2001 წლის 11 სექტემბრის ტერაქტი და ნატოს მისია ავღანეთში

Author(s): Giorgi Doborjginidze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

The terrorist attack in the USA on September 11, 2001, which killed up to three thousand people, puzzled the whole world and put it in danger of terrorism, the usual peaceful existence of the population was disturbed, the grief of the USA was shared by the whole world and the population was waiting for justice to be served. Execution of justice primarily meant finding and punishing the organizers of the terrorist attack, this terrorist act was planned by the Islamic extremist network organization "Al-Qaeda" in Afghanistan. The reaction of the USA and its allies was immediate, for the first time in the history of NATO, Article 5 of the Washington Treaty (Collective Defense Article) was invoked. In the history of the NATO the largest military operation against terrorism began.The article discusses the world's largest terrorist attack and its consequences, the uncompromising fight against terrorism, ISAF'smilitary mission in Afghanistan to defeat the Taliban and establish peace.

სასანიანები სამხრეთ-დასავლეთ საქართველოში: პეტრას გარნიზონის აღჭურვილობა და მომარაგება

Author(s): Tamaz Darchidze,Nika Khoperia / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

The article examines the issues related to the presence of the Sasanian garrison in one of the main fortresses of the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages of the Kingdom of Lazica. As has been established, Petra has played an important role in the military conflict between the Byzantine Empire and Sasanian Iran in the 6th century. The analysis of the archaeological materials found in Tsikhisdziri in recent years, combined with the written sources, confirms the Sasanian forces had indeed occupied the fortress fortified by the Byzantines during the Great Lazica War, which is one of the crucial issues for the final identification of Petra with Tsikhisdziri. This article provides an overview of the main issues of the military and political interests of Sasanian Iran in the kingdom of Lazica, the weapons and equipment of the military garrison of Petra, the nature of the distribution of Sasanian coins in southwestern Georgia and its attributes. It has been established that during the Great War, the 10-year presence of the Iranians in the Petra fortress was related to the global war circumstances, and it served a military task – to control the Lazica-Byzantium military road. There is no evidence to support any political, economic, or cultural motives behind the Sassanids' fortification in Petra. It has been established that the circulation of Sasanian coins in the region was mainly related to the payment of the wages to the garrison and was seldom used for the trade with the local population.

Rendering the Forms of Displacement

Author(s): Roma Madan Soni / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Kuwaiti sculptor Sami Mohammed in his reflective show ‘Displacement’ moves from creating monochrome bronze sculptures that display specific regional catastrophes, toward offering thirty multi-hued contemporary paintings based on the notion of displacement in a global setting. He images the effects of globalization. Sami transitions his work to this “polyglot” culture in which his consciousness links the dissimilarities to synthesize the immigrant, the exile, the tourist, and the urban wanderer - the dominant figures of contemporary culture. He reflects on aspects such as “altermodernity,” constituting a “translation-oriented” modernity. His intervention, in kaleidoscopic styles and techniques, defines fragments of “medium-space-time.” He maps these as he wanders through continents and locations while he positions himself in translatable moving and affected environments. The global stage turns into a platform for an interchange of multitude portrayals of the world, in which Sami’s translation of ideas and imageries play a crucial role in dialogue that will give rise to a new shared intelligibility.

„Hej, kolęda, kolęda”, czyli niezbędny komentarz do antysemickiej maski

Author(s): Magdalena Zych / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2022

The point of departure of the presented text is a polemic with Adam Leszczyński’s Facebook entry condemning the inclusion of a photograph showing a mask of a Jew among a group of carollers (supposedly without a commentary), featured at the Ethnographic Museum in Cracow. In her reply the author of the text, simultaneously one of the Museum curators, not only explains the intention of including this particular depiction into museum space but also reconstructs the entire complex context and history of the motif of the Jew mask among the carollers. At the same time, she poses a question about the role played by an ethnographic museum and the limits of publicistic commentary (and associated abuse)."I found masks showing Jews and Gypsies, present in assorted caroller groups, disturbing. Upon numerous occasions I was asked why do we show such caricatures? What about the feelings of Jewish and Romani visitors, facing such depictions of themselves and asking: is this my museum, a museum about me?How did the Jew character find himself among carollers? Did this take place when older carol singing became linked with the Church ritual theatre? How did the Jew-rabbi appear amidst the canon of carollers (together with King Herod) or the Jew Trader among those singing together with the turoń? Perhaps this is a distant trace of the commedia dell-arte, an echo of the Pantaloon (Venetian trader) dramatis persona and the Servants? Or is the reason entirely different? It is worthwhile to exploit the opportunity provided by the omittance of the commentary on the part of a recognised journalist and historian, as well as his propagation of false information about its absence. The crux of the matter is, after all, the existence of a mask portraying a Jew as pars pro toto of the entire permanent ethnographic exhibition. This is not the first time when the nature of this object, i.e. the disguise and hence the disclosure of exiting but concealed contests, makes itself known. The context of the ethnographic museum constitutes an excellent backdrop for such reflections”.

