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The Creativity of the Albanian Woman in Kosovo Expressed through Çejz

Author(s): Kaltrina Shllaku,Rrezarta Halili / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The rich Albanian cultural tradition has many peculiarities that have not been sufficiently documented. A special part of this tradition is the çejz, and especially the handicrafts made by women before getting married and handed over together with the dowry on the occasion of the wedding ceremony. The purpose of this research is to present this tradition among Kosovo Albanians preserved and handed down from generation to generation, despite regional variations. The work was carried out by collecting artefacts (handkerchiefs, tablecloths, bedspreads, etc.) in the field and photographs from the women and the museum, as well as interviewing different women from Kosovo regarding the way the work was done. Knowing the consequences of the last war in Kosovo, where many materials were burnt and damaged, it was not easy to provide the physical works. This paper aims to document this important part of the Albanian heritage, which has not been sufficiently treated and that threatens to disappear.

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Валоризация на гастрономическото наследство в граничния регион България – Северна Македония

Author(s): Mladen Micevski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Gastronomic heritage, as an intangible heritage, is gaining more and more recognition as a potential for the development of alternative tourism products that authentically present the culture of a given place. Through the flavours that are specific only to the place where the gastronomic product originates from, people attempt to make available to the tourist what has been handed down as a legacy to descendants. The gastronomic heritage in the border region of Bulgaria and North Macedonia is rich but insufficiently explored and hardly used for the purposes of sustainable tourism development. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for the valorisation of the gastronomic heritage, giving examples of its valorisation within the considered region. The research is desk research and is based on content analysis of restaurant websites in the two regions under consideration.

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Notarii publici în Transilvania medievală. Cazul Bistriței în perspectivă comparativă

Author(s): Livia-Ioana Potop / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 38/2024

The article seeks to shed light on the notarial activity in Bistrița in the early 16thcentury and to initiate an analysis of the archival sources that have largely remained unexploredin the studies of notaries public in medieval Transylvania. The documents reveal the profile andbackground of the jurists, their networks of relationships, and interactions with community members, elements that contribute to the reconstruction of Bistrița’s medieval history. Among the six notaries identified (of which four are originally from Bistrița, and two of them are from Brașov and Austria/Slovakia), Lucas Duerner stands out as a legal professional illustrative of the mobility of the era. From his outstanding activity of ca. 20 years in Transylvania there were preserved over 40 documents. While in 1520 we also find him in Bistrița, Lucas’s presence here raises questions about his professional career and the relationships he had in this urban centre. That being the case, the 10 notarial documents issued in Bistrița in the first three decades of the 16th century and now preserved in the same archival collection intrigues a research that goes beyond the legal sphere and attempts to reconstruct the past of a community through a type of source used in the Middle Ages especially in courts of law.

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The Role of Italy and UNIDROIT in the Drafting of the First Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention

Author(s): Giuditta Giardini / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article explores the development of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its First Protocol, key tools for safeguarding cultural objects during wartime. It begins with a historical overview of early 20th-century legal frameworks, focusing on regulations for the transfer and restitution of cultural objects during conflicts. The study delves into the preparatory work for the Convention, highlighting the significant contributions of the Italian delegation and the involvement of UNIDROIT, particularly concerning the study of private international law issues related to good faith acquisitions of cultural objects. The article reveals the extensive yet underappreciated efforts of the Italian delegation, led by the President and Secretary General of UNIDROIT, in shaping the Convention and influencing the protection of cultural objects in the past century. The discussion extends to the aftermath of the 1954 Hague Convention, examining how unresolved issues were later addressed by the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects.

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Attacks against Cultural Property in Armed Conflict – How to Reduce the Risk of Impunity?

Author(s): Nout van Woudenberg / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

People see cultural property as their heritage, which identifies them and made them who they are today. Loss of cultural property deprives people of tangible remnants of their past and leaves deep unhealable wounds. Therefore, there are special regimes and measures in place in order to protect cultural property during armed conflict. However, instead of saving and sparing cultural property, belligerents often even intentionally target the cultural property of the other people as a means of warfare in order to break the backbone and morale of these people or make their identity fade away. Measures such as enhanced protection, individual criminal responsibility, and means for paying more attention to the dissemination and implementation of the rules of warfare do not seem to have sufficient desired effect. So how can we more effectively make belligerents refrain from destroying cultural property? How can we increase deterrence effects and decrease impunity? This article first shortly reflects on the legal framework of cultural property protection in armed conflict. Then it touches upon the various obligations of states with regard to the practical implementation of, and adherence to, these rules, after which it flags several cases before international courts and tribunals, both regarding individual criminal responsibility and state responsibility. Thereafter the recent Russian destruction of cultural property in Ukraine is addressed, followed by an examination of how deterrence can be enhanced and impunity reduced. The article ends with several conclusions and recommendations in that regard.

