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Asylum Policy of Republic of Serbia: The Case of The Humanitarian Route

Author(s): Ayşegül Bostan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In a general sense the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (BiH), Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Slovenia, has been regarded as a country of emigration in terms of internal and external migration. In the late 1970s, Slovenia was exposed to guest-workers coming from southern Yugoslavia. The reason of such internal migration was both the opportunity for ex-Yugoslavian people to find a job in industrial cities of Slovenia and the economy of Slovenia being better than other ex-Yugoslavian states.2 When the civil war broke up in Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the world witnessed the forced displacements of Yugoslav citizens and the Western European countries were suddenly subjected to the wave of refugees. Therefore, it could be inferred that ethno-national conflict or deep economic crisis led to waves of migration and refugees.

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The Impact of International Trade Organizations on The Refugee Crisis

Author(s): Hazar Dördüncü / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

“To reject a struggling migrant, whatever his or her religious belief, out of fear of diluting a 'Christian' culture is grotesquely mispresenting both Christianity and culture.”

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Immigration and Belonging on The America - Mexico Border

Author(s): Ferdi Güçyetmez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Throughout history, humanity is in the records as a living being in continuous motion. Although migration is an ancient phenomenon historically, it has played an essential role in industrialization andmodernization processes. It has been an essential aspect of social life and political economy since the 1650s. In the history of international migrations, primarily due to capitalism and labour mobility, the years between 1850-1914 witnessed mass migrations in Europe and North America. Although xenophobia and economic stagnation, which increased after 1914, led to a significant decrease in immigration, the migration situation continues.Especially in the last quarter-century, when globalization and regional conflicts that started after the second world war continued, migration movements accelerated due to many reasons. Besides, migration conditions are improving due to the developing technical progress.

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The Issue of Immigration in The United States Elections: A Look at Trump-Era

Author(s): Akın Sağıroğlu,İlhan Aras / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the 1870-1880s, the main targets of the American people were Chinese immigrants who were a threat to Americans' jobs, wages, and lifestyle. Therefore, the first law enacted to prevent a certain ethnic group in America was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. In the following century, there were different migrant targets. In 1942, in the aftermath of the Pearl Harber bombing, Executive Order 9066 was signed by President Roosevelt which led to the displacement and detention of more than 110.000 Japanese Americans from 1942 to 1946. Towards the end of the 20th century, Latin Americans and Muslims were more on the agenda. After the September 11 attacks, Muslims were seen as a potential threat to America's security.1 Nearly 150 years later, the same issue has been heavily debated in American politics.

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Enclavity and Refugees

Author(s): Tarık Demir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Today, it is observed that large scale migration movements have increased and millions of people are crossing borders under unregistered immigrant or refugee status every year. The subject of enclave / exclave* country territories, which comes to the forefront in border studies emerging as an eccentric form of migration, in other words, enclavity phenomenon, is observed to be closely associated with the issue of refugees and immigration. Considering today's conjuncture, which manifests an increase in the measures taken by nationstates for controlling foreigners' access to their countries through borders, it is observed that on the part of refugees, who live within the borders of enclave/exclave countries, the attempt to enter countries surrounding these territories poses more challenges. In other words, it is observed that starting from post-colonial period, the country borders have been re-drawn and the number of enclave country territories has increased*. Similarly, as a result ofglobalism, cases of immigration and number of refugees increased significantly due to adverse economic conditions or ethnic conflicts.

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Refugees and Climate Change

Author(s): Sezin İba Gürsoy / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The displacement process of people depends on many economic, social, political, cultural and environmental reasons. The number of international migrants has continued to grow rapidly, reaching from 150 million in 2000 to 220 million in 2010 and 272 million in 2019. The number of refugees also increased from 14 million in 2000 to 26 million in 2020.1More than half of all refugees globally originate from just three countries – Afghanistan, Somalia, and Syria.

