„Háborítatlanul lakni valahol, ahol az én összes »motyóm« [...] megfelelő helyen, együtt van.” Egy építész lakhatási karrierje az 1930-as évek Budapes

Author(s): Judit Valló / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 58/2014

The study surveys the housing career of Budapest architect Károly Hegedős between 1933 and 1939, based on his diaries and reminiscences richly illustrated with floorplans and drawings of interiors and furniture. Hegedős started his life in the capital living hand to mouth from one grant to another in a room for weekly rent. The first part of the study focuses on the two sides of the coin: families making ends meet by marketing part of their property for tenants on one hand, and tenants renting rooms due to a lack of regular and sufficient income on the other. The second part of the study follows the architect’s housing career to the next phase, when he was able to rent a studio for himself. His reminiscences contain ample description and criticism of his immediate environment in an apartment block in Újlipótváros (Budapest’s thirteenth district). This is followed by an account of the period following his years of studio accommodation, when Károly Hegedős married, developed a steady professional career, and thus was able to move into a modern two-bedroom flat with his wife Erzsébet Stoffa. This section provides an analysis of the interpretations of gender and spousal roles in the growing Hegedős family, as well as the difficulties arising from the modern double-income family model in this period. Hegedős’ diary is used to compare the costs of living in rented rooms, studios or multi-bedroom accommodation with contemporary earnings. The housing career described in the text begins in rented rooms for a young man with irregular income, through a studio flat for the single educated male, to the rented two-bedroom flat for the family man. Based on the diary, the study also examines these life models and the ways they were associated with certain types of accommodation.

„Hologramy Ciemności” — Paula Celana teodycea po Shoa

Author(s): Ewa Borkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2018

Paul Celan’s (1920–1970) poetic cartography builds on the “holograms of darkness” (thus addressed by Amy Colin, an American Celan scholar), the metaphorical constellations which map the experiences of suffering, twilight and death. The poetry “after Shoa” of the Romanian poet of Jewish descent, writing in German, constitutes a particular landscape of his musical “death fugue” in which human suffering is depicted in surrealist images that silently express of the trauma of the Holocaust. Celan’s theodicy is created as the “rhetoric of the ineffable”, a silent dialogue with the Other (Lévinas) but also the absent Other, the No one with whom the poet converses and who becomes the addressee of his “poems-prayers” or “no-poems” (noems), as he calls them. It is the absent Other the poet worships and celebrates in his “poetry of silence”. Language also experienced suffering but was “enriched by it” and now can be heard “on the other side of silence”. Celan’s poetry is firmly anchored in the memory of the Holocaust and Jewish people’s traumatic experiences. To soothe his pain, the poet constantly returns to the “Brunnenland”, his birthplace located in Bukovina where he always found the spring that fueled his poetic soul and heart. The poet’s favourite metaphor is that of the meridian which marks the reference place on the cartographic grid of all his poetic images.

„Holt magyarok istápolója”. Száz esztendeje született Mikecs László

Author(s): Péter Halász / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 2/2017

The study presents the works of László Mikecs, a linguist and historian who passed away at the age of 27 in the soviet prison camp of Taganrog in December 1945.

„Horizontalna kolaboracija“ - intimne veze žena sa nemačkim okupatorom u Srbiji 1941-1944.

Author(s): Ljubinka Škodrić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 1/2013

Intimate fraternization with occupying forces was typical phenomenon for all territories under German occupation during World War II. Although it depended on the regime of occupation, number of the occupying forces and general sympathies towards Nazism, it became the most detested form of collaboration. Women fraternization with Germans was condemned since it was considered betrayal of national and patriarchal norms and morals. Cutting of women’s hair became a method of punishing women for intimate relations with German soldiers by Ravna Gora Movement during the occupation. On the other hand, after liberation, People’s Liberation Movement organized trails for women charged for ’horizontal collaboration’. Punishment by cutting hair as well as post-war trails, beside real charges for sexual relationships had, in numerous cases, background in ideological disapproval. Concealing ideology behind sexual charges was an attempt of women gender degradation and deprivation of their right on equality and emancipation. The gender differentiated treatment of collaboration was an attempt to re-establish male dominance and traditional gender roles.

