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The author looks into the question of the new organization of prisons in Bulgaria as a necessary condition for the modernization of the newly liberated Bulgarian State. Detailed acquaintance with the different systems of imprisonment in the advanced countries made possible the drafting and passing of a law and regulations for the prisons. Several new prisons were built, and most of the old were reconstructed so as to meet the new requirements. Within a few decades Bulgaria made a step forward as regards prison organization. The lack of sufficient funds was one of the most modernization of this institution but conditions were for the future establishment of a stream-lined organization comparable with the advanced countries.
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The article examines the life and socio-political career of Dimitar Tonchev (1859–1937).It follows up his first steps in the political field in Eastern Roumelia, his participation in the formation of the Liberal Party after the Reunification (1885) as one of the leaders of the South Bulgarian Liberals, in the United Legal Opposition and as leader of the Young Liberal Party from 1904 to 1920. Dimitar Tonchev was minister in eight Bulgarian cabinets and chairman of the 3rd Grand National Assembly (1887) that elected Ferdinand as Bulgarian Prince. As minister in the cabinet of Dr Vassil Radoslavov (1913–1918) he was sentenced by the Third State Court in 1923. In 1898 Tonchev was elected corresponding member and from 1900 he was regular member of the Bulgarian Learned Society (now the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences). He was the author of numerous works on jurisprudence, including his Commentary on the Law of Obligations and Contracts in eight volumes, Commentary of the law of Inheritance in six volumes, etc. He was decorated with the Order for Civil Merit, the “St. Alexander” Order, etc.
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The text and the translation in Bulgarian are published of an unused report on the political relations between the Bulgarian King Constantine Tih Assen and the Neapolitan King Charles d’Anjou. Mention is made in the published source of a so far unknown mission to Tarnovo in early 1275 of the abbot of Monte Cassino, Bernard, who had to ensure mutually advantageous co-operation between the Bulgarians and the people of Anjou in the period immediately after the Second Council of Lyons. Bernard failed to fulfil his task because he was generously bribed by the interested Byzantine Emperor Michael Palaeologus. The consequences of this unsuccessful mission are yet to be established by the researchers by a more detailed study of the Neapolitan archives for the period.
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The present article aims at arousing the scholars’ interest in Joseph Bolgarinovic, a man of probable Bulgarian descent who played an important role in the Russo-Lithuanian struggle for supremacy over the lands stretching from the Baltics to the Lower Danube in the late 15th century. Joseph was an archimandrite of the Holy Trinity monastery near Minsk; later he became bishop of Smolensk; finally, with the help of the Roman Catholic Grand Duke of Lithuania, Joseph became metropolitan of Kiev and Lithuania. The Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III, who strove to establish his sovereignty over the Eastern Orthodox population of Lithuania and to bring in under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the metropolitans of Moscow, refused to recognize Joseph’s ecclesiastical rank and had him accused of heresy. In reality, Joseph was a staunch supporter of Eastern Orthodoxy and succeeded in getting the ancient privileges of the Eastern Orthodox diocese of Kiev restored. Yet he opposed Ivan III’s policy of bringing the Orthodox Christian in Lithuania under Muscovite control. Furthermore, unlike his two Bulgarian predecessors at the head of the diocese of Kiev, Cyprian and Gregory Tzamblak, Joseph did not subscribe to the idea of an ecclesiastical union between the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches.
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The tobacco industry in Stara Zagora had traditions already during the National Revival but the first independent tobacco factories started work in the 1880s. Its greatest achievements were in the period between the two World Wars. A leading role was played by the “Sluntse” factory of the H. Draganov Brothers and the “Tsar Osvoboditel” factory of Kunyu Pashoolou and Sons. In the middle of the 1930s they ranked third in output after the Plovdiv tobacco cartels. Together with the enterprises of the food and beverages industry they gave Stara Zagora the features of a town of the light industries.