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Underwater Cultural Heritage and Armed Conflict: An Analysis under the 1954 Hague Convention

Author(s): Elena Perez-Alvaro / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article explores the protection of underwater cultural heritage under the umbrella of the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict as a guide to analyse the impact of armed conflict on underwater cultural heritage. During direct confrontations, underwater cultural heritage faces threats, including deliberate destruction, looting for profit, and damage from military activities. In fact, underwater cultural heritage has been used and is still used in military strategy as a tool of hybrid warfare. Together, the 1954 Hague Convention and the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage offer a comprehensive approach to safeguarding cultural heritage, including underwater sites and artefacts, by combining legal frameworks, preservation strategies, and international cooperation efforts mitigating the devastating impact of warfare on underwater cultural heritage.

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At the Borderline of Public and Private Law: The Restitution of Cultural Property Held in Public Collections in Hungary

Author(s): Vanda Vadász,Viktória Verebélyi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

During the Second World War, and thereafter until the end of the communist regime in 1989, a massive amount of privately owned works of art came into the possession of the Hungarian state. The ownership of the property thus collected was only partially clarified after the war. After the fall of communism, nationalized cultural property was subject to restitution laws, but restitution typically meant partial compensation. The aim of this article is to highlight the shortcomings that still characterize the restitution of cultural property held in public collections in Hungary. After summarizing the historical-legal situation pertaining to restitution measures in Central and Eastern Europe, we provide a comprehensive overview of the Hungarian legal environment in terms of restitution. The focus is on the restitution rules adopted in the 2010s that were intended to settle the possession of cultural property held in public collections. The roots of constitutional issues related to the regulation arise from and are reflected in the intermingling of private law and public law characteristics and guarantees. In the presentation of civil law disputes concerning the ownership rights of property held in public collections, we outline the characteristics of the Hungarian regulatory framework regarding protected cultural property and the issues arising from their application. Finally, we provide an overview of the European Court of Human Rights’ jurisprudence on the protection of property rights and an assessment of Hungarian regulations before the Court. We claim that the lack of predictability and certainty of the latter authority’s proceedings may lead to human rights issues.

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Tradition-based Modern Creations of a Cultural Community – Some Thoughts on the Copyright Status of Internet Folklore

Author(s): Anett Pogácsás / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Folklore is not only an essential part of our cultural heritage, it is also an extremely important means of communication and expression. Although many theories try to capture the concept of “modern folklore” that is emerging at the present, only its main characteristics can be considered. When it comes to understanding internet folklore the ground is even more fragile, especially if we wish to examine and assess it not exclusively through a folkloristic lens, but also from a copyright perspective. There is a tendency to identify its natural presence based on a kind of simplicity, and to project that simplicity not only with respect to its use, but also with respect to the legal regulation that applies to it. The present study aims to show how internet folkore has to fit into an incredibly complex set of copyright rules, and how not only its creation but also its use for various purposes and in several different ways raises different copyright issues from one jurisdiction to another. As UNESCO clearly points out, intangible cultural heritage is community-based, but raising awareness and emphasizing its importance is a universal task. In this context, a cultural community needs to find a place for tradition-based modern creations such as internet folklore, without disregarding their copyright status and future.

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The Role of the EPPO in Combating Crime in the Cultural Sector: The Case of the Regional Museum in Olomouc

Author(s): Jan Petr,Andrzej Jakubowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This article addresses the role of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) in investigating, prosecuting, and bringing to judgment the perpetrators of, and accomplices to, criminal offences affecting the financial interests of the European Union (EU) in the cultural sector. While focusing on the case of the subsidy and procurement fraud, passive corruption, and money laundering in the case of the Regional Museum in Olomouc (Czech Republic), the article aims to elucidate the current mandate and expectations with respect to the EPPO in relation to the prosecution of cultural heritage crimes. Accordingly, it recalls the key objectives of the EU Action Plan against Trafficking in Cultural Goods, and considers the potential contribution of the EPPO to the safeguarding of cultural heritage from the threats connected with organized, transnational criminal activities.

