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Konzepte des Religionsunterrichtes in Europa

Konzepte des Religionsunterrichtes in Europa

Author(s): Boris Kalbheim / Language(s): German

„Ich bin der Meinung, dass Religionsunterricht in unseren heutigen Zeiten eher wichtiger als weniger wichtig ist.“ Das sagte Frau Dr. Angela Merkel zu Anfang des Jahres bei einem Vortrag zum Thema „Verbundenheit in offener Gesellschaft: Pluralität und Identität – Herausforderung und Chancen“. Ein säkularer Staat bietet Religionsunterricht an, Religionsunterricht in einer Gesellschaft, die stolz ist auf Religionsfreiheit – ist das sinnvoll? Es gibt eine Reihe von Argumenten gegen Religionsunterricht: So wird behauptet, dass Religionsunterricht die Schulen spalte; ebenso wird behauptet, dass Religionsunterricht indoktrinierend sei und dass Religionsunterricht nicht wissenschaftlich gesichert sei. Ist Religionsunterricht gefährlich oder im besten Falle Zeitverschwendung? Bevor man diese Thesen diskutiert, lohnt sich ein Blick auf die tatsächliche Situation in den Schulen Europas: Die Frage, was unterrichtet werden soll, und wie die Schule angelegt ist, das wird schon seit Jahrzehnten reflektiert, und diese Überlegungen sind in die Konzeptionen des Religionsunterrichtes in Europa eingeflossen: Es gibt nicht den einen Religionsunterricht, vielmehr ist die Konzeption des Religionsunterrichtes abhängig von den gesellschaftlichen, demographischen und historischen Voraussetzungen in den einzelnen Ländern. Im Folgenden werde ich einen Überblick geben über die Organisation des Religionsunterrichtes in verschiedenen Ländern Europas. Die Auswahl dieser Länder hat folgende Gründe: Frankreich ist das Land mit der längsten säkularen Tradition. Das Konzept der Laïcité hat die französische Gesellschaft und die Schule seit rund 150 Jahren geprägt. Der Umgang mit Religion in der Schule hat sich in Frankreich in auffälliger Weise geändert, ohne das Konzept der Laïcité direkt aufzugeben. Belgien und die Niederlande haben eine längere gemeinsame Geschichte; seit der Trennung der Länder im Jahr 1830 sind sie jedoch sozial und schulpolitisch unterschiedliche Wege gegangen. Diese Unterschiede zeigen sich bis heute in der Stellung des Religionsunterrichtes. Großbritannien und Norwegen sind Länder, in denen eine Verbindung zwischen dem Staatsoberhaupt und einer Religionsgemeinschaft besteht: Die Kirche von England hat als Oberhaupt die Queen, die norwegische protestantische Volkskirche hat sich erst 2017 vom Staat getrennt. Tschechien ist ein Land mit einer eigenen Geschichte der Religion und des Verhältnisses zur Religion; durch politische und gesellschaftliche Prozesse ist Tschechien heute ein Land mit einem besonders hohen Anteil an Konfessionslosen. Deutschland ist das Mutterland der Reformation, seit der Zeit waren zwei Konfessionen von Bedeutung. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg waren diese Kirchen sehr am Aufbau der Bundesrepublik Deutschland beteiligt und halfen diesem Neuen Staat zu Stabilität und Zusammenhalt. Auch der Religionsunterricht ein dabei ein wichtiges Element. Mit dieser Auswahl an werden unterschiedliche Traditionen und demographische Verhältnisse in Europa abgebildet, daran lässt sich erkennen, wie die Konzeption des Religionsunterrichtes von diesen Voraussetzungen abhängt.