„Hozott a legatus második expediciojából”

Esettanulmány a segélykérő körutak gyakorlatáról

Author(s): Mária-Márta Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: III-V/2010

We get more familiar with the subsequent details of the Transylvanian Reformed Diocese assembly’s resources, together with the subsistence of the holy communions service since the 18th century general practice, and least but not lastly the distressed circuit’s modus operandi. The assemblies in the cases of bigger mischief or expenses, not only drew on slush-funds from the members of the parish, but they asked for the subservience of parishes in a narrower and broader apprehension. The present study undertakes, among the only ones, the analysis of the influence on the gathering trips of relics’, which is presented through the Kézdimátisfalva (Mătiseni) parish’s service reminiscence and archive sources. Usually the gathering trips’ turn came with the building operations and rectification of churches, but in the case of fire or war destruction, the parishes’ patrons and assemblies, past to bounties, helped the deadbeats with vessels and textiles. The synod has determined the donation circuit’s legitimate proceedings for several times, the deadbeat letter had been displayed by the Gubernium with the intervention of the Consistorium Supremum. In the reformed parishes did not evolve rich collections, because the assembly’s vessels that were beyond usage had been appropriated to the poorer ecclesiasts. With the help of some data about the inventories and services known by me, I succeeded in justifying the intervention of distress in several assemblies – primarily in the second half of the 18th centuries’ Hunyad-Zaránd parishes that have been plundered for several times. During the 1778 fire, the service of the Kézdimátisfalva church had been significantly damaged, that time the relic-chest together with the relics in it, belonging to the caretaker, completely burned down. In the first half of 1779, there had been taken place two gathering trips, the emissary being Keresztes Ferenc at both times. We do not know the period of the first circuit, but going by the donation, it must have weltered in the Hunyad-Zaránd Diocese, in the outskirts of Déva (Deva), where, from the parishes (Déva) and form the donations of noble families (Barcsai, Kun, Naláczi), have been gathered a very rich service. In April 1779, Keresztes Ferenc from Márkosfalva (Mărcușa), has gone to a charity trip, that time in the Maros Diocese, which is confirmed by the donation of Toldalagi Pál. Throughout the gathering trips, the footed beaker and silver plates, that were in the property of the church, had lasted to the present day, just like the fire-survivor tin flacon, or the tin tankard, tin plate and the hexagonal tin flacon, that were a donation after the ravage.

„Hrvatska svijest“ zadarskog koledara Svačić

Author(s): Katarina Ivon / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 66-67/2012

This paper analyzes the presence of Croatian national identity in The Svačić Annual Calendar in Zadar. The calendar has been published in the early 20th century (1904- 1910). Through its publication it has managed to portray the change of national self- perception of their associates, which ranged from the the Croatian and South Slavic/ Slavic, which was linked with social and political context and politics oft he „new course“. Croatian identity presented in The Svačić Annual Calendar is based on two temporal and two spatial levels. In the context of temporal perspective, we distinguish historical perspective, which iz realized through heroism and sacrifice oft he last Croatian king Petar Svačić, and contemporary, respect to the then current perspective, which realizes through the need of permanent certification of the national (Croatian) identity of Zadar and Dalmatia in general. In the context of spatial level we can differ questioning of Croatian identity outside the home culture (Croats of Molise), and within its own national space.

„I litość bierze patrzeć na te turystki…” – ubiory sportowe i rekreacyjne w Galicji jako zjawisko odzwierciedlające przemiany mentalności

Author(s): Marta Kargól / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2014

In the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, a distinct development of physical culture took place, and a growing interest in sport and recreation was noted. Those changes were also observed in Galicia. The arrival of new forms of physical activity and the growing popularity of the already existing sports were accompanied by the transformation of customs and mentality. One of the most important issues accompanying the changes concerned clothing which had to be adjusted to safety requirements, hygiene and comfort. However, etiquette, aesthetics and ethics stood in the way. Additionally, the problem was dependent on the level of institutionalization and professionalisation of the sport and on the gender and social status of the participants. The co-dependence and the dynamics of changes taking place in the physical culture, sports fashion and mentality are presented in memoirs, press and iconography: painting and photography.