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De-Westernise the Digital Information Warfare on Google News: An East-Eurasian Perspective of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict

Author(s): FOLENA Camilla / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

Through a post-colonial approach to crisis communication within transboundary contexts over the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, the paper investigates the digital information warfare in East Eurasia aggregated by Google News in the first two weeks of the war. Analysed countries are Georgia, Poland, Serbia, and Turkey. The study tries to unveil major sources, frames and narratives among subaltern and ‘other’ locations while inhabiting the platform to discover affordances indications. Platforms and news aggregators emerged as relevant in current information warfare, with a hybrid composition of old and new tactics, actors and tools.

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Les medias occidentaux face à la crise militaire russo-ukrainienne: quel impact en Afrique de la sémantique d’ « aggression? »

Author(s): NOA Sylvestre / Language(s): French Issue: 32/2023

During his African tour at the end of July 2022, French President Emmanuel Macron repeatedly criticised Africa's hypocritical attitude towards the armed crisis in Ukraine. For the French president, African neutrality is not an either/or, but a thinly veiled support, which allows Russia to escape the Western political strategy of diplomatic isolation. This strategy relies mainly on the strength of the media as a megaphone for the Western reading of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict. It puts forward the idea of aggression or invasion. This article examines this communication of war deployed through elements of language that draw on the notion of aggression, and its impact in distant lands such as Africa. The text posits that in this Western war of opinion control, political reality actually precedes the voice of their media. Based on the theory of behaviouralism, this article shows that war communication and its results depend entirely on the political consideration of the direct and indirect belligerents by the recipients. In other words, opinions on the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine are not made or broken by the media's reporting or treatment of the news, but by the political reputation that the target audience has long built up about the various belligerents.

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Engagement as Communication Practice: Discontinuity and Sustainability of Public Participation and Inclusion in A Crisis Situation

Author(s): IVANOV Ivan,ROBICHAUD Daniel,CORDELIER ITHURBIDE Benoit,DURBAU William / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

This article argues that communication is what makes engagement ongoing and sustainable when unexpected and unanticipated events disturb long-term planned programs and events. To this end, we embrace the idea of communication as constitutive of organizational practices situated in particular contexts and distributed between publics and technologies. We therefore address communication as a practice that enacts engagement when every planned activity is disrupted and public organizations fail to sustain public participation and inclusion. Based on a study of the new National Action Plan (NAP) public consultations led by the Open Government (OG) of Canada in major crisis situations, this paper highlights how the managers drew on communication practices and interactions between OG and publics to sustain engagement through space and time, and enacted future practices throughout the crisis.

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The Post-visual Moment. Towards a New Semiotic Economy of Visibility

Author(s): BERTIN Éric / Language(s): English Issue: 32/2023

The socio-numeric platforms and the media practices they generate under the pressure of the attention economy put in crisis the relationship to the image and particularly a visual culture based on representation. They establish a new regime of media visuality, based on the visible and the visibility, which affects the contemporary gaze and its modalities, and which we will define here as the post-visual moment. In this article, we will define the foundations of this new semiotic economy of visibility through its main characteristics. Based on the "continuous visual flow" as the dominant modality of media experience, we will establish how the visibility economy redefines the production, reception and circulation of mediated social meaning.

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Introduction. Digital Methods and Fields: Feminist Perspectives

Author(s): BANEYX Audrey,BOURDELOIE Hélène,LALLET Mélanie / Language(s): English Issue: 1(33)/2024

This issue examines how digital tools, methods, fields, and research objects transform the methodologies of the humanities and social sciences while challenging the gender system. From a feminist perspective, it argues that science and technology are not “pure,” that digital calculations are not neutral, and that massively collected data do not guarantee the objectivity. Operating on the principle that knowledge production is situated, this issue questions the gender biases that appear in the production and analysis of digital data and explores how these biases can be leveraged to develop more reflexive and inclusive research. By demonstrating how digital technology disrupts gender boundaries, this issue addresses the challenges that quantitative data pose to gender. It investigates how feminist research can enhance digital methods, promote ethical approaches, and critique the concentration of power within socio-digital platforms.

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Studying Anti-Fatphobia on Instagram: When Data Betray a Feminist Ethic..