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Ugovor o radu na određeno vrijeme i pravo na otpremninu – europska, hrvatska i regionalna perspektiva (povodom presude Suda EU u predmetu C-596/14)

Ugovor o radu na određeno vrijeme i pravo na otpremninu – europska, hrvatska i regionalna perspektiva (povodom presude Suda EU u predmetu C-596/14)

Author(s): Nataša Novaković / Language(s): Croatian

In this paper, the author analyses the effect of the employment contract for a definite period of time on the right to severance pay. These contracts are considered to be a good instrument for cutting the employers' expenses, which optimizes their competitiveness on the market but these kind of contracts jeopardize worker's position at the labour market. At the level of European Union, Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999 concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP, sets out the general principles and minimum requirements relating to fixed-term work, recognizing that their detailed application needs to take account of the realities of specific national, sectoral and seasonal situations. Directive aims to establish a general framework for ensuring equal treatment for fixed-term workers by protecting them against discrimination and for using fixed-term employment contracts on a basis acceptable to employers and workers. Special reflection is given to the ECJs Judgment (Tenth Chamber) of 14 September 2016 in the preliminary ruling case C-596/14, Ana de Diego Porras v Ministerio de Defensa. In this case, The Court gave its opinion about the concept of employment conditions’, more concretely about compensation for termination of a fixed term contract of employment. In that light, the author analyses both the decision of The Court and right to compensation for termination of a fixed term contract in Croatian law and neighbour countries.

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Republika Hrvatska kao dio Zapadno-balkanske rute: tri mjeseca na tri lokacije s izbjeglicama i migrantima u Hrvatskoj

Republika Hrvatska kao dio Zapadno-balkanske rute: tri mjeseca na tri lokacije s izbjeglicama i migrantima u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Jasna Barberić / Language(s): Croatian

Unatoč tome što je više od milijun izbjeglica i migranata stiglo u Europu, ne smije se zaboraviti da je većina izbjeglica iz Sirije našla utočište u zemljama u razvoju, blizu njihovih zemalja podrijetla, kao što pokazuju podaci Međunarodne organizacije za migracije iz prosinca 2015. Naime, većina sirijskih izbjeglica našla je azil u Turskoj (2,2 milijuna), u Libanonu (1,2 milijuna) i Jordanu (približno 630.000). Iako je Zapadno-balkanska ruta zatvorena prije više od godinu dana, izbjeglice i migranti i dalje dolaze u Europu, ali se njihov broj znatno smanjio. Mnogi prolaze kroz Hrvatsku, a istovremeno članice Europske unije vraćaju dio tražitelja azila u Hrvatsku. Posljedice ove krize osjećaju se danas na politike u državama kroz koje su ljudi prolazili, u državama destinacije, ali čak i u onim državama koje krizu nisu osjetile, ali su članice Europske unije. Kriza je pokazala ozbiljne nedostatke u ostvarivanju zajedničkog europskog sustava azila, uključujući nedovoljnu solidarnost država članica Europske unije u pružanju međunarodne zaštite kao i nemogućnost očuvanja schengenskog prostora te time ubrzala reformu Europskog zajedničkog sustava azila. Bit će potrebno još nekoliko godina da bi se moglo prosuditi hoće li reforma biti uspješna. Mišljenja sam da će biti moguće uskladiti i unaprijediti propise u području azila, ali time se neće u potpunosti postići pravednija raspodjela tražitelja azila i izbjeglica među državama članicama Europske unije. Kao migrante, i izbjeglice će i dalje privlačiti zemlje visokog životnog standarda u kojima će se lakše i brže integrirati i u kojima živi veći broj njihovih sunarodnjaka koji će im olakšati uključivanje u društvo u zemlji azila.

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Milenković v. Serbia“ - poštovanje načela ne bis in idem ili „pravda“ na bis?

Milenković v. Serbia“ - poštovanje načela ne bis in idem ili „pravda“ na bis?

