We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Book review Francis Fukuyama, Identity: the demand for dignity and the politics of resentment, Profile Books, 2018
More...
The Persian Gulf crisis 2019-2020 is one of the challenges the international community is currently facing. After the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani, the crisis has taken on new dimensions, calling into question the effectiveness of the U.S. strategy and its legitimacy in the Middle East. In order to provide a better view of the relationship between the U.S. and Iran, we identified the main underlying causes that contributed to paramount animosities and the reputation for resolve, classifying them into several categories: geostrategic, economic, symbolic, etc. To decipher the actions taken by combatants in 2019 and 2020, we analyzed the strategies adopted, the miscalculations, the strategic costs involved, and how they impacted the future interaction in the Middle East. Having access to numerous American primary sources (press, American officials’ speeches, official releases), we used theoretical aspects of political psychology in order to highlight the U.S. strategic incoherence. In the case of Iran, we used secondary sources to demonstrate the unjustified Iranian assertiveness during the crisis. This paper aims to question the rationality behind the decisions taken by the leaders of the two states and to determine to which extent these decisions were the product of a solid and rational decision-making process or the product of cognitive rigidity. This paper also emphasizes that the inference that the other’s image is the product of aggressiveness, was the main reason why coercive strategies did not have the desired effect on the initiator.
More...
The Romanian-Yugoslav relations represent a study case as a result of the alternation between cooperation and mutual mistrust, the first coordinate being dictated by the historically close relations, while the second one came as a consequence of the doctrine of besieged city promoted by the communist regime. Despite the informational war that two regimes were fighting alike internally and internationally, the cooperation represents the dominant component, with a strong activity behind the public's eye, meaning the common initiatives in intelligence, security, and defense as well as strategic planning. Both representing the discordant actors of the Soviet sphere of influence, their cooperation has been long-termed dictated by the common threat of being politically aligned and later integrated into a unitary Balkan hybrid political project under Soviet rule.
More...
In the Austro-Hungarian period (1878−1918) in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH) an increasing number of modern pharmacies began to open. According to the regulations passed in 1878 and 1907, which regulated the pharmacy activity, the owner of a pharmacy could only be a Doctor of Chemistry or a Master of Pharmacy with a degree from an Austro-Hungarian university. Only a Master of Pharmacy or an assistant with an appropriate diploma would be able to prepare and dispense medications, in accordance with the current pharmacopoeia and list prices. Advertisements for various medications and preparations, mostly made in pharmacies throughout the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, can be found in printed publications from that period. Over time, the local pharmacists also began to advertise the products made in their pharmacies. The existence and availability of certain products were advertised that way, the people were getting used to it and the consumer market was being shaped. Advertisements often contained detailed health problems that could be cured or suppressed by the use of the advertised pharmaceuticals, so it could be said that they partly promoted health and disease prevention, and improvement of the health care system at that time. Pharmacists from BIH who advertised their preparations mostly made cosmetics, certain pharmaceutical drugs and preparations for domestic animals. Some products would be awarded at exhibitions, sold in the Monarchy and beyond, used by prominent people, and the existence of many grateful users would be stated. The cosmetic preparations would eliminate certain skin problems and contribute to the preservation of beauty. Pharmaceutical preparations treated or eliminated a number of different problems, contributed to oral, dental and hair hygiene, and some helped with domestic animals’ health problems. This could lead to the conclusion that BIH pharmacists tried, with their knowledge and the offer of preparations they made, to be competitive with the numerous imported products of other pharmacists from the Monarchy who also advertised.
More...
Review of: Nicolae Ecobescu (ed), România: Supraviețuire și afirmare prin diplomație în anii Războiului Rece, Trei decenii de relații româno-americane, Documente II, 1973-1978, Editura Fundația Europeană Titulescu, Bucharest, 2015, 741 pp
More...