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“OUR VILLAGE WAS PROCLAIMED A TOWN”: GRANTING OF URBAN STATUS TO MAJOR SETTLEMENTS IN STARA PLANINA REGION IN THE THIRD QUARTER OF THE 19th CENTURY

Author(s): Ventsislav Muchinov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The article addresses an insufficiently studied issue in Bulgarian historiography – that of granting, in the third quarter of the 19th century, of an urban status to the most significant settlements from the period of the Bulgarian National Revival located in the Stara Planina (Balkan Mountain) region, such as Gabrovo, Troyan, Dryanovo, Tryavna, Elena, Kotel etc. The study elucidates the reasons behind the policy pursued by the Ottoman authorities in granting urban status and developing public works in the major settlements of the Balkan Mountain region. The article discusses the attitude of the local Bulgarian community to this policy and analyzes the role of the new urban status for the further demographic and socio-economic development of the settlements in the Stara Planina region.

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THE ROLE OF SOFU MEHMED PAŞA’S COMPLEX IN THE URBANIZATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF SOFIA AS AN ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE IN RUMELI

Author(s): Paulina Andonova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The Ottoman sources give evidence about the role of the Black Mosque complex (nowadays the church “Sv. Sedmochislenitsi”) in the urbanization of Sofia and the establishment of the city as an important economic, political and religious centre in the Balkans. It was constructed in 1548 by the donation of the Ottoman vizier and Rumeli beylerbey Sofu Mehmed Paşa and designed by the great architect Mimar Sinan. Located on the periphery of the city, in the valley (dere), called Pınarcık, between the modern Graf Ignatiev Street (Samokovsko chaussée) and Tsarigradsko Chaussée Boulevard (the Road of the Ghazis), the complex of Sofu Mehmed Paşa was constructed on an empty site. The zâviye of the famous Halveti Şeyh Bali Efendi also emerged along the Samokovsko chaussée in the 1540s. The building of the Black Mosque külliye and the zâviye led to the settlement of Muslim population in the empty plot around the two cult centres and resulted in a new neighborhood formation called Imaret Mahalle. This study aims at tracing the stages of utilization of the extra-urban space of Sofia towards the 1540s, emphasizing the interaction between the Rumelian beylerbey and vizier and the Halveti Şeyh in the context of the religious policy of the Ottoman authorities.

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‘EUROPE’ AND THE ‘BALKANS’ IMAGES AND NARRATIVES IN THE CULTURAL STRATEGY OF “PLOVDIV – EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE 2019”

Author(s): Zlatina Bogdanova / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The paper reviews leading narratives and practices that construct specific images of the ‘European’ and the ‘Balkan’ in the intercultural program of ‘Plovdiv – European Capital of Culture 2019’. The argument is based on studied models in intercultural communication: building images of ‘native’ and ‘foreign’ in narrative strategies. The campaign “Plovdiv – European Capital of Culture 2019” was conceived and implemented as an intercultural interaction between Europe and Plovdiv (Bulgaria). Therefore, at a collective level, narratives can stabilize the identity as well as emphasize belonging to a particular cultural and social space (but they can also mark boundaries – ethnic and cultural). The paper draws particular attention to the role of the cultural industries in representing the city as the European Capital of Culture. The research methodology includes observation and participation in specific trainings, projects and events related to the campaign.

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THE ANTI-URBANISM OF SERBIAN COLLABORATORS IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR

Author(s): Bisser Petrov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Anti-urbanism was an organic integral part of Serbian collaborators’ ideology and propaganda in occupied Serbia during the Second World War. The quisling Prime Minister General Milan Nedić and his henchmen considered the ‘corrupt city’ as an incubator of all putrefactive and noxious to the Serbiandom external agents. They sought a natural antidote in the highly idealised Serbian village and its patriarchal way of living, preserved since the Middle Ages. These beliefs, however, were neither new, nor original: their roots could be traced back to the pre-war period, when anti-urbanism had been imported and ‘enriched’ by some representatives of the Serbian extreme Right and Orthodox clergy. Eventually, all the regressive and obscurantist plans of the Serbian collaborators for a complete transformation of Serbian society onto a purely rural basis, logically failed, simply because their realisation needed no more, no less, a special time machine to bring Serbia back to the glorified past.

