ARISTONIK I "DRŽAVA SUNCA”, I. DIO

Author(s): Salmedin Mesihović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

The transitional epoch from the period of the Middle Republic to the Late Republic (centered on the year of the plebeian tribune Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, 133 BC) abounded with social and democratic movements.Some of these movements acquired very radical forms. One such movement was led by Aristonicus, who claimed the crown of the Pergamon kingdom. He gathered those who wanted to change the social order and establishment. In the ϐirst part of the article about Aristonicus and his„Sun State”, original epigraphic and literary sources are discussed.

DVOJEZIČNA BUJURULDIJA MEHMEDA HUSREV-PAŠE IZ DOBA PRVOG SRPSKOG USTANKA

Author(s): Velida Mataradžija,Mehmed Kardaš / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2017

This paper analyses Bosnian beylerbey Mehmed Khosrew Pasha’s buyuruldu sent to knezes and orthodox priests in the nahiye of Mačvaof the kadilik of Šabac on June 30th, 1806. This document is part of V. N. Korbalev’s collection (Coll. N°372, N°8) archived in the National Library of Russia in St. Petersburg. The bilingual text of the buyuruldu with the seal of Mehmed Khosrew Pasha was written in the Ottoman language, in the Diwani script, and in the Bosnian language, in an atypical version of the Bosnian Cyrillic graphy. This paper discusses the buyuruldu, contextualizing its production and offering a short analysis of its historical, linguistic and cultural aspects. The role of Mehmed Khosrew Pasha and his activities on the pacification of the First Serbian Uprising are also taken into consideration.

О градитељима православних цркава у Босни и Херцеговини у вријеме аустро-угарске управе

Author(s): Ljiljana Ševo / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

Even though between 1878 and 1914 more than two hundred Orthodox churches were constructed or rebuilt in Bosnia and Herzegovina, today we know only around twenty names of their architects. As opposed to the Catholic churches, whose projects were entrusted to prominent architects of the Provincial government, usually to Josip Vancaš, for the construction of Orthodox temples they were employed only occasionally – Johan Kellner and Josef Czerny for the building of the Seminary in Reljevo1883-1884, Josef Czerny for the church in Reljevo 1886, August Butsch for the church in Blažuj 1897, and Rudolf Tönnies for the facade of the Metropolitan headquarters in 1898.Some churches were built according to the prototype projects of anonymous engineers of the Austro-Hungarian administration. Even when they were recorded, the names of the architects of Orthodox churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina which were built during this period, offer scarce information to the modern researcher, since they are not found elsewhere in other sources. It is probable that these were capable local builders, and only in two cases it is recorded that they were Serb engineers. It is considered that the church in Pale was built according to the project of the famous painter Lazar Drljača, and the similarity of this church with those in Maglaj, Gornji Dragaljevac and Gornje Zabrđe lead to the conclusion that they were also built according to Drljača’s plan.

Плячка и военна икономика през първите десетилетия на Второто българско царство: някои казуси

Author(s): Francesco Dall’Aglio / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

This research is dedicated to a specific aspect of the formation of the second Bulgarian kingdom and the Asenides dynasty, that is the economic base that allowed them to successfully organize an insurrection against the Byzantine empire and to create an independent state, not only able to guarantee its own survival but also to significantly enlarge its boundaries. This was made possible especially owing to a well-organized army, that could also benefit from the assistance of the Cuman cavalry. While those elements are well known, and are the subject of countless studies, it still remains a mystery how the Asenedis were able to organize their enterprise, what economic means they relied upon, and what was their social status before the uprising. According to the account of the French chronicler Robert de Clari, Kalojan (whom he mistakenly considers the organizer of the uprising, instead of his older brothers) was able to bring the Bulgarian elite to his side because he was “rich” and could “bestow gifts” to his followers. It therefore seems clear that Peter and Asen had been affluent and powerful local lords, although the origins of their wealth and power is not disclosed in the sources. It is also unclear what agreement had existed between them and the Cumans, save from the fact that, according to Choniates, Peter had promised them an easy campaign and rich plunder. At the same time, war loot had been one of the main sources of income for the rebels, when their state could not yet rely upon effective taxations and a valid system of recruitment. Consequentially, the silence of the sources leaves us with a number of questions, which are very difficult to answer. Where did they get their large income? How important was the role of plunder in the fast growth of the Bulgarian power? What was the economic structure of the lands that formed the heartland of their dominions, and how was its commercial economy integrated with the military? The paper will provide some hypotheses, making use in particular of the sources that detail the establishment of the second Bulgarian kingdom and the first decades of its existence.