Author(s): Zorka Pantelić / Language(s): Serbian

Uzimajući u obzir izreku o plaćanju cene svakog školovanja tj. svakog stečenog iskustva, možemo konstatovati da je „predmet Milenković“ neminovnost prilikom utemeljenja demokratskog društva i poštovanja ljudskih prava. Kako je za sada u pitanju samo jedna presuda u vezi ovog pitanja, čini se da „škola“ do sada i nije preskupo plaćena. Međutim, pitanje koje se postavlja, nakon izricanja presude iz Strazbura, je momenat okončanja tog školovanja, odnosno usvajanja smernica ESLJP, izvedenih u mnogim postupcima protiv evropskih država, kao i protiv Srbije. Da li će Srbija biti i u budućnosti pogodno tle za donošenje presuda kojima će Sud konstatovati da se (i dalje) ne poštuje načelo ne bis in idem? Umesto neposrednog odgovora, koji može pouzdano da iznedri samo vreme koje je pred nama, treba se osvrnuti na neke od skorašnjih odluka, donetih od strane viših sudskih instanci nakon izricanja presude Milenković protiv Srbije. Treći osnovni sud u Beogradu, postupajući po optužnom aktu javnog tužioca Trećeg osnovnog javnog tužilaštva u Beogradu, odbio je optužbu tužilaštva imajući u vidu da je u pogledu činjeničnog opisa koji se okrivljenom stavlja na teret optužnim aktom tužilaštva, već vođen i pravnosnažno okončan postupak, u prekršajnom postupku, pred Prekršajnim sudom. Dakle za isti životni događaj, koji je predmet i krivičnog postupka, odluka je već doneta. Sud je odluku o istom događaju doneo s obzirom na identitet činjeničnog opisa u oba postupka, koji predstavljaju skup konkretnih činjeničnih okolnosti, u odnosu na okrivljenog koje su nerazdvojno povezane u vremenu i prostoru, dakle, radnje koje se okrivljenom stavljaju na teret u prekršajnom i radnje koje su okrivljenom stavljene na teret u krivičnom postupku. Na presudu Trećeg osnovnog suda u Beogradu, žalbu je podneo nadležni javni tužilac pozivajući se na „nepostojanje jasnog razgraničenja između krivičnih dela i prekršaja u srpskom zakonodavstvu“. Dodao je i to da „takva situacija ne sme da dovede u situaciju u sudskoj praksi da presuđena stvar u prekršajnom postupku, predstavlja smetnju za progon učinilaca krivičnih dela“. Žalbom je istaknuto i „da bi suština krivičnopravne zaštite temeljnih društvenih vrednosti, pre svih života i telesnog integriteta svakog pojedinca, bila dovedena u pitanje, kada bi prekršajni sud izrekom svoje presude proširio činjenični opis prekršaja i tako obuhvatio činjenični supstrat krivičnog dela, aktivirajući zabranu ne bis in idem u krivičnom postupku“. Zaključio je stoga da je u cilju zaštite pretežnijeg interesa, pored utvrđivanja kriterijuma činjeničnog identiteta dela, potrebno u svakom konkretnom slučaju razmotriti i korektivne kriterijume i to identitet zaštićenog dobra, težine posledice i identitet sankcije. Ova odluka doneta je gotovo dva meseca nakon donošenja presude u predmetu Milenković protiv Srbije. Viši sud ukazuje na problem nepostojanja jasnog razgraničenja prekršaja i krivičnih dela, u kom slučaju, očigledno, teret takvog stanja u srpskom pravnom sistemu treba da snosi okrivljeni, kome, dakle, treba izreći kaznu u oba slučaja, a na koji se nadovezuje i (podupire takvu tvrdnju) „pretežni interes“ društva, koje, kako Sud koncipira, bolje da dva puta kazni okrivljenog, nego da „aktiviranjem zabrane ne bis in idem“ isti prođe sa neadekvatnom sankcijom. Na kraju, primetićemo i zanimljivu (sui generis) sistematiku „korektivnih kriterijuma“ (identitet zaštitnog dobra, težina posledice dela i težina sankcije) koji odudaraju od utvrđenih „Engel pravila“, postavljenih pre 40 godina. Odstupanje navedenih kriterijuma od „Engel pravila“ je možda prisutno i zbog toga što „korektivnim“ pravilima u pomenutoj interpretaciji i nije cilj zaštita ljudskih prava i pravne sigurnosti, već očuvanje poretka, koji, po svaku cenu, mora na adekvatan način da ispolji osudu prema onima koji urušavaju njegove vrednosti.

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The Occult Sciences in Early Modern Hungary in a Central European Context

The Occult Sciences in Early Modern Hungary in a Central European Context

Author(s): György Endre Szőnyi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When discussing this topic, it is worth starting with a brief overview of the historiography of the subject. This aspect is especially important because the cultural historical study of Western esotericism took a different course in Western and Eastern (ex-East Bloc) Europe.