‘ascendere a sommi gradi … cumular infinite ricchezze’/ ‘ascending to great heights ... cumulating infinite riches’. Legal education and professional careers in the State of Milan (16th–18th century)

Author(s): Daniela Buccomino / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The proposed contribution aims to fill some historiographical gaps on the legal formation of the 'power elite' of the State of Milan in the Modern Age in light of the changing cultural and institutional context. The main focus of the research, which is part of broader research on the history of the University, is the relationship between the training of Milanese graduates in law at the Alma Ticinensis Universitas and the careers they pursued within the magistracies and judicial institutions at the territorial level. This is also in consideration of the role played by jurists in Lombard society (16th-18th centuries). Through a series of concrete cases of ruling families, an attempt will be made to answer specific questions, such as the value of the doctoratus obtained at the Studium Publicum of the State of Milan and the role of the social class for the conferment of certain public offices and the performance of specific professions.

Od Samoobrony do Agrounii. Wiejskie ruchy społeczne po 1989 roku

Author(s): Michał Wenzel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2023

The term “rural social movements” is used in different meanings, so a consistent definition is needed to conceptualize political rural social movements. They are a remnant of the agrarian socio-economic structure. The late and incomplete industrial revolution in Central and Eastern Europe and the incomplete collectivization of agriculture in Poland, compared to other countries of the region, preserved some pre-modern forms of mobilization. The aim of this article is to present the concept of rural social movements and to illustrate it with examples: they are the politics of protest, carried out by Samoobrona and Agrounia. Rural social movements are contrasted with both traditional (old) movements and new social movements. They are located on the sidelines of the main socio-political cleavages, and their actors contest the elites en bloc.

საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკის სამხედრო ორგანიზაციის შეიარაღება 1918 წელს

Author(s): Archil Chachkhiani / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

The article discusses the issues of armament of the military organization of the Democratic Republic of Georgia as of 1918. This is both the regular army and the People’s Guard, and both, light and heavy weapons are discussed.By 1918, the state of armament of the military organization of the Democratic Republic of Georgia was at its peak. It should be noted that the personnel of the armed forces of the other Transcaucasian republics, Armenia and Azerbaijan, aswell as the Ottoman Empire were provided with nearly the same types of indi- vidual firearms and artillery weapons. However, the Ottomans were outstanding in terms of the number of large-caliber siege artillery. As for the powerful technical means of firepower and infantry support, such as armored trains and armored cars, and even more so - aviation, the advantage of the Georgian side was obvious. Georgia was the only country in the region to have a fleet of armored trains, armored cars and aircraft by 1918.

საერობო ხმოსანთა არჩევნები ზუგდიდის მაზრაში (1920 წ.)

Author(s): Bakur Lashkhia / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

In November 1917, the National Council of Georgia passed a resolution on national reform, according to which a three-stage national system was to be introduced in Georgia: a small national-territorial unit, uyezd and province, or district.National elections were to be held under a universal (regardless of gender), direct, equal, secret and proportional system.On February 10, 1918 the Transcaucasian Seim began to work and urgently established the Commission of Local Government and Self-Government. On February 18, the Secretariat of the Nation’s Introductory Instructor was established, which began establishing national uyezd commissions.On October 16, 1919, Chairman of Zugdidi Board Leo Shengelaia resigned from his post, and the Zugdidi Board asked the Georgian government to hold new elections of voters in Zugdidi Uyezd. On January 25, 1920, a second national election was held in Zugdidi Uyezd. There were 65,728 registered voters in Zugdidi Uyezd. 20,841 voters participated in the election; 19 ballots were declared invalid.The results for different political parties were as follows: Social-Democratic Workers’ Party of Georgia: 10,436 votes; National-Democratic Party of Georgia: 2,890 votes; Socialist-Revolutionary Party of Georgia: 5863 votes; Revolutionary Party of the Socialists-Federalists of Georgia: 1,633 votes.

ქართველი ერის პეტიცია (1921-1922 წწ.)

Author(s): Levan Jikia / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

In February-March 1921, Soviet Russia occupied and annexed the Democratic Republic of Georgia. The Soviet mode was established in Georgia. The brutality of the occupation regime affected all social strata of the society. Disturbed by this, the Georgian society drew up a petition in 1921, with which it addressed the world community and demanded the withdrawal of the Russian occupation army from Georgia (signatures on the petition continued until April 1922). More than 31,000 people signed the petition. The geography of the signatories was quite extensive and included different regions of Georgia, except for Tbilisi. Among the signatories were people of different political views, religious beliefs and social strata.It is not known to us whether the said memorandum was sent from Geor- gia or not, and whether there was any reaction to it. It is a fact that it took 70 years to change the Soviet mode in Georgia.

