We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Download

Náš Yellowstonský park? Státní ochrana přírody a veřejnost v českých a slezských Krkonoších od konce 19. století do druhé světové války

Author(s): Stanislav Holubec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

The article deals with the role of the state in nature protection in the Bohemian and Silesian Giant Mountains (Krkonoše, Riesengebirge) from late 19th century to 1938. It argues that the issue of local nature conservation should be seen in the broader context of the development of nature conservation in Central Europe. It also shows that the main motive behind conservationists’ calls for a stronger role of the state after 1900 was the growing perception of tourism as a threat for the mountains. The state’s involvement in nature protection increased after World War I when it established natural reservations and issued nature protection decrees. At the same time, however, the growth of mass tourism led the state to plan and build roads and implement other economic plans that were highly damaging to nature. In addition, there were military and strategic motives that led states to build roads and border fortifications in the 1930s.

More...

Download

Błękit i rośliny lecznicze – słów kilka o indygo i nie tylko

Author(s): Justyna Makowska-Wąs,Irma Podolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Until the development of organic chemistry and the production of synthetic dyes in the second half of the 19th century, substances of natural origin were the only source of color compounds. These could be mineral, plant, and animal products, used in the form of raw products (e.g., crushed metals, minerals, animal fragments, or their excretions) and preparations derived from them. Among the plants we find many species that have been used as sources of coloring substances. They were valued primarily in the production of various utility or decorative fabrics and were used to dye natural fibers. Plant extracts or purified fractions of color compounds were also used as pigments in painting, in the illumination of books, and as substances that improve the look of medicines or foodstuffs. Some had medicinal significance per se. Among them, a small group of plant substances with a blue color is of special interest.The most famous natural raw material of this group is indigo (Indigo), obtained from Indigofera tinctoria L. and its substitutes. Noteworthy is also the less known wood of the logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum L.), known as the blue tree. This work presents the history, uses, and therapeutic importance of the abovementioned raw materials and their contemporary use.

More...

Download

Zasługi Karola Linneusza dla postępu nauk farmaceutycznych w XVIII w.

Author(s): Jacek Drobnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Fundamentals of Linnaean taxonomy were established from the late 1730s and had a gradual ordering impact on all plant knowledge of the time. Pharmaceutical botany was enlivened by the following assertions, ideas or publications issued by Linnaeus: 1) the sexual system as a tool for practical identifi cation of genera; 2) the genera were newly defi ned or corrected to build a clear system; 3) botanists were encouraged to construct and study a natural system of genera which was expected to reveal similarities in pharmacological actions (as analogous to morphological similarities of allied species); 4) a critical and minimalist review of medicinal species and their therapeutical uses was published; 5) the synonymy of species was rectifi ed by selecting only good and suffi ciently descriptive polynomials; and fi nally 6) it became the new scientifi c standard to typify the name and description of a species on a proof sample, the role of which began to be played by a herbarium specimen of a plant, called a type. The practice of assigning binominal names to known or newly described species enabled botanists to place them immediately in the sexual system (by assigning a generic name, the genus was ranked in terms of fl ower structure). The increase in the number of medicinal plant species at the end of the 18th century was the result of a desire to make the knowledge complete and modern, and to add new facts about related species in a wellorganized form. Canons for the experimental and clinical study of effects of known and new medicinal plants on healthy and sick patients were being developed. The introduction of many new species into practical therapy took pharmacy by surprise, as the pharmacist had to learn to recognise medicinal plants previously unknown to pharmacy, which was not without its mistakes. Misrecognised plants that became drug ingredients could exert unintended effects in therapy, undermining the authority of physicians, hindering the evaluation of drugs and threatening to fl ood scientifi c pharmacy with a stream of erroneous knowledge. Continued practical self-education of pharmacists in the fi eld of plant taxonomy was therefore claimed.

More...