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This article follows up the debate in progress of late in Western Europe of the question of the history of the national idea. Special attention is paid to the writings of Benedict Anderson, Ernest Gellner and Eric Hobsbawm, the authors who have played a principal role in the process of giving new meaning to the idea of the nation and its history. The author of the article claims that Anderson is write to see in the nation an “imaginary community”. The nations come in the world as part of the process of state development. Behind that, however, stands a still more global process – the development of capitalism. At the same time in the article are considered also the suggestions about the existence of the nation, the so-called by Anderson “imaginary community” and nationalism in the former Soviet Union in the context of the view that an invariable link exists between capitalism and nation in the process of their development.
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A comparative analysis is made in the article of the position of the Bulgarian and Hungarian minority communities within the boundaries of Romania in the period between the two world wars and the historical conditions which connected their political movements are presented. On the basis of available sources and publications are analyzed the bilateral links with their prerequisites, causes, development, results and effect. The theme is elucidated against the background of the attempts to create a political bloc of the minorities in Romania, the Romanian national policy toward the minorities, the respective foreign policies of Bulgaria and Hungary and of the international relations with reference to the problems of the minorities during the period. The culmination of Bulgarian-Hungarian links occurred on the eve of the by election of a senator in the district of Kaliakra (Dobrich) in 1930 when at the request of activists of the Bulgarian minority the Hungarian Party rendered assistance in nominating a Bulgarian candidate independent from the Romanian parties. This episode in the contemporary history of the minorities question in Southeast Europe is regarded as a regular expression of ethno-political co-operation between two minority groups in the conditions of an ethno-central reality.
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In 1963, in his article “V. Levski’s Formation as a Revolutionary” A. Bourmov reported that it represented a generalized exposition of the work prepared by the author “Formation and Initial Activity of the BRCC”. Pieces of information about that and about the author’s plans for a study on the revolutionary movement within broader chronological limits are found also in A.Bourmov’s personal archives. There a full manuscript of the envisaged book is absent, though. The questions of its contents, in their majority, were elaborated and published by the eminent Bulgarian historian of the revolutionary movement in the 50s, between 1960 and 1966 in the journal “Historical Review” and in the “Bulletin of the Institute of History”. He engaged in active work on the theme of L. Karavelov, his ideology and revolutionary activity in the preparation of the three-volume publication “Selected Works” of Karavelov (1954–1956) where in Volume III is included his preface to this theme (1956). His occupation with L. Karavelov’s creative work, with his publicistic writings in particular, as well as the discussion that began in the 50s on the BRCC, the ideology of Levski and Karavelov and the relations between them were of decisive importance for the scholar to draw conclusions different from the earlier once on the BRCC, Levski and Karavelov. These circumstances determined A.Bourmov’s decision to return to the problems of the BRCC which he had examined in his book dedicated to it (1943), preceded by articles of Levski’s activity and to revise some of his views on fundamental issues. In the present article are reviewed the published parts of A.Bourmov’s unfinished book, his new findings and elaborations on the basis of hitherto unused Bulgarian and foreign sources and his contribution to the clarification of the controversial questions concerning the early history of the BRCC, the ideological course of Levski and Karavelov and their joint work on the new organization up to the middle of 1871. A.Bourmov’s following publications are analysed: the two already mentioned articles on the ideology of Karavelov and Levski, the two parts of his work on the Clandestine Central Bulgarian Committee (the third, promised by the author, about its historical importance and role has not been published), as well as his articles “The Bulgarian National-Revolutionary Movement and the Bulgarian Emigration Bourgeoisie in 1867–1869”, “Did the Central Revolutionary Bulgarian Committee exist in Bucharest in 1869–1872”, “L. Karavelov and the Establishment of the BRCC in Bucharest”, and his last, posthumously published work “The Struggle for Ideological-Revolutionary Purity of the BRCC in Bucharest (1869–1871)”. These are all pieces of research that refer to the core of the problem of the foundation and initial activity of the BRCC, prepared by the author as parts of the planned work. In her historiographic study Kr. Sharova pays attention to the following interpretations, new both for A.Bourmov and for historical science, of the problem: 1. A. Bourmov now – and for the first time in the historical literature – shows in greater detail and accurately the gradualness in the evolution in the political and organizational views of Levski and his progress to the idea of the BRCC (in the past, and some people even nowadays, believed that his new ideas emerged all of a sudden). 2. At variance with his previous studies he now provides abundant documentary material on Karavelov’s most energetic participation in creating and defining the ideology and organizational views of the BRCC. 3. He proves that the BRCC was set up in Bucharest in the first half of October 1869 (earlier he accepted April 1870) by Levski, Karavellov and a group of former participants in the “Young Bulgaria” group, that the two worked together in it and the Committee was active up to 1872 (earlier he regarded Levski as the main initiator and sole creator of the idea of the BRCC and the internal committees and that no co-operation existed between him and Karavelov. 4. A.Bourmov follows up step by step the state of the emigration and the inner differences n it, stressing Karavelov,s major role in overcoming the residues of dualistic, chetnik and other moods and for the first time establishes that this was one of the factors also for Levski to stand aloof from the persona who did not accept the new principles of the BRCC. 5. Without hesitation he characterizes Karavelov’s ideas revolutionary-democratic and assumes that they were the main source for the formation of Levski as a revolutionary and a democrat. (This was absent in his former works.) On account of the great importance of these researches of A. Bourmov, the authoress of the article suggested that they should be published as a separate book.