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LA « MINORITÉ MUSULMANE » EN THRACE GRECQUE: LE CONTEXTE SOCIO-ÉCONOMIQUE ET RELIGIEUX (1990-2019)

Author(s): Aikaterini (Katerina) Markou / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

The aim of this paper is to present the main factors that contributed to shaping the situation of the Muslim minority in Greek Thrace during the first decades of the 21st century. We will firstly refer to the educational reforms and changes introduced by the Greek State during the 1990’s and their impact on the Muslim minority in the following years. The next question is related to the socio-economic situation of Muslims in the context of the economic crisis and Memorandum policies implemented since 2010 focusing mainly on Muslim migration to Europe. We will also examine the issues of religiosity-or the new religiosities- that emerge within the minority with reference to the religious realities developed in Turkey over the past 20 years or so.

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THE ISSUE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF THE CITY OF ROUSSE IN THE BULGARIAN-ROMANIAN RELATIONS

Author(s): Spaska Shumanova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

The crisis that broke out in the Eastern Bloc in the second half of the 1980s, the foreign- and internal economic problems of Bulgaria and Romania, the exhaustion of the mechanisms for their practical solution, the formalization of personal contacts between Todor Zhivkov and Nicolae Ceausescu, influenced the Bulgarian and Romanian diplomacy, which prove incapable of solving the escalating environmental problem of gassing the city of Rousse. For the sake of the socialist solidarity of member-states the Warsaw Treaty Organization and the use of Todor Zhivkov as a “a link” between the USSR and Romania, the problem of the environmental pollution of Rousse by the chemical plant “Verahim” in Giurgiu has been silenced for a whole decade (1981–1991), despite the indisputably proven presence of unacceptable concentrations of chlorine ion, which is harmful to the health and life of the citizens of Rousse. The positive consequence of the bilateral political and diplomatic stalemate, in which the Bulgaria and Romania fall is the emergence of the first public protests, the announcement of the environmental problem in Rousse by the media, and the emergence of the first dissident organization in Sofia – Public Committee for Environmental Protection of the City Rousse (8 March 1988).

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İdeolojinin Türk Hukukuna Yansıması: Komünizm Örneği (1923-1960)

Author(s): Engin Çağdaş Bulut / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 27/2020

From the establishment of the Republic of Turkey until the military coup in 1960, the judicial system has been changed many times for various reasons. One of these reasons is to fight against harmful ideologies. A revolutionist idea threatening the regime like communism is one of them. Believing that communism would endanger the state’s future, measures were taken through enactment of constitution,laws, decrees, and the mechanisms of censorship and prohibitions. In situations in which punishments are insufficient, Communism, is considered as a crime of thought and an act of incitement to revolt,and to subvert the government and changing the regime. In this context, people accused of communist activity or propaganda were subject to heavier penalties. However, works for the inclusion of ideological crimes in the laws have continued as well. The situation of communist or anti-communist movements in the world has been monitored and measures have been taken in the fight against communism and finally the ideology has reached a de facto enemy position starting from the NATO accession process. While the attitude towards communism between 1923 and 1960 has been examined at five phases, the change in Turkish penal laws, decrees, and freedom of thought have indicated the extent that ideology plays a role in government policies. The support of judiciary and law enforcement agencies were necessary for the implementation of these policies. Thus, ideology has affected not only the society but also the fields such as law,justice and judiciary, and has been one of the actors in the formation of these laws with its shaping effect.

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За значението на prudentia (φρόνησις) в ранния XIII век

Author(s): Oleg Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 26/2020

This article is devoted to the early commentators on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics in the Early 13th century in the Latin Middle Ages. The choice of this century is not accidental, as the metamorphoses that Aristotle’s ethical teachings underwent in the face of the Christian moral paradigm are an extremely interesting phenomenon for researchers. The early commentators of his text accidentally found themselves in an extremely intriguing, but also very complex and ambiguous standpoint in their attempt to determine the nature of the moral, not only in a Christian context but also from a new perspective - Aristotle’s ethical teaching. They attempted to discuss in detail the problem with the nature of practical rationality and the related decisions and actions against the background of the Christian idea of blessedness. These decisions and actions were relevant to the discussion of the nature of virtues and, above all, to the question of happiness in the aspect revealed by Aristotle. For this reason, they had to take on a difficult task – to theoretically substantiate the boundaries of the concept of prudentia (as the Latins translated φρόνησισ) in the thirteenth century.