„I własnych cierpień pozostaję królem”. Dwa Ciała Króla i druga tetralogia Shakespeare’a

Author(s): Emilia Olechnowicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3-4/2016

Shakespearean dramas about English history – most frequently known as chronicles (histories) – can be perceived as a great study of the multiple aspects of the phenomenon of power, dealing with legitimisation and usurpation, loyalty and treason, and tyranny and helplessness. They are also interpreted as “mourning plays” in the sense proposed by Benjamin, in which the characters of the kings function as semi-allegorical dramatis personae waging a duel involving power and helplessness. The chronicles produce a vision of a world submerged in a crisis and eternally on the verge of war. They take place in a well-ordered world suddenly destroyed by violence or in a devastated world that has to be controlled by resorting to violence. Peace – assuming that it exists – is fragile, just as is authority, constantly threatened by intrigues and conspiracies, but also by the ruler’s inner weakness. Paradoxically, they thus tell a story in which sole power belongs to the monarch but cannot be effectively wielded by him. These histories accentuate also the irremovable dissonance between the majesty of the throne and the condition of the person sitting on it or, to resort to terminology introduced by Ernst Kantorowicz – between the King’s Two Bodies. The theory formulated in Elizabethan England was supposed to become a universal and unconquerable principle of the monarchy. Shakespeare, meanwhile, demonstrated vividly that it is wavering and easily questioned. In his second tetralogy he described the great crisis of legitimisation, whose outcome is an irreversible change in the comprehension of power.

„IAȘII SUB CUȚITUL HAHAMULUI”. ANTISEMITISM ECONOMIC ÎN PROHIBIȚIA CĂRNII TRIF (1867−1868)

Author(s): Mihai Chiper / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 52/2015

The present study is a page of economic micro-history of the city of Iași, focused on one of the most acute problems in the public agenda: the control of the beef market by the Jewish traders. The prohibition of the treif and kosher meat – the latter generically called in those days “passed through the hakham’s knife” –, an economic and social experiment implemented in Iași over a period of 10 months between 1867 and 1868, was the result of the decisions made by the local authorities under the pressure of the Romanian bourgeoisie. From a larger perspective, this action marked the enforcement of the idea of economic nationalism, which aimed, among other things, at taking the control from the hands of the Jewish entrepreneurs. By using the anti-Semitism entailed by the ritual of the kosher kitchen, prescribing differences in the food area and inevitably raising social, cultural and political barriers between the Jews and the non-Jews, the local authorities inflicted heavy losses to the Jewish businesses. Mainly, these dealt with the reorganization of the market on anti-competitive bases, laying on a legislation that represented a combined form of boycott, prohibition and segregation of consumption, on ethnic and religious criteria. From the perspective of the local officials, Romanians could not be humbled by being given a product that the Jews deemed inferior and impure (the treif meat), a fact established under the decisions of the city council of Iași. The results of the prohibition had a major impact upon the financial status of both the Romanian and the Israeli communities, leading to an artificial food crisis and to a social revolt situation. Forced by a powerful economic failure, the authorities gave up the anti-Semite economic policies, going back to the principles of free competition.

„Idea rosyjska” w ideologii Putina

Author(s): Andrzej de Lazari / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

It was Fedor Dostoevskii who introduced the category of “Russian idea” into ideological discussion. Today the category is again in its heyday in Russian nationalism and appears even in Vladimir Putin’s statements. Some believe that Putin puts Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s concept into practice. In my text I attempt to question this stance

„IDEA ZACHODNIA” I GEOGRAFICZNY OBRAZ „POLSKI PIASTOWSKIEJ” W POLSKIEJ POLITYCE PO II WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ

Author(s): Jakub Potulski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 25/2018

The aim of the article is to identify geographic and geopolitical images that areparticularly important to the Polish society (i.e. The Jagiellonian idea and the Westernidea), to indicate their sources, dynamics and use by political elites depending on thechanging external and internal context. The presentation of the dynamics of geopoliticalideas functioning within the Polish society and the analysis of ways to use them tolegitimize a specific internal and external policy is a case study showing the complexityof legitimization processes, and at the same time is to enrich knowledge about thedynamics of geopolitical images occurring within Polish society and used by politicalelites for achieving their goals.