საუნივერსიტეტო განათლება და ეროვნული პოლიტიკა სამცხე-ჯავახეთში

Author(s): Merab Beridze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 1/2023

More than thirty years have passed since South Georgia, Akhaltsikhe, Akhalkalaki has been living with university life. From the 70s of the 20th centuries, Tbilisi State University and its young scientists headed towards the south. Even the most long-distanced village was penetrated by young energy.The capital rediscovered Meskheti, which has always been a symbol of patriotism and national identity, the origins of Georgian culture.In 1990, Akhaltsikhe, as a branch of Iv. Tbilisi State University was established. Along with it, by one order, eight educational units were established in different parts of Georgia.Only Akhaltsikhe has withstood the test of history, which has survived to this day as the State University of Samtskhe-Javakheti. It is located in two geographical area - Akhaltsikhe and Akhalkalaki and it continues the ancient educational traditions that accompanied with Meskheti throughout history.The university was established as a regional educational institution and it has the ambition to create the future of Samtskhe-Javakheti together with the regional administration. New jobs appeared and this was connected with university establishment. This process continues.Non-Georgian graduate students study together with Georgians at the university. Armenian youths go through a one-year state program, after which it is no longer a problem for them to study in the state language and get a relevant specialty. That is why Samtskhe-Javakheti State University has a special importance in the process of learning the state language and integration of national minorities with the state. As a result of all this, the state language performs its function in non-Georgian-speaking administrative institutions, where university graduates have already employed in regional management bodies.The university contributed to the development of many fields that were critical in the 90s of the 20th centuries, therefore the development of the higher institution, the creation of new specialties and directions is related to the requirements of the region. The role of the university in the development of various fields of art, literature and publishing activities is also important in Meskheti.

PRL, blok sowiecki i międzynarodowy terroryzm: uwarunkowania tajnych relacji w okresie zimnej wojny

Author(s): Przemysław Gasztold / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3 (3)/2023

During the Cold War, Western states repeatedly accused the Soviet bloc of supporting international terrorism. The declassification of many documents from the archives of the former intelligence services in Central and Eastern Europe has made it possible to verify these accusations and has also made it possible to take a broader look at the links between the socialist states and terrorist groups. The aim of the article is to present the factors determining the establishment and maintenance of secret contacts between the Soviet bloc states and terrorist organisations, to indicate the genesis of these contacts and to present their actual course, and in this context also the experience of the People’s Republic of Poland against the background of other communist countries.

The People’s Republic of Poland, the Soviet bloc and international terrorism: the determinants of secret relations in the Cold War period

Author(s): Przemysław Gasztold / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (3)/2023

During the Cold War, Western states repeatedly accused the Soviet bloc of supporting international terrorism. The declassification of many documents from the archives of the former intelligence services in Central and Eastern Europe has made it possible to verify these accusations and has also made it possible to take a broader look at the links between the socialist states and terrorist groups. The aim of the article is to present the factors determining the establishment and maintenance of secret contacts between the Soviet bloc states and terrorist organisations, to indicate the genesis of these contacts and to present their actual course, and in this context also the experience of the People’s Republic of Poland against the background of other communist countries.

A Reform Approach to the Transformation of the Economy of the Republic of Ghana

Author(s): Karim Naama / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

For most of the 1970s and early 1980s, Ghana experienced economic instability characterized by declining yields, rapidly rising inflation, and increasing trade imbalances. Production declined due to migration of skilled labour, collapse of capital structures, and destruction of the entire infrastructure. These factors reflected a set of external factors and inappropriate internal policy indicators. Despite the policy of protectionism, most of the large state-owned enterprises caused huge losses to the government, and financing with bank loans became necessary. By 1983, the year in which the economic reform programme began, Ghana’s economy was wrecked and destroyed. Signs of total collapse were everywhere. Wages were 13% below the 1975 real levels, and overall investment was less than 4% of its gross domesic product (GDP). The state of the economy improved in late 1984 as a result of government efforts to build and rehabilitate airports.