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Trafficking in Human Beings in the Context of Global Ethics

Author(s): Camelia Elena Nichita (Vasile),Miruna Angela Mutu,Iliana Maria Zanfir / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of “Global Ethics” refers to the analysis and identification of ethical solutions to the challenges of the contemporary world. Among the current global problems we bring to the fore: illegal immigration as a component of human trafficking, but also other global issues interdependent with the two crimes above: violation of human rights and freedoms, poverty, resource scarcity, discrimination, illegal international business and trade, all of which, requesting from the authorities and beyond, legislative and ethical solutions. Legal migration is the widely accepted form globally, since it can be determined over time, but also controlled in terms of the number of people, fields and jobs. Illegal migration is the alternative used by people who cannot use the legal route to go abroad. A component of trafficking in human beings, illegal migration is a global scourge, hard to control, caused by organised criminal groups, but also by the increasing ingenuity of criminals.Although the phenomenon is manifesting itself worldwide, it is accentuated by the fact that there is a lack of appropriate legislation and an effective system of cooperation between government institutions and civil society.Trafficking in human beings must be related to the causes that led to its emergence: discrimination in the labour market revealed by high unemployment rates (women vs. men), poverty combined with low remuneration for work performed, corruption of authorities, poor border control, restriction of legal migration opportunities, internationalization of criminal groups correlated with high profits from human trafficking, poor information of people who want to emigrate about the real effects of the labour market.Knowing this phenomenon, but also of the causes that cause it to occur, determines the process of working for knowledge, resolution and fight against it. The present work is intended to be a source of information that makes available to those interested that information about illegal migration, as well as how state structures can and should be involved in the situation.

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Göç Aydınlanma Sağlar mı? Karşılaşma ve Yüzleşme Pratiği Olarak Göç ve Kimliğin Dönüşümü

Author(s): Mehmet Evkuran / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Toplumsal sorunların çözümünde dinden yararlanmak mümkün müdür? Eğer mümkünse nasıl? Dinlerin ve inançların merkezi sayılan Ortadoğu, günümüzde dünyanın en kaotik coğrafyası haline gelmiştir. Savaşlar, istikrarsız yapılar, radikalizm sosyal hayatı çoktandır tehdit etmeye başlamıştır. Bu sürecin en önemli sonuçlarında biri kitlesel göçlerdir. Göç İslam dünyasında kültürel ve politik olduğu kadar dinsel etkileşimi de arttırdı. Üst kimlik olarak İslam’a vurgu yaparak sorunları çözmeye çalışmak bir dereceye kadar yararlı olabilir. Ancak bu yaklaşım kültürel farklılaşmalardan kaynaklanan sorunların çözümünde yetersiz kalacak gibi görünüyor. Bu çalışmada kültür ve kimlik sorunlarının çözümünde din-göç eksenindeki sorunlar tartışılmıştır.

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Determinants of Migration From Rural Households in India: An Empirical Investigation

Author(s): Shreya Nupur,Meghna Dutta / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Using India Human development survey (IHDS), unique nationally representative dataset of Indian households, this study aims to examine the determinants of migration from ‘rural poor households’ in India. Migration is an important livelihood diversification strategy to mitigate potential risks, such as crop failure, major illness, job loss etc., in rural areas. The result from binary logistic regression suggests that household demographic characteristics, household resources, debt, caste group, education level, shock such as marriage or major illness in the household and public transfers are major factors to determine the migration from rural poor households. The possible implication would be to focus on the migration strategy taking by poor households, as poor migrants work in vulnerable and exploitative condition at destination place, so they require especial attention and need to be covered in social security scheme.

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‘Home’ And ‘Homeland’ as Mobile Places: Re-Examining The Term Country of Origin in Migration Studies

Author(s): Maria Panteleou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The following presentation examines how the perception of ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ is not related tothe country of origin in migration studies, if we take into account the temporal and subjective factor that migrants themselves attribute to these perceptions. Using material from anthropological fieldwork with Albanian migrants, who lived and worked in Greece since the 1990s, moving temporally to Albania in the 2010s, it demonstrates, on the one hand, how they express their perspective regarding their ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ as a foreign place. On the other hand, it shows how the temporal family visits that Albanians welcome in Greece bring the sense of ‘home’ itself together in Greece. The presentation concludes that the term country of origin defines migrants in advance by a spatial notion, whereas the subjective conceptualizations of the ‘home’ and ‘homeland’ show primarily that they are mobile, secondly that they make sense for Albanians through the temporal, relational and experiential dimension of the place.