Author(s): BOURDELOIE Hélène,LAROCHELLE Dimitra Laurence / Language(s): English Issue: 1(33)/2024

Approaching the topic from both a feminist, Science and Technology Studies perspectives, this qualitative and quantitative research examines anti-fatphobia and body positivity on Instagram. It delves into how various factors, such as bias, affect, and platform design, influenced the investigative process. The study highlights the methodological and ethical challenges encountered, which ultimately undermined the ethic of care upon which it was built. It examines the interpretations of quantitative and qualitative data, which, being malleable and adaptable, are influenced by various factors such as relational or technical devices, and are continuously redefined. When the data are scrutinized and contextualized, they appear compromising in two ways: they undermine the feminist research approach, and also challenge the feminist principles that are central to the body-positivist movement.

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Méthodologie féministe et méthodes qualitatives pour l’étude de TikTok

Author(s): MILLETTE Mélanie,NICOL Camille,CORBIN Océane / Language(s): French Issue: 1(33)/2024

This methodological article focuses on TikTok and explains how we deployed a feminist methodology and qualitative methods to study women's practices of resistance in TikTok in the face of the prevailing antifeminism there. We detail the implementation of a data densification model and develop a double argument. Firstly, feminist perspectives played an essential role in studying a digital terrain in a complex and rigorous way, without reifying or over- or under-interpreting the realities studied. Secondly, this research design helped reinforce the ethical dimension of the approach. To elaborate on these two points, the article looks at “how to” research women's digital practices in TikTok

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Des chercheurs connectés : jongler entre proximité de la drague et mise à distance du sexuel sur les applications gaies de rencontre

Author(s): RAVIER Axel,ZANOTTI Andrea / Language(s): French Issue: 1(33)/2024

Based on two studies of the experiences of men who have sex with men (MSM) in France, this article examines the challenges faced by the researchers in their digital survey methods. Despite exploring different topics (MSM in the housing estates of the Parisian suburbia; and the use of homosexual dating apps in rural areas), both studies share the use of location-based dating apps to recruit participants. The article therefore questions the peculiarities of using these digital dating platforms as a research method, focusing on researchers’ readings, interpretations, and navigation within these sexually charged digital spaces. It also examines their reintegration into the hierarchy of desirability, analysing the resulting consequences such as flirting, sexual propositions, and legitimacy. In a context of increasing research conducted through the internet and dating apps, particularly led by young researchers, this article aims to explore the methodological challenges of research experiences in the field of humanities and social sciences.

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La diffusion des fake-news sur les réseaux sociaux numériques : entre processus de collecte de preuves et nouveau tribunal médiatique

Author(s): HENRIC Lise,SERRURIER Enguerrand / Language(s): French Issue: 2(34)/2024

Our article explores the influence of fake news and digital social networks on public opinion, focusing on the Benalla affair and French laws against information manipulation. It questions the role of platforms like X (e.g., Twitter) as popular tribunals and examines the legal and media implications of the Benalla case. The analysis also highlights the ambiguity of fake news definitions and their impact on judicial decisions. Lastly, it sheds light on the challenges posed by "post-truth" and the transformations induced by technological innovation in the dissemination of falsehoods.

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Féminisme et activisme juridique transmédiatique

Author(s): TOUATI Zeineb,Hassan ATIFI / Language(s): French Issue: 2(34)/2024

This study examines the connection between feminism and justice through the lens of the interplay between law and feminist advocacy in the Maghreb public sphere. It explores emerging forms of feminist activism in Tunisia and Morocco, highlighting the rise of legal feminist activism aimed at the adoption of innovative legislative reforms in both countries. This activism occurs within the judicial domain, employing traditional methods of feminist struggles and integrating a transmedia strategy to enhance visibility and broaden its audience. An analysis of recent demands, action programs, and recommendations from feminist collectives illustrates the forms and challenges of this legal and trans-media activism. Consequently, this contribution elucidates how feminism is articulated within both digital and traditional media spaces, utilizing various socio-technical approaches to advance women's rights.

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La justice au Maroc entre technologies de l'information et de la communication, réformes numériques et gouvernance

Author(s): FOURAQ Ilham,LARHRISSI Nadia / Language(s): French Issue: 2(34)/2024

The purpose of the article is to highlight the correlation between information and communication technologies (ICT), digital reforms, and the achievement of governance objectives in Morocco in the field of justice, taking into account other factors that could affect the justice system. To do this, we relied on a qualitative study, semi-directed interviews conducted with twenty professionals working in the field of Moroccan justice in order to identify areas for improvement in the sector with a view to optimal use of new technologies and governance mechanisms.

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