Капитулациите и режимът на чужденците в българското пространство през Късното средновековие

Author(s): Ivan Bilyarski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2025

This article examines the status of foreigners in Bulgarian territories during the late Middle Ages, focusing particularly on the existence and nature of a capitulation regime. The study traces all relevant documents regulating relations with key trading centers such as Dubrovnik (Ragusa), Venice, Brașov, and Genoa. Through these sources, the article analyzes the legal frameworks and practical implications of foreign presence and commerce in the region.

ТРАКИЙСКА ГРОБНИЦА ОТ МЕСТНОСТТА „ПРОПАДА‟ В СТРАНДЖА – ФОТОГРАМЕТРИЧНО ПРЕДСТАВЯНЕ

Author(s): Bozhidar Stoyanov,Emanuil Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 24/2024

This article presents a photogrammetric approach to the study of a Thracian domed tomb located in the Propada area in the Strandzha Mountain. Numerous challenges and difficulties encountered during the research are discussed, as well as the solutions applied, which contribute to the unique character of the study. The obtained results can serve as a foundation for further investigations of the examined site.

ПЕТЪР – ДИПЛОМАТ И КНИЖОВНИК ОТ IX-ти ВЕК, СЪДИЯ, СРОДНИК НА КНЯЗ БОРИС-МИХАИЛ И „ВЕЛИК КУРАТОР НА АРХОНТА НА БЪЛГАРИЯ“, ЧЕРГУБИЛЯ И ЧЕРНОРИЗЕЦ

Author(s): Trendafil Krastanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 24/2024

In the present study, the man of letter Peter Chernorizets is identified with a Bulgarian diplomat and writer from the 9th century, who was appointed as a comit, chergubilya and “great curator of the archon of Bulgaria Boris-Mihail”. In the summer of 866, the envoy Peter was sent to Rome with 115 questions to Pope Nicholas I and again he personally brought to Bulgaria the famous “Responses of Pope Nicholas I to the questions of the Bulgarians”, interpreting them together with other boìls before the ruler. Later, as a monk (Chernorizets), he wrote words and teachings that have no equivalents in Greek, but have textual borrowings from the “Responses of Pope Nicholas Ι to the questions of the Bulgarians” A.D. 866.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ В ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОБЪЕКТОВ И ФРЕСКОВОЙ ЖИВОПИСИ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ

Author(s): Tatiana Strokovskaya,Olga Philippova,Nataliya Lobacheva,Andrej Dmitriev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 24/2024

The article is devoted to the study of historical artifacts using unique facilities and the methods of physical and chemical researches. It became possible in the Laboratory of Neutron Physics of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Russia, Dubna), to obtain new information from the archaeological, pictorial and the others kind of sources, have already studied, as well as introduce into scientific data the groups of artifacts, that were previously invaluable as informative sources due to various reasons.