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The Future of Differences in A World of Migrations

Author(s): Orazio Maria Gnerre / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

1. Talking about differences with respect to the migration issue could be, for the same reasons, taken for granted or confusing, since we are used to considering the migratory phenomenon as one of those events that relate various human groups, thus promoting not only the encounter between cultures, but also their hybridization and resulting in the flowering of differences. It is also known to most that migrations are often a product of huge economic differences that occur in various sectors of our planet and that cause the displacement of human masses. However, it is not only the intranational differences that produce the displacement of these masses, but also the international ones within what Wallerstein called the economy of the world-system1. Finally, migrations also produce and multiply the internal differences within the host countries: they can both affect the fragmentation of the social-cultural fabric, which is divided into enclaves and cultural groups that are not very communicating, and, once again, the increase in economic differences.

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Retos Para La Adaptacion Económiica Y Social De La Población Inmigrante Venezolana En El Sur De Ecuador

Author(s): Jessica Andrea Ordoñez Cuenca / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Entre 2015 y 2021 han salido de Venezuela alrededor de 6,5 millones de personas migrantes y refugiadas hacia algunos países del mundo principalmente de América Latina donde se estima que residen alrededor de 4,6 millones, según (ACNUR, 2021) permanecen en Colombia, Perú, Chile, Ecuador y Brasil. Esta situación da un vuelco a la dirección de los flujos migratorios entre estos países, debido a que Venezuela pasa a ser un país de origen migratorio, lo opuesto sucede con Ecuador, Colombia y Perú que se convierten en países de destino migratorio.

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Playing politics with the plight of refugees. How the EU went into Erdogan’s political receivership

Author(s): Naif Bezwan,Janroj Yilmaz Keles / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the peak of the ‘refugee crisis’ in late 2015-early 2016, the EU reached an agreement with the Turkish government, known as the EU Facility for Refugees in Turkey. It has served as a bone of contention between the EU and Turkey ever since its implementation. As anticipated by many experts, critical voices and NGOs in Turkey and Europe, the Facility has provided the Erdogan regime with a strategic tool to blackmail the EU without caring for the humanitarian needs.

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Conflict and Migration From Iraq: Building A Life in Exile Amid The Twists And Turns Of A Dramatic History

Author(s): Cyril Roussel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Migration from the Middle East has not always received as much media coverage as in recent years (2015–2016). Yet a continuous flow of emigration towards Europe, North America, and Australia essentially began in the 1970s and 1980s. It mostly involved urban elites leaving countries led by regimes that were repressive towards them, like in Iran after the Islamic Revolution, Turkey after the military dictatorship, or Iraq in the time of Saddam Hussein. Opponents to these regimes became political refugees, some of whom formed the embryos of future diasporas in the West. Here we have chosen to present one of them, who was threatened as a Kurd (a group persecuted in the Middle East following their fight for the recognition of their identity) and at the same time as a political activist and member of the Communist Party.

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A Left-Behind Child From El Alto Protection Strategies and Redefinition of Kinship Ties for The Children of Migrant Women in Bolivia

Author(s): Robin Cavagnoud / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Daniel is a 16-year-old teenager living in El Alto, Bolivia. He has no siblings and never met his father. For the past 10 years, his mother has lived in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where she moved to work in a sewing factory. After her departure, Daniel moved to his grandmother’s home, where his aunt, uncle and cousins also live. Following the death of his grandmother, Daniel’s maternal aunt became his guardian, responsible for caring for him and raising him. Daniel is a left-behind child. Like many other children in Bolivia, he did not travel with his parents, in this case his mother, when she decided to emigrate. She preferred to entrust this care to his grandmother, then his aunt, two female members of her own family. Most of the leftbehind children in Bolivia are the children of migrant mothers who have moved mainly to Argentina and Spain, and these parents have often experienced marital breakdown. Their unique individual situation raises questions that are at the intersection of blended families, protection strategies, redefinition of kinship ties, and the journey to autonomy in adolescence.

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Journey to the Ordinary “Integration” of an Undocumented Moroccan Migrant in France

Author(s): Mustapha El Miri / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In answer to the question: “How would you describe your experience, since you left Morocco, stowed away in the hold of a fishing boat, and all the way to your present situation in France?” Réda replies, without hesitation: 1It’s been quite normal. I’m like everyone else. I have a family, children, a house, a job. Everything’s OK […] It’s true, I’ve been lucky, sometimes it’s been hard, but the result has been positive and I’m happy that things are all right. The only thing I’d say about my life is that you mustn’t be afraid to work, and then after that things run smoothly […] My life is quite ordinary, I feel OK […] I think this is what most people want: just to have an ordinary life.