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STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE RUSSIA UKRAINE CONFLICT

STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE RUSSIA UKRAINE CONFLICT

Author(s): Elina Lange-Ionatamishvili,Sanda Svetoka / Language(s): English

Elina Lange-Ionatamishvili and Sanda Svetoka of the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence in Latvia, in Chapter 12, discuss the role of social media in this conflict. In the Internet era, the battle for hearts and minds has never been more important. Social media is a trust-based network that provides fertile soil for intelligence collection, propaganda dissemination, and psychological operations (PSYOPS) to influence public opinion – or to lead adversaries into harm’s way. ‘Soft’ cyber attacks can be as severe as any attack on critical infrastructure. In Ukraine, they have generated fear, uncertainty, and doubt about the economic, cultural, and national security of Ukraine, while promoting positive messages about Russia’s role in Crimea and eastern Ukraine. The authors provide recommendations for defence against such attacks, including how to identify them, challenge them, and how to develop a resilient political narrative to withstand false propaganda.

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Recommendations to BiH Institutions on the protection of LGBT human rights based on the first regional LGBT conference “Advancing the Human Rights of LGBT People in the Western Balkans”

Recommendations to BiH Institutions on the protection of LGBT human rights based on the first regional LGBT conference “Advancing the Human Rights of LGBT People in the Western Balkans”

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Sarajevo Open Centre and Open Society Fund BiH hosted a conference on December 16th, 2013 with the aim of sharing best practices for improving LGBT human rights in the Western Balkan region. Representatives from LGBT organizations and ombudsperson offices in BiH, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Macedonia were present, as well as those from international organizations, such as the OSCE Mission to BiH, the United Nations office in BiH, and some representatives of foreign embassies. We also invited all relevant BiH institutions such as Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, the three members of the Presidency, human rights committees from multiple levels of parliaments, and the gender agency and entity gender centers. However, we received few responses and no one attended. We present a summary of lessons learned as a first step to transferring this experience to the local context, recognizing the fact that utilizing European Union integration processes is key for accomplishing all of the following recommendations.

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ROBOTROLLING 2/2018

ROBOTROLLING 2/2018

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

Anonymous users stole the show this quarter. Never before have we observed such high levels of activity from anonymous accounts. At the same time, bot activity in Russian-language conversations about NATO activity in the Baltics and Poland has emerged from its winter slumber. In the wake of the Skripal poisonings in the UK in March, Russian-language bot and anonymous activity about NATO more than doubled. Mentions of NATO on VK, in contrast, have been stable and declining during the whole period. Social media companies are working to end platform misuse. But malicious activity is evolving. Today, anonymous accounts are dominating the conversation. These accounts are either operated manually, or they have become advanced enough to fool human observers. The responses from open and free societies to the problem of online malicious activity have neither been strong enough, nor consistent enough. Figures presented in this issue reveal a disparity between the conversation quality in English and Russian-language spaces. Currently, the Russian-language conversation about NATO in the Baltics and Poland has six times the proportion of content from bot and anonymous accounts. As Twitter has taken steps to remove bots, the disparity has only widened. We assess that 93% of Russian-language accounts in our dataset are operated anonymously or automatically. In no way does this conversation mirror opinions of citizens. Journalists, policy makers, and advertisers take note!

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ROBOTROLLING 1/2019

ROBOTROLLING 1/2019

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English

This report presents top-level findings from the first research project to systematically track and measure the scale of inauthentic activity on the Russian social network VK. On VK, a vocal core consisting of loyal news media, pro-Kremlin groups, and bots and trolls dominates the conversation about NATO. The volume of material from this core group is such, that overall genuine users account for only of 14% of the total number of messages about NATO in the Baltic States and Poland. The spread of demonstrably fake content can offer a starting point for measuring how social media manipulation impacts genuine conversations. In the case of one story about a fictitious Finnish blogger, our algorithm estimates that at least 80% of users who shared the fake story were authentic. This quarter, messages appeared in more than 2 000 different group pages on VK. Setting aside messages from group pages, 37% of VK posts came from ‘bot’ accounts—software that mimics human behavior online. This level of activity is comparable to what we have seen on Russian-language Twitter. Unlike on Twitter, where the vast majority of human-controlled accounts are operated anonymously, on VK most accounts are likely to be authentic. Western social media companies have belatedly taken an active role in reducing the reach of the Kremlin’s social media manipulation efforts. However, it remains hard for researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of these measures on platforms such as Facebook and Instagram. In this context, VK offers a cautionary view of a network with minimal privacy, regulation, and moderation.

