the Bulgarian scholar visited the ‘unknown’ Macedonia for the first time; but she was at the same time ‘familiar’: known from stories about the family history of Y. Ivanov, whose roots were from the Kratovo district. Attached to the article is the transcript of the first notebook, describing Prof. Y. Ivanov’s impressions from his trip from Vrancha to Thessalonica and Athos in October 1906 – January 1907.

Държавният институт за глухонеми в Скопие (1943 – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Zhivko Lefterov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article examines a practically unknown episode of educational and social policy during the Bulgarian rule of Vardar Macedonia 1941 – 1944: the opening of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in Skopje. Regardless of the difficult wartime conditions and the unresolved problems of the deaf community in the old boundaries of the country, the Bulgarian state, guided by responsibility and humanity towards the deaf schoolchildren in the new lands, including Pirot and Vrana districts, made maximum efforts to respond to their needs and to fulfil the endeavour. Unfortunately, despite the finding of a suitable building and its equipment, the secondment of appropriately trained teachers from the three institutes for the deaf and dumb in Bulgaria and the allocation of the necessary budget funds, the activity of the State Institute for the Deaf and Dumb in Skopje, which onlystarted at the end of 1943, was discontinued already at the beginning of 1944 – given the end of classes and the evacuation of a number of educational institutions due to the bombing of the city by the Allies.

Рец. на: Светла Глушкова. Белгия по пътя на независимостта 1815–1839 г.

Author(s): Raymond Detrez / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023