Mai dire basta alla pasta. Il discorso delle diete dimagranti nel periodico italiano per uomini “For Men Magazine” (2013—2022)

Author(s): Joanna Ozimska / Language(s): Italian Issue: 34/2022

Using the tools of rhetoric and critical discourse analysis, the paper describes the discourse of slimming diets in the Italian men’s magazine “For Men”. The study covered 49 monthly issues published in 2013—2022. The research has shown the presence of numerous persuasive techniques based on building the credibility of theses presented to the readers (mostly using the argument of authority). There are numerous references to popular topoi that increase the competitiveness of the proposed nutritional regimes. Some techniques influencing the emotions of readers were used to a lesser extent. The discourse of diets is present in every issue of the magazine under study, and much space is devoted to it, creating the impression that it is an important and interesting topic for contemporary Italian readers (permanent columns present). In addition, phenomena such as scientization and medicalization of nutrition, fragmentation of the male body were observed. Many of the examples cited could be found in the Italian women’s press published about 15 years ago.

По стъпките на паметта от XIV до XVI век: Никополският владетел“ Шишман в османската история на Кемалпашазаде

Author(s): Delyan Rusev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

This paper offers a reproduction, Bulgarian translation, and analysis of a previously unexplored account in the “Annals of the Ottoman Dynasty” by the Ottoman scholar Kemalpashazade (ca. 1468–1534). The text of the source concerns the relations between the anonymous Byzantine lord of the town of Bolayır on the Gallipoli Peninsula and the Bulgarian ruler of Nikopol called Shishman in the context of the early Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. The purpose of the research is to reveal the historical figures and events included in the account as well as the possible paths by which the memory of them reached Kemalpashazade. The juxtaposition of Kemalpashazade’s text with a number of historical sources from the 14th through 18th century has allowed for two major conclusions. Firstly, the lord of Bolayır is probably identical with the Byzantine governor of Gallipoli who appears with the name of Asen tekfur in Enveri’s Dusturname and can be identified with either Manuel Asen or John Asen, the sons of the Byzantine aristocrat of Bulgarian origin Andronikos Asen. Secondly, the image of Shishman in the “Annals” has likely resulted from a contamination of the memory of several representatives of the Shishmanid dynasty such as the Bulgarian tsars Mihail III Shishman, Ivan Alexander, and Ivan Shishman as well as, possibly, the latter’s namesake uncle. Particular attention is paid to some parallels with the information about Bulgarian-Byzantine relations at the time of Tsar Michael III Shishman as described in the fifteenth-century History of Laonikos Chalkokondyles, whose possible reception among Ottoman literati including Kemalpashazade is also discussed in the paper.

Хасковският чорбаджия Христодул Вълчев Шишманов (1784–1870) между легендата и историческите факти. Биографичен очерк

Author(s): Veselina Uzunova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Hristodul Valchev Shishmanov /1784-1870/ is among the prominent historical figures from Haskovo with an interesting biography, sounding at times like a legend. Therefore, over the years, great interest has been shown in his life, but so far no research has been written about him and his family. Attempts at a comprehensive study to present the personality of Hristodul V. Shishmanov – one of the brightest Haskovo revivalists and his family, have not been made. Representatives of the family are mentioned in various studies in connection with different historical events. This adds to their genealogical history but is not a complete study of it. In 2021, one of the descendants of the family provided the Regional History Museum in Haskovo with a family tree and helped clarify many unknown moments in the history of both the family itself and the city of Haskovo.

Първото народно събрание – избори, конституиране и състав

Author(s): Milko Palangurski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The formation of the Bulgarian parliamentary system started in the fall of 1879 when the first elections for the country’s legislative body were held. Expectations for the young administration were not high however it, although already deprived of the tutelage of the Russian occupation authorities, not only managed to create conditions, to carry out the preparatory actions and hold the vote, but did it in the two consecutive Sundays provided for in the law. The local and central government bodies drew up the constituencies, created the electoral lists and included in them the people with passive and active suffrage, provided them with access to the polling stations and with a relatively honest and effective management of the electoral process. With problems and difficulties, the vote was held everywhere and there was no election in only one constituency. The first parliament did not vote a single law, it only succeeded in confirming its composition, passed a vote of no confidence in the government and initiated several political practices.