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Pravna zaštita u odnosu između države i saveznih zemalja
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Pravna zaštita u odnosu između države i saveznih zemalja

Author(s): Stefan Haack / Language(s): Bosnian

This article investigates the justiciability of the relationship between the Federation and the States within the federal system in Germany. Firstly, it will be discussed if it is possible to refer to subjective rights of the involved parties regarding the competences in the federal State. Moreover, the question about the existence of a legal basis („if“) and the question about the control of limits of the exercise of powers („how“) will be distinguished. Furthermore, the possibilities of a legal enforcement of rights and obligations resulting from the relationship between the Federation and the States will be examined in some selected fields. The selected fields include disputes about legislative authority, jurisdiction for administration, budgetary constitutional law, disputes resulting from contracts between the Federation and the States and about the use of coercive action. The main emphasis has been put on the distinction between the legal protection in constitutional and general courts. The overall presentation of legal protection in the relationship between the Federation and the States shows that this relationship forms justiciable relations under the German Basic Law. Accordingly, the German federalism is rightly called „justiciable federalism“.

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Willy Brandt u balkanskom getu
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Willy Brandt u balkanskom getu

Author(s): Vjekoslav Perica / Language(s): Bosnian

Može li se poslije etničkog konflikta, rata i genocida opet živjeti kao sav normalan svijet? Da nije lako ali se može pokazuju dva novija primjera iz Afrike koja je dugo bila percipirana kao zemlja „vječnih“ etničkih sukoba. Ovogodišnju Nobelovu nagradu za mir dobio je premijer Etiopije Abiy Ahmed za pomirenje s Eritrejom poslije nekoliko desetljeća rata. Zatim Ruanda, pogođena tragedijom genocida iz devedesetih, danas je reintegrirana nacija, ekonomski napredna, odnedavno i turistička destinacija. Etiopija, Eritreja i Ruanda, kao priče o oporavku teško ranjenih postkonfliktnih društava, ulaze pomalo kroz globalizacijske procese u zajednički narativ mirotvorne kulture. Pridružuju se već populariziranim evropskim slučajevima poput pomirenja u Sjevernoj Irskoj i eurointegracija koje predvode Njemačka i Francuska, neprijatelji u nekoliko ratova, danas saveznici, stupovi EU. Zapadnog Balkana u ovom mirovnom narativnu nema, Balkan ostaje simbol balkanizacije i rata upamćenog po globalnom direktnom TV prijenosu kroz devedesete godine dvadesetog vijeka. Režimi u Zagrebu i Beogradu, međutim, vide sebe u boljem svijetlu. Odnedavno se uspoređuju s Njemačkom i Francuskom. Netko se nedavno sjetio i Willy Brandta, njemačkog kancelara, nobelovca za mir, pa bi njegove metode uvezao na Balkan. Možda Balkan postane Alzas i Loren evropskog jugoistoka. Francuska u to ne vjeruje, pa je nedavno usporila proširenje EU u ovom dijelu Europe. Kad bi se notorni balkanski neprijatelji Srbija i Hrvatska konačno pomirili, možda bi EU dobila očigledno joj potreban val novog optimizma, a napaćeni balkanski narodi počeli konačno živjeti kao sav normalan svijet.

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Branka Prpa – intervju
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Branka Prpa – intervju

Author(s): Damir Pilić,Branka Prpa / Language(s): Bosnian

Interview with Branka Prpa by Damir Pilić.