Download

Poganek rutowaty (Peganum harmala L.) w tradycjach ludów Azji Środkowej i jego popularność w dobie pandemii COVID-19 – perspektywa antropologii medycznej

Author(s): Danuta Penkala-Gawęcka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

yrian rue (Peganum harmala L.) has been traditionally used in Central Asia for medical purposes, e.g. for treating skin diseases, joint pain, sore throat and cough. It is also applied as an apotropaic means – fumigation with the smoke of burning dried twigs of Syrian rue is commonly practised to ward off evil spirits, “evil eye” and other malevolent forces. According to the other explanations, it has purifying effects and kills microbes. In this article I briefl y outline early descriptions of Peganum harmala in the medical texts of scholars and physicians representing Greek- Arabic-Persian medicine, and focus on the role of this plant in people’s everyday life in Central Asia, based on my field materials from Afghanistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, and literature. In addition, I present the career of Peganum harmala in Central Asian countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, when fumigation with its smoke has been widely practised to protect against the coronavirus. Syrian rue was also used – beside several other plants – by some heads of state, who promoted local traditional medicines at time when they were failing to tackle the pandemic crisis. Applying an anthropological perspective, I pay particular attention to the wider context of these developments and analyse socio-cultural, political and economic factors that have contributed to the increased popularity of Peganum harmala. I also point out possible benefits of testing traditional herbal medicines as potential treatments for COVID-19 and other viral infections and refer to Asian traditional medical systems, especially traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), whose contribution to overcoming the pandemic has been recognised by the WHO.

More...

Download

Etnobotanika, etnomedycyna i etnografia w Polsce

Author(s): Zbigniew Libera / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article describes a selected ethnologist’s point of view on ethnobotany and ethnomedicine: 1. by what citeria are Possible assessments of the rationality and effectiveness of plant medcines in folk culture, 2. what are the folk justifications for choosing plants for specific purposes, for medicinal purposes.

More...

Download

Użytkowe i symboliczne znaczenie roślin leczniczych na planie opactwa Sankt Gallen (pocz. IX wieku)

Author(s): Norbert Mojżyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The world of the Latin Middle Ages was marked by the spiritual-corporeal binomial: the real space was connected with many threads with the spiritual space. Religious symbolism and imagination played a huge role in this binomial. A particular concentration of symbolic and mystical-allegorical meanings was present in the monastic space (Latin claustrum). Monks living in monasteries were separated by a double barrier from the world: real – by walls and symbolic – internal discipline (rule). This separation was archetypal – in monasteries there was a border between the cosmos and chaos, between the earthly paradise (paradisus terrestris) and the damned world (terra damnata). In such an antithetical, terrestrial and supernatural key, the culture of the Middle Ages read various elements of monastic life, defi ned by the vectors of time and place, ranging from the symbolism of the temple as the eschatological Heavenly Jerusalem, through buildings and monastery gardens (biblical Eden), ending with the plants cultivated in them. Plants were grown in monasteries for functional (edible and medicinal) reasons, as well as for spiritual reasons (they were attributed apotropaic properties) and for aesthetic reasons (beauty was also considered a spiritual factor). Medicines were seen in medicinal plants for the body and soul. They had an important symbolic and religious meaning in the monastic life, they symbolized virtues or sins. Such an understanding of plants can be found in an important document that was created in the Carolingian era, the plan of the Benedictine abbey in Saint Gall. The abbey plan provides precise information not only about the structure of the monastery buildings, but also about medicinal plants, individual species and places of their cultivation within the monastery walls.

More...

Download

Morwa biała (Morus alba L.) w ujęciu naukowym i kulturowym. Od jedwabnictwa do papieru

Author(s): Joanna Grześkowiak,Anna Maria Brandys / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

Sericulture dates back to ancient China. Today it is defined as a branch of agriculture dealing with the cultivation of mulberry for the purpose of silkworm farming and the production of silk. Due to the fact that the mulberry silkworm larvae eat white mulberry leaves, it is a plant inextricably linked with silkworm farming and, consequently the production of silk. Although white mulberry is mainly associated with the cultivation of mulberry silkworms, thanks to its numerous and unique properties, it is a plant that can be used in various branches of the economy, as well as a research object of interest to scientists representing various fields of science. Thanks to the content of many bioactive substances, micro- and macroelements and vitamins, it has been used in herbal medicine, pharmacology and medicine. The richness of bioactive compounds makes it also an attractive raw material for the food and cosmetic industry. At the same time, due to its high energy value, mulberry belongs to the group of energy crops. Both the unique properties of mulberry and the traditions associated with its cultivation have made it a plant appreciated not only by science, but also left its mark in culture, as it has accompanied people for centuries. It is not surprising, therefore, that mulberry was recorded in poems, folk proverbs and on painting canvases, including the most famous brush by Vincent van Gogh – “Mulberry Tree in Autumn”. On the other hand, the processing of mulberry silkworm cocoons into high-quality yarns, and ultimately into delicate but durable fabrics, had a significant impact on the development of art. Both in terms of the so-called applied arts, but also those referred to as beaux-arts. And although the definitions of art have changed throughout history – regardless of period or era – silk was invariably appreciated by artists and craftsmen. Thanks to its properties, quality and aesthetics, silk fiber offers a wide range of possibilities for use in papermaking, which is also important in the cultural context.