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Бежанци в Хасковски окръг след Ньойския договор 1919 г.

Author(s): Violeta Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The refugee issue was one of the most important after the end of the First World War. For Bulgaria, after the signing of the Neuilly Peace Treaty, this problem marked the entire post-war decade. Thiscontribution traces the specifics of the refugee and migration flow inthe Haskovo region in the 1920s on the basis of a number of studies on the subject, archival documents, materials from the local press and official statistics.

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Dinu C. Giurescu (1927-2018)

Author(s): Cristina Roman / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2020

Born on February 15, 1927, Dinu C. Giurescu was to become one of the leading historians of Romanian society. With a tradition of great historians in his family (his paternal grandfather, Constantin Giurescu, and his father, Constantin C. Giurescu were historians), during the communist regime, Dinu C. Giurescu was not admitted as a professor at the Faculty of History of the University of Bucharest. In March 1988, the historian Dinu C. Giurescu and his family emigrated to the United States of America. Following the invitation the dean of the Faculty of History, Zoe Petre, addressed him, to join the staff at the Department of Romanian History, Dinu C. Giurescu returned to the country in the summer of 1990. Forty-one years after graduating from college, in October 1990, the historian Dinu C. Giurescu began teaching at the Faculty of History. Where, as he confessed, he wanted to enter as a graduate assistant since 1949, after completing his university studies.

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Maria Iliescu (1927-2020)

Author(s): Adriana Costachescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2020

On January 21, 2020, Prof. Dr. Maria Iliescu passed away (92 years old). One of best European specialist in the field of Romance languages, Maria Iliescu has substantial contributions in the description and classification of the Neo-Latin languages, with a particular focus on French, Friulan, and Romanian (history, characteristic linguistic traits, semantics, and pragmatics). She made clear that several ‘individualities’ of Romanian, sometimes attributed to a linguistic Balkan influence, can be found in earlier phases of some Neo-Latin languages (such as old French) or several Romance dialects (of Italian, Spanish, Rhaeto-Romanic). Maria Iliescu taught mainly at four universities (Bucharest, Craiova, Innsbruck, Trento) but, as visiting or substitute professor, she gave academic courses at the universities of Zurich (Switzerland), Kiel, Munich, Düsseldorf, Köln (Germany), Gant (Belgium). She supervised an important number of graduation thesis and doctoral dissertations. She was Vice-president (2001-2007) and then President (2007-2010) of the Société Internationale de Linguistique Romane (Strasburg).

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„Fratele mai mare”. O nouă contribuție la studierea relațiilor româno-sovietice

Author(s): Gheorghe Onisoru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2020

This is a review of Vasile Buga' book Lumini și umbre. Relațiile economice româno-sovietice, 1965 – 1989.

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Epidemic and the Individual: Renaissance Understandings of the Plague in View of Modern Experiences

Author(s): Paul Richard Blum / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Epidemics are a challenge to individualism. While we tend to think of illnesses in terms of personal suffering and choices, plagues affect communities and societies over long times. Epidemics turn the perspective to the collective, the transcendent, and the external, and fear, therapy and care become universal, rather than individual. These are the lessons we can gather from Renaissance philosophers’ theories of epidemics. Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) gave “Advice against the pestilence” by emphasizing the harmony of body with the environment (air and the planets). Girolamo Fracastoro (1477–1553) produced the first description of “Syphilis,” both scientifically and poetically. He invented the name for that contagion. He saw sexual activity as one of the typical behaviors among fellow humans. Care for one’s health requires respect for the others; and blaming others (as in ‘French disease’) is useless. Jean Fernel (1497–1558) called for strictly medical research into epidemics; at the same time, he acknowledged the insufficiency of data; hence the title of his book De abditis rerum causis (“The hidden causes”). Thus, he explained the irrational behavior of populations and some scholars. The task is to live with uncertainty and to contain epidemics by containing the unknown.

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Tommaso Fiore e i corvi di Varsavia

Author(s): Alessandro Ajres / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2020

The book is the commentary of the second trip that Tommaso Fiore made to Poland in 1953. He enthusiastically confronts what he considers enormous progress compared to his first stay (1948) with and, speaking with some representatives of Polish society, he explores various topics such as agriculture, the state-religion relationship, the freedom of intellectuals. A rare and detailed account of what was the Poland of the Fifties seen through the eyes and categories of a great historian.