Новооткрити подписи на зографи върху две икони от 1738 година, произхождащи от старинното селище Арбанаси

Author(s): Plamen Sabev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

My research concerns icons, wall paintings, religious texts, church utensils, and carvings preserved on Bulgarian territory. A priority in this regard is the history of Tarnovgrad (present-day Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria) and its near and far surroundings. Some time ago, I was looking for answers to questions about the artists in the churches of the cultural and historical village of Arbanasi. I revealed the presence of the name HRISTO, as well as the work of a second stranger named Artist. In the Regional Museum of History in Veliko Tarnovo, two icons are kept (No. 325 ΗΙ/TOM, No. 435 ΗΙ/TOM) on which two identical signatures of the same unknown artist have been preserved. Greek texts: first line, Uncial: ‘X’ (with the barely visible sign ‘=’); second line: ‘K’; third line: ‘Ҁ’; fourth line: ‘T’; fifth line: ‘N.’; sixth line: ‘A’; seventh line: ‘Δ=’; eighth line: ‘1738’; ninth line: ‘μ’; tenth line: ‘απ[...]λλ[...]ος’; and eleventh line: ’30’. The second signature has similar content: first line: ‘Х = К Ҁ Т N’, second line: ‘АΔ=1738’, third line: ‘μ’; and fourth line: ‘απ[...]λλ[...] ος 30’. The correspondingly preserved letters in both icons give rise to possibilities for their interpretation. First thesis: The handwriting in both signatures is undoubtedly identical, but due to the forms of abbreviations used, there are assumptions about their reading. The first letter ‘X’ can be taken as the beginning of a standard attribution formula: ‘Χεὶρ Κωνσταντίνου’ = Κ[ΩΝ]Ҁ[ΑΝ]Τ[Ί]N, translated as ‘by the hand of Constantine’ (or Costa). However, ‘X’ can also mean an initial letter for the name Χριστο, and, accordingly, ‘AΔ’ in the second line can be rendered as αδέρφια (brothers). At the end of the text, the date of completion of the iconostasis with the icons belonging to it is presented: 1738, ‘μ’ – μήνας, απ[ρίλι]ος, or 30, month of April, 30th day. Second thesis: ‘X=’ can mean Χριστο (Hristo the Educator); ‘K’ – Κωνσταντίν/Kώστας (Daskal /Teacher/ Kosta); ‘Ҁ’ – Ҁόιο or Στοίο (Stoio/Stoyu); ‘N.’ – Νέδιο (Nedyo II/Nedyu II); and ‘Δ’ – Δραγαν (Dragan). Often, only the initials are written on the works of artists. This is for the purpose of encoded information that remains clear only to God’s eyes. At first glance, the handwriting of the icons stored in the Veliko Tarnovo Museum resembles that of the works of the well-known Daskal Hristo. In my previous publication, I noted that this second author is very close to the first master, but with his own individual characteristics. If we logically assume that ‘K’ means Kώστας (Κosta), then he is the second Educator and the author of the considered icons at the same time. The recorded month suggests that they were made in a studio at the end of winter, and perhaps the entire iconostasis was assembled with the onset of spring, in the third bright week after the Resurrection of Christ (13 April 1738). An additional collection of signatures and studies from archival documents, as well as analyses of icons and frescoes after restorations, would shed more light on the authorship and activities of this atelier.

Нов принос в регионалните изследвания. Рец.: на: Николай Тодоров. Овчарската аристокрация. Икономиката на Котел и Добруджа през 30-те – 40-те години на XIX век

Author(s): Ivan Rusev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Милко Ст. Палангурски. Иван Пеев Плачков (1864–1942): един просветител и публицист в политиката

Author(s): Hristina Hristova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

Eschatologie a spása v bohemikálních sporech duše s tělem

Author(s): Věra Soukupová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2023

The paper provides an analysis of eschatological themes in medieval debates between body and soul related to the Kingdom of Bohemia. The oldest poem (after 1320) emphasizes the particular judgment as the dominant eschatological horizon, probably under the influence of the Processus Sathanae. The old Czech translation of Visio Philiberti (ca. 1370) seems to avoid the description of physically conceived pain of a separated soul and stresses the absence of God as the worst punishment. The third old Czech debate (end of the 14th c.) underlines the loving bond between human composites, further accentuated in a contemporary Latin prose debate between body and soul by the archbishop of Prague John of Jenstein in his Liber dialogorum.

Gérard Chaliand, Arnaud Blin, Historia terroryzmu. Od starożytności do Da’isz

Author(s): Krzysztof Izak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

Marek Górka, Istota bezpieczeństwa cybernetycznego w polityce państw Grupy Wyszehradzkiej w latach 2013–2017

Author(s): Małgorzata Kudzin-Borkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 24/2021

Една колекция килимчета във фонда на Националния етнографски музей.

Author(s): Chavdar Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2022

The text attempts to analyze a group of smooth-woven rugs from the collection of the NationalEthnographic Museum. Originating from North-Eastern Bulgaria, probably made by Turkish immigrants, these products are in contrast with the development of carpet making in our country. Dedicated to the smaller carpets, foreign publications and catalogues also mention the environment or place of use. Bulgarian researchers rarely emphasize this question from the topic. After a systematic description of the examples in the National Ethnographic Museum, two hypotheses have been proposed regarding the purpose – a pillow cover or a prayer mat. The analysis takes into account the conceptual, territorial and time frames. The assessment of reference points takes into consideration the aspects of creed, design and manufacture.