More...

Download

Zastosowanie kapusty głowiastej białej w polskim lecznictwie ludowym

Author(s): Robert Gruszecki,Magdalena Walasek-Janusz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

White cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) was one of the staple food plants in ancient rural communities. It was not only the main ingredient of many dishes, but even a symbol of abundance. The high availability of this plant, both fresh and pickled, throughout the year, created great opportunities to use it not only as food but also as a medicinal plant. The aim of the study was to present the medicinal uses of raw materials obtained from white cabbage in Polish folk medicine. The available studies show that traditional Polish folk medicine not only used fresh cabbage leaves, but also fermented leaves or sauerkraut juice. Sometimes the use of seed, stalks and fresh leaf juice were recommended. Unlike most medicinal plants, dried raw material was used very rarely. The most commonly used raw materials were fresh or lacto-fermented without prior preparation, rarely before use they were crushed, roasted, made into infusions, boiled or soaked in vinegar. It was believed that cabbage provides health and strengthens the body, and children who eat cabbage grow quickly. For medicinal purposes, this plant was used for numerous ailments and parasites of the digestive tract: abdominal pain, constipation, stomach and liver diseases, gastric and duodenal ulcers, and hemorrhoids. It has also been used in dermatological problems and as an analgesic, e.g. for headaches and rheumatic pains. The properties of cabbage were also used in the treatment of female ailments related to pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding. The collected information indicates that white cabbage has been used in folk medicine in many ways, and its various applications should not escape the attention of modern medicine.

More...

Download

Medykamenty roślinne w szlacheckich regestrach zakupów, receptach i poradnikach medycznych w XVIII wieku

Author(s): Bożena Popiołek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

“Pharmacy expenses”, prescriptions, herbariums and medical handbooks are important sources for research on the history of medicine and pharmacy. They give an idea of both the level of pharmacy and court health care, as well as cultural trends in the field of health care, which were adhered to by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s society, and which were largely based on plant products. However, these sources are often fragmented, undated and anonymous, scattered in various collections, which we are not able to attribute to specific persons. It is also worth paying attention to the herbariums and pharmacopoeia, printed in mass since the mid-17th century, which are a kind of guide for pharmacists and medics who prepared drugs and prescribed medications to their patients. In the court’s libraries we can find medical handbooks that contained easy-to-prepare recipes, usually based on popular herbs found in the country, and served as first aid pharmaceuticals. Although the phytotherapeutic knowledge of this period was still based on the works of ancient authors, it was supplemented by the information about treatment possibilities of the new raw materials of herbal and mineral origin, which was caused by Europe’s opening to new continents and wide trade exchange with Asia, Africa and the Americas.

More...

Download

Czy ziołolecznictwo ludowe jest ludowe? Na marginesie dziewiętnasto- i dwudziestowiecznych debat wokół korzeni fitoterapii

Author(s): Joanna Partyka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The question of the direction of information fl ow related to herbal treatment has been a topic of interest for researchers for centuries. However, “infl uenceology,” which involves identifying mutual relationships and dependencies, can be misleading, especially when seeking one-way solutions as a desirable form of response to issues related to broadly defi ned cultural phenomena. The term “infl uence-ology” was coined by literary scholars criticizing the positivist methodology derived from evolutionism. This methodology focused on fi nding all possible infl uences between literary works, resulting in often unwarranted and even ridiculous conclusions, and above all, leading to the squandering of what is the essence of literature. It seems that an ethnologist tracing infl uence in the context of herbal medicine loses sight of what is the essence of folk culture. The question “Is folk herbalism folk?” assumes a historical and source nature and contains an evolutionary desire to determine a one-way infl uence. Although poorly posed, it opens up the fi eld for presenting arguments that the parties used in the discussion. These considerations are the subject of this article.

More...

Download

Źródła wiedzy panien apteczkowych: tradycje słowiańskie czy śródziemnomorskie?