Изселването на етнически немци от Източна Европа в СССР в края на Втората световна война. Между историческата наука и политическата употреба на миналото

Author(s): Lyubomira Valcheva-Nundloll / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

The Soviet military presence in Bulgaria after 9 September 1944 and the establishment of the new government are the subject of contradictory historical interpretations. The anti-German measures introduced at the end of World War II including the internment of citizens of Germany and its satellites, and the labor mobilization of ethnic Germans in the USSR represent a fragment of the Bulgarian past that was only brought to the public attention after the fall of socialism. While the political use of this past has led to the indirect inclusion of the anti-German measures in the list of crimes of communism condemned by Europe, scholarly analysis reveals a complex process transcending the context of the local political regime. The study of this little-known fragment of Bulgarian history brings forth the question of the distinction between the principle of nationality and that of citizenship in a Balkan country confronted with the Soviet suspicion of the German population in securing territorial control. The growing importance of national memory for the emerging European (historical) consciousness provokes reflection on the role of a historian in defining this ambiguous past influencing the present. The European construction of supranational historical memory presupposes the supranationalization of related national historiographies. The article places the history of the German population in Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War and the political use of this past in an expanded context, drawing on primary Bulgarian and Soviet sources, on historical scholarly works, and on research studying the construction of historical memory.

Опит за свободна интерпретация

Author(s): Peter Stoyanovich / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Book Review

Новаторско изследване на училищното историческо образование

Author(s): Georgi Yakimov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2023

Book Review

МАКЕДОНСКИТЕ И ГРЧКИТЕ ДЕЦА БЕГАЛЦИ ВО ИСТОЧНА ЕВРОПА: ЈАЗИК, ПОЛИТИКА И ИДЕНТИТЕТИ

Author(s): Riki Van Boeschoten / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 18-19/2019

Текстот користи животни приказни и архивски материјали за да ги истражи односите меѓу македонските и грчките деца бегалци што го избегнаа насилството од грчката граѓанска војна и израснаа во детски домови во Источна Европа. Поконкретно, ја испитува доминантната улога на грчката комунистичка партија врз животот на бегалците, организацијата на образованието на македонски јазик и тензиите создадени од кампањата против Тито што ја започнаа земјите од Информбирото. Во текстот се дискутира и за краткотрајното основање на автономна македонска организација во Полска за време на раните 1960-ти. И, на крајот, текстот ги анализира усните сеќавања на грчките и македонските деца бегалци за нивните меѓусебни, главно, хармонични односи. Трудот тврди дека обновувањето на ваквите спомени во светлината на современите конфликти меѓу двете земји може да биде важен извор за иднината.

Миграциите во Скопската Котлина во XIX век – помеѓу антропогеографските истражувања на Јован Ф. Трифуноски и историските извори

Author(s): Borče Ilievski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 21/2021

Во текстот се споредуваат антропогеографските истражувања на југословенскиот антропогеограф Јован Ф. Трифуноски вршени во Скопската Котлина од крајот на четириесеттите до крајот на шеесеттите години на XX век со објавените изворни османски пописни архивски материјали. Истражувањата на Трифуноски се темелни и детални, меѓутоа, во однос на миграциите, особено кај албанското население, се забележуваат одредени непрецизности и грешки. Преку примерот на неколку скопски села се бележат миграционите движења и усната традиција кај населението за иселувањата и доселувањата, која, споредена со османската пописна евиденција од триесеттите и четириесеттите години на XIX век, честопати е замаглена, непрецизна, а неретко и неточна.

Migrations in the Skopje Valley in the 19th Century – Between Jovan F. Trifunoski’s Anthropogeographic Research and the Historical Sources

Author(s): Borče Ilievski / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2021

In the paper, the comparison is drawn between Yugoslav anthropogeographer Jovan F. Trifunoski’s anthropogeographic research done in the Skopje Valley from the late 1940s to the late 1960s and the published authentic census archive material from the period of the Ottoman rule. Trifunoski’s research is thorough and detailed. However, regarding migrations, especially the migrations of the Albanian population, inevitable imprecision and mistakes can be noted. The migrations and the locals’ oral tradition concerning these processes are illustrated in several Skopje villages. Compared to the Ottoman census records of the 1830s and the 1840s, this information is frequently blurry and imprecise, and at times inaccurate.