Carașova. A small fortress between two superpowers

Author(s): Silviu Ion Oța,Liana Oța / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

A lot of information about the medieval stone fortress of Carașova can be found in the historical and archaeological literature since the 19th century. Its name (Krassófő vár) was confused with another fortress, with a similar name (Krassóvár). The fortress of Caraşova is situated on the territory of Carașova commune, in Caraş-Severin County. It was built on the Grad hill in the gorges of the Caraș River. In the Middle Ages, it was part of the Wallachian Carașova Districtof Caraș County. The fortress was built of stone, on the top of a hill, basically a large limestone cliff with several slopes. The first trustworthy data about the fortress date back to 1323 when Caraşova was ruled by master Nicolae, who was, at the same time, chatelaine of Vršac. As a result of archaeological excavations, it was observed that it has three phases of construction. In each of them, the area of the fortress was increased. At the beginning, during the 14th century, Carașova was built as a small royal fortification. In the 15th century it became an important centre in support of the anti-Ottoman struggle. In the 16th century, as a result of successive attacks and destruction, Carașova had the status of a small border fortification. According to the latest research, in the 16th century it was partially destroyed after an Ottoman attack that can be dated most probably during 1551-1552. After the middle of the 16th century, Carașova became an Ottoman possession, near the border with the Principality of Transylvania, more precisely with its southwestern part, known as the Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș. Towards the end of the same century (1595), the fortress was most probably completely destroyed by the Transylvanians.

Vlad the Impaler, Târgoviște and the Fortress of Bucharest. A Hypothesis

Author(s): Radu Carciumaru / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Vlad the Impaler has received special attention from historians. However, some aspects of his reign have not yet been scientifically exhausted. The specific moment of leaving the princely court of Târgoviște in favour of Bucharest remains one of the most obvious examples. In the present study, we will focus on this issue, trying to demonstrate that the move of the residence to Bucharest occurred much earlier than we thought and is not directly related to the fight against the Ottoman Empire.

Publishing Activities of the Chernihiv Eparchy (the 19th and Early 20th Centuries)

Author(s): Oleksandr Tarasenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The article is dedicated to the history of publishing activity in the Chernihiv diocese in New time. The basic stages of development are analysed. Reasons of decline of diocese printing-house and publishing activity are certain at the end of 18th - the beginning of 19th centuries, her gradual fading to the middle 19th century. The circumstances of revival of publishing activity of the Chernihiv diocese are considered in the second half of 19th century.

Первостепенное значение нравственности в «Этике» Петра Кропоткина и в его отношении к революции (по книге Вячеслава Маркина «Неизвестный Кропоткин»)

Author(s): Sergey Saytanov / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 2/2024

In his last major work, "Ethics", Pyotr Kropotkin summed up the reflections of his entire life, both on the future construction of an anarchist society, and on setting the main priorities in matters of paramount importance of moral values for its emergence and existence. And he considered the emergence of a new ethics, which should be based on a new high morality, to be the main such priority. Morality for Peter Kropotkin is the most significant part of ethics; it is both beauty and harmony, both in nature and in the future anarchist society. In his book “Ethics”, Pyotr Kropotkin intended to outline only the main ideas, but he laid the foundation for the whole direction of the new anarchist morality.

Научна конференция с международно участие „Текст и исторически контекст“

Author(s): Elena Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

В КРИВОЛИЦИТЕ НА ЖУРНАЛИСТИКАТА И ДИПЛОМАЦИЯТА: ПАМЕТ ЗА ГЕОРГИ МАТОВ

Author(s): Hüseyin Mevsim / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2024

This text sets itself the modest task of restoring the memory of Georgi Tsonov Matov (1909–1961) – an undeservedly forgotten figure in the field of Bulgarian journalism and diplomacy in the years before and immediately after the World War II. He was born in the village of Krushovitsa, Pleven region, into the family of an active agricultural political figure with a dramatic fate, and in 1931 he completed his nine-year studies at Robert College in Constantinople. Returning to his homeland, he entered the service of the Press Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Denominations. On the eve and in the midst of the Second World War, he served as press attaché at the Bulgarian Royal Consulate in Constantinople (1938–1942), when he established close friendly relations with figures from the Turkish intellectual and political elite. He welcomed the Ninth of September as a member of the Fatherland Front, and a little later he was appointed diplomatic representative in Tirana. On the pretext that he had ceased to be an active member of the Fatherland Front, after a little more than a year he was recalled from the Albanian capital. The real rupture of the hereditary farmer Georgi Matov with the new government that had strengthened its positions in foreign and domestic politics occurred on the last day of 1947, when he was dismissed from his position in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to spend the rest of his life in his native land in material insecurity, mental anxiety and isolation. The experienced journalist and skillful diplomat, fluent in English, French, Turkish, Serbian and Italian, was struck down by a double heart attack at the age of 52. This text also introduces his correspondence from Constantinople to the newspaper "Pladne" (1929–1931), which were his first steps in the field of journalism.