Author(s): Iwona Arabas / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

In the 19th century, the medicine cabinets at the manors of Polish nobility became a legitimate presence in the Polish provinces: defi ned in encyclopaedias and dictionaries and included in the laws on pharmacies. Their caretakers (“panny apteczkowe”) obtained their knowledge from home silva rerum, herbal books or their copies. The women taking care of the household medicine cabinets grew herbs themselves or bought them from rural herbalists with whom they exchanged information about the healing effect.It remains an open question whether the knowledge of medicinal plants considered folk belongs to our Slavic tradition or to the Greco-Latin civilisation.

More...

Download

Zooarchaeology of livestock and game in medieval and early modern Estonia

Author(s): Eve Rannamäe,Ülle Aguraiuja-Lätti / Language(s): English Issue: 3S/2023

In this article, zooarchaeological evidence from 37 medieval and early modern sites in Estonia were assembled and examined. The analysis of over 69 000 mammal remains gave a comprehensive overview of the production and consumption of animal resources in the 13th to 18th century castles, towns, rural settlements, and one monastery. The focus was on domestic livestock: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. Cattle remains were most abundant, confirming it as the primary animal resource in the study period. Morphometrical analysis and tooth wear study supported the historical knowledge of a stronger tradition of draught oxen in the north and a possible focus on dairy husbandry in the south. Sheep and goat husbandry also had several purposes: kill-off times indicated lamb consumption and keeping the herd for wool and reproduction. Pigs, on the other hand, were raised only as a food resource. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses revealed differences in grazing areas and feed types between species and geographical regions. Compared to the main livestock, horses and also wild mammals had insignificant roles in providing primary resources but immense importance in manifesting status (horses and hunting) or in use for work and military purposes (horses). Overall, the animal husbandry of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period developed towards the innovations and improvements of modern times, with native breeds being one example of the heritage of the past.

More...

Download

Pets or functional animals: dogs and cats in medieval and early modern Estonia

Author(s): Sander Nuut,Eve Rannamäe,Mari Tõrv,Ülle Aguraiuja-Lätti / Language(s): English Issue: 3S/2023

The role of dogs and cats in the history of the human-animal relationship has been variable. They have served as pets, working animals, useful commensals, subjects of worship and sacrifice, and providers of resources, such as skin and meat. These roles have also been more or less visible in Estonian archaeological material. Here, our focus is on the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period (13th to 18th centuries), which was the time of urbanisation and widening contacts as well as wars and famines. During this time of change, also the roles of dogs and cats as companion and commensal species changed. With over 700 specimens from all over Estonia, we aimed to explore the presence of dogs and cats in archaeological material, their keeping conditions, and their economic use. For dogs, essential questions also involved the different (morpho)types and their possible roles. The study confirmed that new dog types emerged in Estonia from the early 13th century. Furthermore, different site types, specifically castle and urban material, contained dogs with significantly diverse sizes, possibly due to their functionality. There is evidence of the economic value of both cats and dogs in the expression of cut marks that could be related to food waste and fur trading. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis confirmed the assumption that dogs mainly ate food scraps and leftovers, including freshwater and marine resources. Documented pathologies were rare, leaving the question of caring for or neglecting these animals open.

More...

5.50 €

Preview

За едно необичайно изображение на св. Кирил и св. Методий от Бяла черква – „Проповѣдъ св. Кирилъ и Методїй предъ хозарскїй ханъ“

Author(s): Totka Grigorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article presents an unpublished iconographic image of St. Cyril and Methodius from the early 20th century found at the “St. Dimitar” church in the town of Byala Cherkva, Tarnovo region. It is an illustration of a scene from the life of the Slavic Enlighteners, which depicts a moment from their Khazar mission. The compositional solution is entirely original. The placement of the scene is also unusual – it is placed on a panel of the iconostasis, under the royal icon of the Slavic Enlighteners. The image in question adds a new touch to the Cyril and Methodius pictorial tradition, which, although a local and isolated decision, reflects the ideas and perceptions of the Bulgarians of the early 20th century about their medieval history.

More...

6.00 €

Preview

Парадигматичният популизъм на Уго Чавес

Author(s): Atanas Zhdrebev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article makes a brief review of the key characteristics of Hugo Chavez’s populism. Structurally, it is divided into four parts, which correspond to the following research aims: firstly, to outline the common tendencies of the research on the subject. Secondly, to introduce the historical context in Venezuela that conditions the rise and development of the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 and of its successor – the Movement of the Fifth Republic. Thirdly, to draw out the peculiarities of Chavez’s populist discourse, inasmuch as the gathered empirical data show that quantitative accumulations do not lead to qualitative changes. Fourthly, to examine the Venezuelan leader’s populist strategy in its mobilization, organizational and institutional aspects.