75 lat polskiej medycyny i farmacji we Wrocławiu (1945–2020). Wybrane elementy historii wrocławskich wyższych uczelni. Część druga (1950–2011)

Author(s): Bożena Płonka-Syroka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Professional training in medicine and pharmacy hat begun in Wrocław by the 1945. The Faculty of Medicine was created within the structure of Wrocław University and Wrocław Universite of Science and Technology. In 1950, a specialized medical school was developed from University, functioning briefl u under the name the Medical Academy (which was changed to the Academy of Medicine), with an independent Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1979, the Medical Analytics Department was established within the Faculty of Pharmacy. In 1978, the Faculty of Nursing was created which was transformed into the Faculty of Public Health in 2001 and into the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2008. Starting in 1989, the school was called the Academy of Medicine in Wrocław (Akademia Medyczna im. Piastów Śląskich). In 1992 the Post-Graduate Faculty of Medicine was distinquished from the Faculty of Medicine, In 2000 the Department of Dentistry was transformed into the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. As a part of the school, liberal arts and social studies connected with medicine were also developed in units located within the structure of various departments of the AM. The Academy existed in Wrocław until 2011 when the decision was made to transform it into Wrocław Medical University (Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Piastów Śląskich we Wrocławiu), functioning until now. The article presents the major stages in the history of medical schools in Wrocław after 1945. The second part discusses the history of Academy of Medicine in the years 1950–2011.

Podmiotowość polityczna pierwszej Solidarności

Author(s): Roman Bäcker / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13-14/2022

The political subjectivity of the first “Solidarity” evolved significantly in the period between the strikes in the summer of 1980 and the martial law announced on December 13, 1981. At the articulation level, there was transition from the supplication stage through aggregated postulates to the mature political program of nation. Occupation strikes became the basis for the Polish nation’s lasting potential of the self-organization. However, the level of organizational multidimensionality was not achieved. The mobilization potential grew from July 1980 until the general warning strike, and then began to systematically decline. The signing of the agreements meant written acceptance of the existence of separate social entity by the former monopolist (ruling party). It was to obtain collective status benefits. This formal recognition was not unconditional and was finally denied by the imposition of martial law. Significant part of the working, student and agricultural circles achieved the level of political subjectivity at the basic level.

In search of an adequate novel on the democratic changes of 1989/1990. A paradigmatic approach

Author(s): Hans-Christian Trepte / Language(s): English Issue: 11-12/2020

Literary debates on Central Europe often concern the problems of the democratic breakthrough in the former Eastern bloc. Central Europe is also a common cultural and literary heritage; however, it must be shown how literary visions resonated in specific discussions and literary works in various countries before and after the democratic transformation of 1989/1990. Revolutionary events in Poland resulted in the “Autumn of Nations”, and the expectations of readers and critics for a suitable novel about the breakthrough and transformation process were high.

Bulgarian Immigration to Canada, Late Nineteenth – Mid-twentieth Centuries

Author(s): Penka Peykovska / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The article aims at studying the first generations of the Bulgarian immigrants to Canada through the methods of historical demography. The ethno-demographic phenomena and processes that took place among them are characterized by quantitative analysis mainly of Canadian and partly of Bulgarian official statistical sources (population censuses and current demographic statistics), considering the volume, dynamics and ethnic composition of immigration flow, its structure by gender and age, marital and literacy status. An attempt has been made to clarify the relationship between immigration with a starting point Bulgaria and the one coming from among the Bulgarians abroad (who originated mainly from Macedonia), to identify those who contributed more to the replenishment of the Bulgarian diaspora in Canada and to shed light on the ethnic composition of these immigration flows. The level of integration processes is presented by studying the role of citizenship, intermarriage and spoken language, using indicators such as relative shares of Bulgarian immigrants that got naturalized, were Canadian-born, adopted the official languages of the country as well as kept speaking their mother tongue and declared belonging to Bulgarian ethnicity/origin, lived in ethnically mixed marriages.

“Separation of Politics and Economics” and the Rapprochement between Bulgaria and Republic of Korea in the Second Half of 1980s

Author(s): Evgeniy Kandilarov,Kim Soyoung / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The Bulgarian archives provide an extremely good opportunity to study the changing international situation in the region of the Korean Peninsula in the second half of the 1980s, which in turn led to a change in relations between the Eastern Bloc countries on the one hand and the Republic of Korea on the other. All this is happening in the context of the last stage of the Cold War. The aim of the article is to shed light on a number of aspects of the process of gradually overcoming ideological contradictions and political opposition between the countries of Eastern Europe, including Bulgaria and the Republic of Korea. The focus of the article will be on Bulgarian policy and approach to the Republic of Korea in this period, called conditionally “separation of politics and economics”, which approach leads to significant convergence between the two countries in the field of trade and economic relations. At the same time, however, the Bulgarian case is not an isolated phenomenon and the documents reveal a much broader picture of rapprochement between Eastern Europe and South Korea in the late 1980s. The study is based entirely on unpublished primary documents from the Central State Archives of the Republic of Bulgaria. The main funds used are those of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party, the Diplomatic Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and especially the fund of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations.