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Yubilej – Napadaju nas zbog suradnje
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Yubilej – Napadaju nas zbog suradnje

Author(s): Jeton Neziraj / Language(s): Bosnian

Generalna i dominantna percepcija Jugoslavije na Kosovu vezana je uz koncepte represije i terora. Kad većina ljudi kaže Jugoslavija, oni misle na Srbiju. Pored toga, postoji i tendencija brisanja činjenice da je Kosovo uopće pripadalo Jugoslaviji, korištenjem naivne argumentacije tipa: ‘Možda smo bili u Jugoslaviji, ali bez svoje volje i želje’. Ovakvo razmišljanje dominantno je i u kulturnoj sferi, pa se i regionalna kulturna razmjena često percipira kao sumnjiva i opasna. Kada je 2011. godine Narodno kazalište Kosova pozvano da sudjeluje na festivalu kazališta beogradskog Ateljea 212, u kazališnoj sezoni koja je nazvana ‘NextYu’, svi mi koji smo pozdravljali suradnju napadani smo kao jugonostalgičari, ljudi koji žele vratiti ili stvoriti novu Jugoslaviju. To je, naravno, ovdje odmah interpretirano kao želja da se Kosovo ponovno pridruži Srbiji. Predbaciti nekom da je jugonostalgičar na Kosovu najveća je stigmatizacija, zato što automatski podrazumijeva prosrpski stav.

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Zemlja snova
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Zemlja snova

Author(s): Todor Kuljić / Language(s): Serbian

Profil nekih knjiga bolje se izoštrava kada se kaže šta nisu nego šta jesu. Dakle, nešto o tome šta ova knjiga nije. Ideje i ideologije jugoslovenstava od nastanka do raspada Kraljevine Jugoslavije prof. Jezernik ne posmatra nostalgično, ali ih ne negira niti veliča. Skoro da je nevažno dodati da je knjiga jeretička u odnosu na današnja službena sećanja u regionu, jer ova nisu pouzdana merila kod tumačenja prošlosti. Neće se ništa važno o knjizi reći ni ocenom da je ovo alternativna istorija koja ne može ući u savremene udžbenike. Ni domaći udžbenici istorije, koliko god bili pluralni, nisu mera odmerenosti ni istoričnosti. Čak ni pitanje zašto je danas zaboravljeno izvorno jugoslovenstvo, romantično doba nacionalnog ujedinjenja, nije mnogo zagonetno? Ova pitanja danas se retko postavljaju u regionu i malo će ko otvoreno kao Jezernik reći da je šteta što nova nacionalna država nije stvorila Jugoslovene i bez nostalgije utvrditi da je nedostajao jugoslovenski nacionalizam.

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Jugoslovenstva: nova umnost za razbijeni južnoslovenski prostor
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Jugoslovenstva: nova umnost za razbijeni južnoslovenski prostor

Author(s): Todor Kuljić / Language(s): Serbian

Iako je ideja jugoslovenstva nezaboravljena i stara skoro dva veka to ništa ne govori o njenoj racionalnosti. Šta je forma, a šta sadržaj kod ove zamisli? Sociolozi uvek razdvajaju sadržaj od forme, interes šire ili uže grupe od načina ostvarenja interesa. Najdublji interes je očuvanje malih balkanskih naroda jednom jačom državom od asimilacije i od različitog ugnjetavanja velikih naroda, ali i sprečavanje međusobnih sukoba. Način ostvarenja bio je integralno ili federativno jugoslovenstvo, monarhija ili republika, savez jednokrvnih plemena unutar kapitalizma ili bratstvo i jedinstvo naroda u socijalizmu. Pri tome je važno istaći dve okolnosti. (1) Ispravnije je govoriti o jugoslovenstvu u pluralu nego u jednini. Izvorne i potonje, državne i nedržavne vizije jugoslovenstva su u svakom istorijskom periodu bile nehomogene i uvek su zavisile od interesa nacija koje su ih zagovarale: i kod troimenog naroda u monarhijskoj Jugoslaviji i kod jugoslovenske radničke klase povezane bratstvom i jedinstvom. (2) Iako su jugoslovenske težnje postavljali i uobličavali domaći akteri, uvek su ih morali prilagođavati formi koju je nametala hegemona epohalna svest (verskom, svetovnom, socijalističkom ili kapitalističkom okviru).