More...

6.00 €

Preview

Проповедническата дейност на францисканците и папството през 20-те и 30-те години на XIII век

Author(s): Beloslava Vachkovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

This article traces the transformation of the Franciscan Order from a community consisting predominately of laymen into an order of educated priests and a major instrument in the Church’s battle against heretics, schismatics, and infidels. Within the process of clericalization, the development of the preaching activity of the minors is examined in particular, since it is this activity of the friars that formed the basis of their successful actions in the service of the Apostolic See. As a result of the increasingly close ties with the papacy, in addition to improving the pastoral care for the faithful, the preaching activities of the friars were also directed against the political opponents of the Pope, condemned as heretics and schismatics. As a consequence of the return to Orthodoxy and the hostile policy towards the Latin Empire, the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen II (1218–1241) also became one of those schismatics. An attempt is made to trace the role of the Franciscans in preaching the crusade against Bulgaria propagated by pope Gregory IX in 1238.

More...

4.50 €

Preview

Образец на регионално изследване, посветено на Котел и Добруджа

Author(s): Rumyana Radkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Book Review

More...

4.50 €

Preview

CĂRȚI ROMÂNEȘTI VECHI DIN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA ÎN COLECȚIILE BIBLIOTECII ACADEMIEI DE ȘTIINȚE A UNGARIEI

Author(s): Florin Bogdan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

The research carried out in the collections of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Library led to the identification of some old Romanian books printed in the 19th century. The works under consideration appeared in printing centres such as Buda, Cluj, Sibiu, Oradea, and their subject matter covers various fields of interest (theology, philology, history, dictionaries, calendars). The presence of works written by members of the Transylvanian School and leading intellectuals of Transylvania and Banat at the beginning of the 19th century is noteworthy. Alongside Ioan Bob's Dictionary and that of Ioan Molnar Piuariu, we find works by Ștefan Crișan, Andreas Clemens and Eftimie Murgu.

More...

Download

Obóz jeńców sowieckich w Poniatowej – Stalag 359, listopad 1941 – 27 luty 1942

Author(s): Artur Podgórski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The text has been written basing on archive materials mostly from German archives (Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes in Ludwigsburg), although references are made also to the works of local history enthusiasts. It brings up the issues connected with the creation and functioning of the POW camp Stalag 359 from November 1941 to 27th of February 1942 in Poniatowa (Lublin voivodeship), located in the buildings of the branch office of Warsaw Teleand Radiotechnical Plants, constructed as a part of the Central Industrial District. It describes the phases of the camp’s dependence within the military organization of General Government area (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Kriegsgefangenen Bundeskommando V, Oberfeldkommandantur 379). It briefly outlines the most important figures (imprisoned soldiers holding work posts) as well as military units (Landesschützenbataillon 709 and 629) guarding the area of the camp. It also makes notes on the conditions in the camp. Moreover, it addresses the behavior of the local community.

More...

Download

Representations of the Danube in Queen Marie’s Writings

Author(s): Cristina Ungureanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Social geography is attached to territory and emerges from social relations and links that people weave with places. A geographical reading of literary works allows us to discover and outline representational strategies for a regional space. It is in this sense that this paper proposes to focus on the representations of the Danube River that Queen Marie of Romania revealed in her writings. Marie, like many other cartographers and scholars, was attracted by the Danube region, and, in her books, the Danube had a specific place. She evoked all her wanderings from plain to mountain, from hill to sea, leading us down to the banks of the Danube (with all its canals and lakes) and to the sea. We followed the itineraries of everyday life, both social and spatial, that the queen traced according to her position in society, her cultural model and imagination. It was a means, among others, of deepening the phenomena of identity (Bratosin 2007: 79) and her works are very rich in this sense, since they give us examples of values associated with these places. At this point, important aspects related to identity will be explored. Phoenix (2010: 298) suggests that “identities are socially constructed, multiple, potentially contradictory and situationally variable”. Identities are, in this sense, processes of becoming rather than of being (Hall 2006). Specific lexical and functional items are used for this purpose, both consciously and unconsciously (Lotte Dam 2015: 31). This paper tries to illustrate how personal pronouns, possessive determiners and pronouns and different adjectives, verbs or structures contribute to the construction of attached identities, all in connection with the way the Queen described the Danube River.

More...