The Macedonian Question through the Eyes of Foreign Researchers

Author(s): Slavi Slavov / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

Review of “Foreign Honorary Members of the Macedonian Scientific Institute (1923– 1947)”

Compte-rendu : Margarita Alfaro, Vassiliki Lalagianni et Ourania Polycandrioti (dir.). Voyage et idéologie. Les politiques de la mobilité (Orient, Afrique, Asie – XXe siècle). Editions du Bourg, Montrouge, 2022, ISBN : 978-2-490650-23-1

Author(s): Elena Dineva / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2023

Margarita Alfaro, Vassiliki Lalagianni et Ourania Polycandrioti (dir.). Voyage et idéologie. Les politiques de la mobilité (Orient, Afrique, Asie – XXe siècle). Editions du Bourg, Montrouge, 2022, ISBN : 978-2-490650-23-1. Margarita Alfaro, Vassiliki Lalagianni et Ourania Polycandrioti (dir.). Mobility policies (Orient, Africa, Asia – XX century). Editions du Bourg, Montrouge, 2022, ISBN : 978-2-490650-23-1

Natural Law and the Defense of Freedom of Trade and Navigation in Hugo Grotius’ Mare Liberum (1609) with Regard to the Seizure of the Portuguese Carrack Santa Catarina by the Dutch during the Reign of Philip III of Spain (1603)

Author(s): Carlos Sardinha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The conception of a Christianity submitted to Papal Power, also indirectly, on every matter concerning the spiritual well-being of the Faithful and implying a lordship of the whole world including the regulation of the relations among Christian princes and between Christians and infidels, caused the Pope to decide on the recognition of the rights of the Portuguese Crown over the discovered lands and seas. Further, according to several commentators like Baldus (1327-1400) every State could under Civil Law (iure civili) occupy part of the sea, exercising sovereignty over it “as to jurisdiction and protection” (quoad jurisdictionem et protectionem). The Portuguese Crown enjoyed a right of quasi possessio over the whole of the maritime area of the Estado da Índia (in English, State of India). The Portuguese Crown forbade to all and every person of whatsoever estate and condition, including foreigners, to sail to the lands and seas of Guinea and India and all other Portuguese lands, seas and places conquered by Portugal using ships other than the Portuguese under penalty of death and asset forfeiture. Therefore, we can say that from the establishing of the Estado da Índia flowed the imposition of the system of mare clausum upon the Indian Ocean economy. On the other hand, Hugo Grotius’ Mare Liberum (1609) consists in a coherent refutation of the arguments put forward by the Portuguese to justify their claim to mare clausum. He stresses that no one can own the sea, no one can forbid another to sail without being guilty of wrong. Because of this, the Portuguese did not hold property over the East, they had no right to exclude the Dutch from sailing to the East Indies and do business with the Indians because this right belongs to all peoples. The Chapter 11 of Grotius’ work De Indis (that is, De Jure Praedae) helps us to see the legal controversy over the seizure of the Santa Catarina from the viewpoint of a continuous and evident violation of natural law perpetrated by the Portuguese. This violation of natural law justified Admiral Van Heemskerck’s initiative of punishing the inhuman economic and trade practices of the Portuguese with the aim of restoring the much-needed freedom of trade and navigation in the region.

Reguły kwalifikacji archiwalnej akt spraw karnych w rozporządzeniu o przechowywaniu i niszczeniu akt sądowych z 1937 r. O genezie i skutkach międzywojennych reguł oceny wartości archiwalnej akt sądów powszechnych

Author(s): Tomasz Kucharski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

An article is devoted to what is a crucial problem for every historian of the 19th and 20th centuries – historical rules of archival appraisal, that is, the determination as to which records that were created for practical reasons and current activities of state institutions in the past, should be protected permanently because of their historical value. The author focuses on criminal court records in light of the Polish interwar rules enacted by the Justice Minister in 1937. The mentioned regulation was the first on an analyzed matter in Polish legal tradition. It set the essential criteria and mechanisms for court records archival appraisal, also adopted in later rules on this topic from 1975, 1989, and 2004 (the latest remains in force to the present). Beyond this the author tries to explain why, in 1937, the Polish Ministry established rules that intended to permanently protect only a few groups of criminal court records as being historically valuable. He mainly analyzes the primary regulation draft from January of 1937, which intended to cover more groups of criminal court records for permanent archival protection. The paper tries to establish the reasons as to why those propositions were rejected. In the end, the author purposes to set in motion a discussion of the consequences that resulted from rules adopted in 1937 for current legal-historical or historical-criminological research.

Bevezető a Fordulat 31. számához

Author(s): Gergely Csányi,Tibor Fehér,Dóra Máriási,Kata Dóra Kiss,Eszter Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 31/2022