RETRODIGITALIZACIJA I INTERPRETACIJA GRAMATIKA TISKANIH DO SREDINE 19. STOLJEĆA

Author(s): Diana Stolac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 17/2024

The history of European languages records centuries of printing grammar books that described the structures of languages in search of the best models of description. This article highlights two grammatical strategies identified in the first grammar books. The first is an attempt to describe language according to a model that offers the structure of Latin as the language of European education. Another strategy is a comparison with other European languages. Both of these strategies are confirmed by Croatian grammar books published by the middle of the 19th century. The corpus consists of grammar books published between 1604 and 1812. (authorsare B. Kašić, L. Šitović, A. Della Bella, M. A. Relković, I. Szentmártony, J. Voltić, F. M.Appendini, and Š. Starčević). It turns out that both strategies have positive and negative effects on each subsequent grammatical description. The basic grammatical categories that were found to be inadequately described were analyzed. In the analyzed grammar books, the number of cases is singled out, with an emphasis on the relations of genitive-ablative, dative-locative, and terminology. Only the first grammar book that describes the structure of the Croatian language independently from Latin or some other European language (German or Italian) offered a grammatical description with less liability caused by the grammatical structures of the second language. In order to be able to analyze other grammatical categories, i.e. the entire grammatical structure, it is necessary to enable the availability of historical grammar books. In this part of the paper, the retro-digitalization project RETROGRAM is presented. The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text and their connection with facsimiles. The user will be able to browse grammar book facsimiles, read transcribed or translated texts, and search them by predetermined parameters (which allow conjugation and declension paradigms searches).This project offers a model for similar future research not only in Croatian but also in European philology.

Щрихи към бизнес историята на Българското възраждане: предприемаческата активност на Атанас Симов през 70-те години на XIX в.

Author(s): Ivaylo Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2024

The current text is an attempt to shed light on the entrepreneurial activity of a little-known person – Atanas Genkov Simov (1832 – 1897), born in Kalofer. He was a distant relative of the prominent merchant Hristo Petkov Tapchileshtov who was also born in Kalofer and settled down in Istanbul. Atanas worked for Taphileshtov as an agent. He was responsible for purchasing and forwarding clarified butter form the town of Sofia and the nearby villages. The research is based on commercial correspondence (63 letters) and 3 contracts written in Bulgarian language. The bulk of the letters encompasses the period from the summer to the end of 1874. Several other primary sources give some information about Atanas’ entrepreneurial dealings in 1873 and in 1875. The mentioned documents give us interesting evidences of the everyday life of a typical commercial agent from the period of the Bulgarian National Revival. Moreover, it is evident that he possessed entrepreneurial mentality and particular economic culture.

Сенчестата страна на полуцивилизования човек: бележки из архива на холандския философ на историята Йохан Хьойзинха

Author(s): Asya Sokratova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2024

The article is intended to highlight little-known aspects of the activities of the Dutch philosopher of history Johan Huizinga, who, in the period before and during the Second World War, as rector of Leiden University was subject to anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi pressure. The study is centered on his correspondence and articles, including his speeches at the conferences of the International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations organized at the time when Hitler came to power. A focus is then placed on Huizinga‘s last book, written while he was a prisoner of the Nazis and published posthumously. With it, the famous intellectual academic brings attention to the emergence of the „semi-civilized man“. Why and to what extent this new phenomenon is the main challenge for the future of Europe is one of the questions this article tries to answer.