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РЕГУЛИРАНЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВНИЯ СТАТУТ НА КАСПИЙСКО МОРЕ КАТО ЧАСТ ОТ ВЕЛИКИЯ ПЪТ НА КОПРИНАТА

РЕГУЛИРАНЕ МЕЖДУНАРОДНО-ПРАВНИЯ СТАТУТ НА КАСПИЙСКО МОРЕ КАТО ЧАСТ ОТ ВЕЛИКИЯ ПЪТ НА КОПРИНАТА

Author(s): Boyko Georgiev Cherkovaliev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The New Silk Road Initiative was first presented in 2013 by the Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping. The concept is based on the creation of infrastructure to connect Asia with Europe and Africa. The possible routes of the Road go around the Caspian Sea basin. The emergence of new states after 1991 has changed the nature of the established international agreements on the status of the sea-lake. For more than 20 years, the coastal states have not been able to agree, but: Let us be optimistic that the Caspian countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran have approached wisely and invested in a productive idea - reaching a decision in the spring of 2018, in the city of Astana to sign a Convention on the International Legal Status of the Caspian Sea.

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РАЗВИТИЕ НА ТУРИЗМА В РЕГИОН ДОЛЕН ДУНАВ

РАЗВИТИЕ НА ТУРИЗМА В РЕГИОН ДОЛЕН ДУНАВ

Author(s): Margarita Bogdanova,Evelina Parashkevova-Velikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this study is to analyze the potential for tourism development in the Bulgarian-Romanian territory of the Lower Danube region and to outline the challenges faced by business and the public sector in implementing business ideas in the field of tourism.

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УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ПУБЛИЧНИЯ СЕКТОР В ОБЩИНА ЧЕРВЕН БРЯГ В ПЕРИОДА 2015-2019 Г.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ НА ПУБЛИЧНИЯ СЕКТОР В ОБЩИНА ЧЕРВЕН БРЯГ В ПЕРИОДА 2015-2019 Г.

Author(s): Petko Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report assesses and analyzes the management of the public sector of the Cherven Bryag municipality and its economic structure. It outlines the problems facing the Cherven Bryag municipality as part of the Northwestern Planning Region, as well as the opportunities for its development. Through the assessment of human capital, measures and activities will be proposed to improve the economic environment through the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the improvement of the regional development of the municipality. An important element of the report is an assessment of the potential of the Cherven Bryag municipality, as well as the identification of factors that can have a strong influence on overcoming the negative impacts of the crisis, which has brought about an economic decline, something typical of most municipalities in Bulgaria.

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ЗАМЪРСЯВАНЕ НА ЧЕРНО МОРЕ В РЕЗУЛТАТ НА ПОЖАР НА ТАНКЕР

ЗАМЪРСЯВАНЕ НА ЧЕРНО МОРЕ В РЕЗУЛТАТ НА ПОЖАР НА ТАНКЕР

Author(s): Radostin Dolchinkov,Kamen Seymenliyski,Ivan Popov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Oil pollution is one of the serious global environmental problems. Although the results of this process are still assessed as small, this is a continuous disruption of aquatic ecosystems, which gradually leads to local degradation of individual areas of the World Ocean. The amount of oil discharged is of the order of 3-6 million tons per year. The ecological impact of oil spills consists of physical and chemical changes in the development and growth of marine inhabitants, increased toxicity and, as a result, increased mortality of various species of marine animals. Over the past 50 years, several huge and dozens of smaller oil spills have been observed in the oceans and seas. The first group, which causes much greater damage - environmental destruction and huge economic losses, includes the following cases:

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ТРАНСГРАНИЧЕН ТУРИЗЪМ В РЕЧНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ ПО РЕКА ДУНАВ

ТРАНСГРАНИЧЕН ТУРИЗЪМ В РЕЧНИТЕ ТЕРИТОРИИ ПО РЕКА ДУНАВ

Author(s): Teodora Rizova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Danube River is a common economic, natural and tourist potential for many European countries. Cross-border tourism opens up opportunities to get to know countries, peoples and their cultures, to develop tourist infrastructure and to improve cooperation between countries in the construction of common cross-border tourist routes, which in turn will contribute to more successful marketing of tourist destinations in the river areas.

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