„Ideea rusă” în politica externă a Uniunii Sovietice, 1939-1941, I

Author(s): Ioana Elena Secu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2016

Since the takeover of the Soviet power in 1925, by adopting an ideology tributary to the Tsarist roots, Stalin succeeded – the signing of the Moscow Pact (August 23, 1939) – to impose his own ‘russocentric’ policy. Through the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet-German partnership that followed (1939-1941), Stalin managed to create a replica of the Russian Empire at the western borders of the USSR. The extension of Soviet influence in the territories of eastern Poland, the Baltic States, Finland and Southeastern Europe (Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina) meant ensuring a restricted security sphere at the boundaries of the west of the Soviet Union. We believe that, for Stalin, the security of the Soviet state could be fulfilled only through the international political supremacy, an ideal followed by every russian vojdi (leader). In our study we observe whether and to what extent the role of the Russian idea– manifested by the need for supremacy – was decisive in designing and implementing foreign policy directions by Stalin during the Soviet-German alliance (1939-1941).

„Ideea rusă” în politica externă a Uniunii Sovietice, 1939-1941, II

Author(s): Ioana Elena Secu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 3-4/2016

Since the takeover of the Soviet power in 1925, by adopting an ideology tributary to the Tsarist roots, Stalin succeeded – the signing of the Moscow Pact (August 23, 1939) – to impose his own ‘russocentric’ policy. Through the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the Soviet-German partnership that followed (1939-1941), Stalin managed to create a replica of the Russian Empire at the western borders of the USSR. The extension of Soviet influence in the territories of eastern Poland, the Baltic States, Finland and Southeastern Europe (Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina) meant ensuring a restricted security sphere at the boundaries of the west of the Soviet Union. We believe that, for Stalin, the security of the Soviet state could be fulfilled only through the international political supremacy, an ideal followed by every russian vojdi (leader). In our study we observe whether and to what extent the role of the Russian idea– manifested by the need for supremacy – was decisive in designing and implementing foreign policy directions by Stalin during the Soviet-German alliance (1939-1941).

„Ili će Srbija biti republika, ili će prestati da postoji“ Ustavne promene u Srbiji 1989 (I)

Author(s): Kosta Nikolić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 2/2012

This article reviles the process of constitutional changes in Serbia in 1989. It descrivbe the events between the end of the Eighth session of the Central Committee o the Serbian Communist Party (1987) and the period of the fall of the political leadership in province of Vojvodina (1988). In the focus of the author’s analysis were the events known at that time as „Antibureaucratic Revolution“ which was started by the appaearance of the Slobodan Miloševic in power. It also describes the resistance given to changes in the Serbian Constitution by the leaderships of the two Serbian provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina at the time. In this very same period Slobodan Miloševic became the national leader of the whole Serbian people in Yugoslavia. In the Serbia proper, the biggest Yugoslav republic at the time, millions of Serbs came to the „rallies of truth“ devoted to the Kosovo issues, shouting Miloševic’s name. The atmosphere looked like the awakening from the religious trance. It turned out that Miloševic knew how to use the wave of nationalism, that swept all over the Yugoslavia, better than anyone in the political scene. This Serbian (Miloševic’s) national movement was celebrated like the newborn dignity of the nation. The Serbs believed that Miloševic was the one which have give back their national identity and the right to say that they were Serbian. This specific national „trance“ was strongly supported by the media: the most powerfull – The Belgrade Television and „Politika“ newspaper.

„Ilość” w historii

Author(s): Krzysztof Jasiewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 59/2009

Brzmi to trochę paradoksalnie, ale być może jedyną prawdziwą więzią doby Peerelu, łączącą tzw. władzę ludową ze społeczeństwem, było wspólnie żywione przekonanie, że straty polskie w II wojnie światowej były ogromne i nie miały swojego odpowiednika wśród innych narodów świata. Zawyżanie wielkości strat po stronie władzy dawało iluzję legitymizacji wewnętrznej, a dodatkowo — poprzez taką wykładnię polskiego wysiłku w walce z nazizmem — mogło poprawić jej międzynarodową pozycję. Po stronie społecznej trend ten był wyrazem naturalnej tęsknoty do mitologizowania własnej historii i kreowania Polski w sercach — po ekstremalnie traumatycznych przeżyciach lat wojny i okupacji oraz zdradzie sojuszników — jako nowej odsłony „Chrystusa Narodów”.