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The formation of a Dobroudja emigrant women’s movement in the period between the two World Wars was a major political success for the Bulgarian national cause. The principal task of the movement was to make people aware of the injustice inflicted by the Treaty of Neuilly with respect to Dobroudja and of the need for its peaceful revision: the return of Dobroudja to Bulgaria. The main activity of the society for the population of Southern Dobroudja and its liberation, accompanied charitable, cultural and educational work both among the Dobroudja emigration and the entire Bulgarian society. The movement made a modest contribution to the positive solving of the Dobroudja question: the return of Southern Dobroudja to Bulgaria in 1940.
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The authoress presents unknown documents from files, now no longer kept secret, of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. The documents indicate that from January 1935 to August 1939 the USSR evinced no interest in Bulgaria. From August 1939 to November 1940 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Ussr tried to establish positions in the country but without taking into consideration Bulgarians strivings.
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The article is dedicated to the questions of the emergence and starting years of the present Institute of History of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. It is divided into several parts: brief introductory words, a short survey of the development of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences from 1911 to 1947, respectively to 1949 when appeared and was established the Institute proper, called then Institute for Bulgarian History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, the solving of its main tasks during that period: the formation of groups of translators of the Greek and Latin sources, the writing of the first comprehensive two-volume “History of Bulgaria”, the formation of the first periodical publications of the Institute and the establishment of its initial international links. The principal conclusion of the author about the development of all these themes sound most topical. It is proved above all that in point of fact the transformation of the Academy after the Second World War from a closed organization into a broad system of scientific units and consequently the establishment of the Institute of History were not only imposed by the activities of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and of the expansion of its fundamental tasks. This called for a bigger team of scholars not only with high academic degrees but also of lower ranks to start work on these tasks. Of this convincingly speaks the fact that already in 1943, in the first and most: important branch of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – that of history and philology – it became necessary to appoint assistants who should engage in the preparation of a full dictionary of the Bulgarian language and then in the translation of the foreign sources of Bulgarian history, etc. By adding new tasks the Institute of History has grown into a big and authoritative centre for national Bulgarian and general history. Without such a centre no scientific life exists in any developed country at present.
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The paper considers the Bulgarian church policy of the late 13th c. and the place of Girolamo d’Ascoli (Pope Nicholas IV) in it as envoy of the Curia Romana to the Balkans in the 70s of the 13th c., on the eve of the Second Council of Lyons and the time of his pontificate. On the basis of numerous source data and documents it is endeavoured to present in detail the Bulgarian stand and to follow up its evolution during the years immediately after the conclusion of the Lyons Union. Four messages connected with Girolamo d’Ascoli are included in the paper: of 1274 issued by the office of Pope Gregory X, dedicated to the mission in Constantinople, and the other three, issued by office of Pope Nicholas IV himself: to the Serbian Queen Helena, to the Bulgarian King Georgi I Terter and the Bulgarian Patriarch Yoakim III. The texts are not unknown to science but they are presented for the first time in a critical edition (the first message), with corrected Latin original, full Bulgarian translation and abundant comments and codicological notes.
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