Участието на Борис Цонев в състезанията по изкуствата в Берлин 1936 г. – принос към олимпийската история на България

Author(s): Emilia Vitanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2024

A significant influence on the development and enrichment of the arts competitions for the 1936 Olympic Games was the presence of German political propaganda, which aimed to manifest the power and strength of the German political, economic and socio-cultural model of government. This is one of the reasons for including dance competitions in the official cultural program, even though they are not approved by the International Olympic Committee. Undoubtedly, this fact later had its influence on a large part of the Bulgarian and foreign scientific publications, which relied on official IOC sources, rejecting German publications.The aim of the study is to present new information about the historical participation of Bulgaria and the dance troupe „Bulgarian Kitka“ and the choreographer Boris Tsonev in the first dance competitions in the arts held at the XI Olympic Games in Berlin, in which our country won the Olympic gold medal.Several areas of information gathering are covered: a study of foreign literature, a review of all publications by Bulgarian researchers in the field of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria that present information on the subject. In terms of methodology, all the information found in scientific and popular sources was systematized and processed based on the biographical method, content analysis, comparative and critical analysis.This publication presents newly discovered information, in Bulgarian and foreign periodical publications, which enable an attempt to reconstruct the events in order to clarify the participation of Boris Tsonev and the ensemble „Bulgarian Kitka“ in these competitions. These discoveries will shed light on the history of the Olympic movement in Bulgaria and form a new perspective in the discussions on the subject discussed by other contemporary researchers of the Olympic movement.

Изложба „Истории“ на Лаура Димитрова и Стефан Алтъков

Author(s): Marieta Konova / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 2/2024

The text is an interpretive analysis of the artworks of the artists Laura Dimitrova and Stefan Altkov, created in the period 2022–2023 and presented in a general exhibition “Stories” in various gallery spaces in the country. The exhibition takes on a different look in each exhibition area, it is rearranged and its individual components and details are added, removed or replaced in order to achieve a spatial arrangement of the “narrative”. The artworks are characterized by a unique plastic language for each of the artists, individual preferences of means of expression and materials, but the exhibition acts as a dynamic andcomprehensive work of visual arts in the spirit of postmodernism of the XXI century.

Символизмът в творчеството на Александър Мутафов (1879–1957)

Author(s): Ivo Raykov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

Alexander Mutafov is one of the most recognizable names in Bulgarian fine art. He began his creative career as a painting student at the Royal Academy of Art in Turin. After completing his education in Italy, he went to specialize in painting in Munich. In Turin and in the Bavarian capital, Mutafov became part of the contemporary artistic pursuits of the era. It is inspired by the modern discourse of symbolic poetics. In the solitude of individualism and in decadent culture, he discovers that personal and intimate path to selfexpression, to the materialization of his inner world and the depths of his creative emotionality. The symbolistic searches in his work can be divided mainly into two directions: on the one hand, there are those in which we find the clear parameters of individualism (lonely human figures by the sandy shore, violinists overhanging the sea abyss, portraits of his relatives presented in the characteristic symbolism external forms mourning lonely grave women), on the other hand are those in which the author looks into the mythological image and the supernatural world (demons, mythical deities, sea sirens, the image of death, personifications of heavenly bodies and natural objects). As one of the significant representatives of marinism in Bulgarian art, Mutafov’s symbolic works unfold in front of the sea or in its depths. Forever inspired by the beauty of the Bulgarian Black Sea, the artist looks into the mytho-poetic topos associated with it. The vastness of the sea itself will take the form of a symbol, be sometimes alluring, sometimes sinister, and often beguiling to doom, or compassionate and kind, like a close friend. The sea often comes alive, through its turbulent and dark waters or through the calm reflections in the frozen water, in an experienced and deeply felt work.