„Im się zdaje, że zapomnimy. O nie!” Rodowody rewolucji

Author(s): Marcin Zaremba / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 6/2016

Zaremba demonstrates how insurrections and revolts were commemorated in the 1970s, how those traditions were reproduced, and who remembered them. The article begins with a description of the events of December 1970, which would become important reference points for ideas on oppositional activism. Discussing the Poles’ collective memory of March 1968 and October 1956, Zaremba emphasizes the significance of World War II: a code of resistance and cooperation has emerged as a long-term consequence, resounding most clearly and most frequently in the myth of the Warsaw Uprising. The article concludes with a discussion of what Adam Mickiewicz called książki zbójeckie (robbers’ books) – a term Zaremba applies to writers such as Bohdan Cywiński, Andrzej Kijowski and Marian Brandys. They were robbers’ books because they altered the atmosphere of public life in the 1970s, reclaiming memories of political thought that had no official place in the Polish People’s Republic.

„Imaginea celuilalt” în variantă Est-europeană: Călătorii ruși și spațiul românesc până la 1848

Author(s): Marian Stroia / Language(s): Romanian,French / Issue: 19/2007

Although they offer a partial and often subjective picture of the space and society they cover, travel relations are still an important historical source of historical relations concerning the evolution of the Romanian people. The study proposes to present, in a succinct and sythetic way, the contribution made to the image described below by travelers (originating and citizenship) who have crossed the territory of Moldova and Of the Romanian Countries in a wide historical interval, from 1519 to 1848.

„Imperatywny znak zapytania”. Wat i dekonstrukcja

Author(s): Patryk Szaj / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 03/2017

The author tracks the affinity between the post-war writings of Aleksander Wat and Jacques Derrida's reflection. Both in the works of Wat, and in deconstruction, he finds a peculiar existential drama which consists in experiencing the chance of comprehension and the constant disintegration of sense, which both authors are honestly trying to face up to. Hence, Wat's writings and Derrida's thought are characterised by unique autobiographical qualities and by a (negative) dialectics of whole and part which aims to demonstrate openness, non-completedness, fragmentary nature or each of the existential projects. From this perspective three Wat's poems are interpreted: *** [If the word “exists”…] [Jeżeli wyraz „istnieje”…], Reminder [Przypomnienie] and Necelh ijdara, wherein the author of the paper sees a clear deconstructive “sensitivity”.

„Imperium sine fine”? Lacjum, Italia i granice rzymskiej ekspansji w okresie Republiki. Kilka uwag

Author(s): Maciej Piegdoń / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 3/2015

The success of Roman expansion in the Republican period and the durability of the Empire, which survived the fall of the Republic and continued to function for the next few hundred years under the rule of emperors, drew the attention of scholars in subsequent eras. In the famous Vergil’s phrase – Imperium sine fine dedi – Jupiter bestowed a dominion without limits on the Romans as the defenders of their friends, clients, allies and generally the weak. The majority of available accounts present the Romans as protectors. This is a result of a strong rhetoric of propaganda used by the Romans in order to justify themselves in the eyes of the contemporary and posterity alike. The conception of imperialism without limits was probably born in the middle of the 2nd century or more probably in the 1st century B.C. but both earlier and later Rome outlined the borders of the expansion (e.g. lands, rivers or seas).

„In allen Merkwürdigkeiten der Wenden-Nation“. Zur Konstruktion von ethnischer Alterität in der frühmodernen Sorbenkunde

Author(s): Friedrich Pollack / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2012

Until late in the 17th Century it appears that hardly any special attention was given to the Sorbs as a separate ethnic community by their contemporaries. This only started to change when in the third part of the 17th Century early modern scientific studies of the Sorbs started to develop, in the first instance carried out largely by Sorbian priests such as Michael Frentzel. They were the first ones to concern themselves with the creation of consistent forms of the literary languages, based on intensive linguistic research. They were driven by the need to provide Sorbian parishes at last with the most important religious, liturgical and devotional writings, around 150 years after the Reformation. The result of the ensuing upturn in the Sorbian religious book market was that large areas of the educated world now became aware of the Sorbs. From the beginning of the 18th Century representatives of regional historical research, for example Christian Knauth from Görlitz, began to recognize the independent status of Sorbian history and presented their investigations in what were sometimes very comprehensive monographs. Linked to this there immediately developed a strong interest in the customs and traditions of the Sorbs of the time, which led to the first ethnographic studies, not least as well to the earliest illustrated accounts of Sorbian culture.