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Narodziny polskiej myśli narodowej – z perspektywy włoskiej

Author(s): Ewa Litwin / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article aims to present the work of Daniele Stasi regarding the birth of Polish nationalism. The book was published in 2018 in Italian by FrancoAngeli as Le origini del nazionalismo in Polonia. The author puts forward some theses concerning the process of national building in the period preceding the partitions of Poland, which represents terminus a quo for his analysis of the ideologies related to the national issue and rebirth of Polish state. Terminus ad quem of the author’s analysis is Roman Dmowski’s Myśli nowoczesnego Polaka. Based on rich and interdisciplinary literature, Stasi’s work aims to fill the gap in Italian historiography, related to the birth of Polish nationalism.

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Kira jako (nie)obcy. O protagoniście mangi „Death Note” Takeshi Obaty i Tsugumi Ohby

Author(s): Jarosław Dobrzycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The article analyzes the alienation of the main character of the manga series Death Note, who owns the Death Notebook referred to in the title. The said notebook allows to kill any person. Drawing upon the theses of Michel Foucault related to the rights of monarchs of bygone times to condemn individuals to death, and to ritualizing death itself, the author of the article shows Kira as a continuator of the said monarchs. The motif of death from the hands of another person is indicated as a form of revenge for harms suffered by one, based on considerations by Jean Baudrillard. The text also aims to show that comic books are not just entertainment for the masses, but can convey serious content instead.

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CULTURA ȘI CIVILIZAȚIA ROMÂNEASCĂ ÎNTRE FASCINAȚIE ȘI ADEVĂR

Author(s): Marinela Doina Nistea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The culture and civilization of a country is its spirit, inherited from previous generations and which future generations will have to preserve, enrich and pass on. Although they are different through the geocultural space, the culture and civilization of the peoples represent a patrimony of the whole humanity, through which they are understood and known. Similarities and differences are not enough. In order for a nation to exist as a separate entity, it needs its special elements, the things that make it unique. In this article, we present some aspects regarding the Romanian Culture and Civilization curse from the Preparatory Year ofUTCB, where foreign students have to learn Romanian as a foreign language in order to be able to follow a higher education program in Romanian.

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TATTOOS AND TABOOS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Author(s): Raluca Ghenţulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

When communicating with people from other cultures, one has to pay attention to their verbal and non-verbal messages. Besides what they actually say, it is equally important to notice what they do not say, what gestures they make – or avoid making – and what other ways of expressing themselves they resort to. Tattoos and taboos are two of the key factors that are worth taking into consideration when dealing with people from other countries, as they may reveal interesting aspects of their personality and culture. Both tattoos and taboos have ancient origins and reach the deepest levels of humanity. They can explain how we have evolved as acultural species endowed with the power of communicating both through language and through images or gestures. This article aims at presenting the importance of tattoos and taboos for understanding the core features of a culture, with a view to improving intercultural communication.

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За македонските българи в Истанбул (1913 – 1989)

Author(s): Boryana Buzhashka / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

After the establishment of the independent Bulgarian state, the Bulgarian colony in Istanbul was composed mainly of those who came from Macedonia. During the different periods of Bulgarian historythe colony numbered from 2000 to 5000 people. Throughout the period, its guild character was preserved - gardeners, bakers, dairies, shoemakers. The colony was politically disoriented and depended entirely on Turkish rule and temporary Bulgarian-Turkish relations. Some of the settlers were under the influence of several Macedonian Bulgarian organizations. They had a very clearly expressed and preserved Bulgarian national self-consciousness. After 1944 until today, the Bulgarian authorities have considered the colony in Istanbul as a Bulgarian diaspora in Turkey, a factor for the preservation of the remaining Bulgarian exarchate properties and an important part of the Bulgarian-Turkish diplomatic relations.

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Георги Младенов (1931 – 2020): жизнен път и обществена дейност

Author(s): Stoyan Germanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Biographical notes on Georgi Mladenov (1931 – 2020), honorary member of the Macedonian Scientific Institute. He lived in Canada for the last years of his life. He is a generous donor and supporter of the Bulgarian cause in the historical-geographical region of Macedonia.

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