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Children Circulating Between The United States and Mexico

Author(s): Víctor Zúñiga,Betsabé Román-González / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Based on multi-site, long-term, ongoing research into the migratory trajectories of international migrant children living in Mexico, this chapter will describe and analyze the stories of three children who arrived from the United States to the state of Morelos, Mexico in 2012. Beto was born in Morelos, Mexico, while Flor and Lulu were born in the United States (Oregon and Arkansas, respectively). Beto moved to the United States when he was 2 years old. Flor was 10 and Lulu was 12 when they moved to Mexico. Beto and Lulu still live in Mexico, while Flor returned to Oregon two years ago.

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Life While Waiting: Experiencing the Asylum Application in France

Author(s): Carolina Kobelinsky / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

It is half past ten. Edona and Gazmadh Bashe finish their coffee and sit around the small round table, next to the bed that was already made. Gazmadh goes downstairs to the first floor where the social workers’ offices are to look for his mail. He then goes to the ground floor, at the entrance of the reception center for asylum-seekers (CADA), where smokers sometimes gather. He meets Omar, a neighbor from his hallway, and a “Russian from the fourth floor” whose name hedoesn’t know. They talk about the weather, go out to smoke, have two cigarettes.They say hello to those who come in, to those who go out. Edona, on the other hand, goes to wash the cups in the shared kitchen. I go with her. There is already a lady there preparing lunch. Back in the room, Edona turns on the television,mutes it, takes out a small French dictionary and a paperback she borrowed from the municipal library. She systematically looks up the definitions of all the words she doesn’t know, asks me them “to make sure,” and then writes them down on a blue notepad. Gazmadh comes back. Edona asks him if there was any mail.“No” he replies. He turns the sound on the TV back on and stretches out on the bed. Edona continues to read. I leave. […]

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From “Expats” To Migrants: Mano’s Worlds in Marrakesh

Author(s): Michel Peraldi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Mano was one of the first people I met in 2011 in Marrakesh, where I had moved for two years of fieldwork with the aim of conducting research into the history of the city and its urban development against the backdrop of a tourism-based economy (Peraldi, 2018). He immediately told me his story without pouring his heart out too much, then soon kindly and spontaneously offered to help me with my personal and professional paperwork. He came at the right time, as I was looking for a place to live and he worked at a real estate agency; above all, he knew many people in Marrakesh. He quickly found me a property to rent that suited me perfectly, then opened his social calendar to me and brought me with him to parties and dinners hosted by friends, and friends of friends. His world was nothing like that of the European jet-set featured in magazines that has given Marrakesh the reputation as a “place to be.” On the contrary, his was a social world where you met unknown people on the younger side, the vast majority of them French, often newcomers, and far from rich. There were also a few Moroccan men and women, all from the same generation and cultural and professional spheres as their French friends, many sharing a home with a French partner. Finally, many young children would run around among the dancers or fall asleep on the sofa at the end of the evening.

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Göç(er) Anlatısı İncelemelerinde Çatışma ve Kültür(süz)leşme Yöntembilimi

Author(s): Ali Tilbe / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Kökleri çok eskilere uzanan göç olgusu, içinde bulunduğumuz küreselleşme diye anılan “bütünleşmiş küresel kapitalizm” (Bourriaud, 2019, s. 19) çağının evrensel sorunsal konularından birisidir. Dünya tarihinin, değişik milletlerin kitlesel göçlerine tanıklık ettiği gibi, bugün de Afrika’dan Avrupa’ya, Avrupa’dan Amerika’ya ya da daha farklı göç koridorları bireysel ya da kitlesel göçerler tarafından doldurulmaktadır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında, göç konusu en çok üzerinde durulması gereken olgulardan birisi olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Douglas Massey, Uluslararası göç tarihini dört dönemde inceler: Tecim Dönemi (1500-1800), Uran Dönemi (1800-1925), Sınırlı Göç Dönemi (1925-1960) ve Uran Sonrası Göç Dönemi (1960 ve sonrası) (1999, s. 34). Kuşkusuz erken dönemden başlayarak özellikle uzak anakaraların keşfi, sömürgecilik dönemi, uran devrimi ve yirminci yüzyıldaki büyük dünya savaşlarını izleyen yıllarda beliren nitelikli ve niteliksiz emek ve işgücü taleplerinin belirmesi Doğu’dan Batı’ya, Güney’den Kuzey’e doğru kitlesel göçleri tetiklemiştir. Eskiden daha çok artırımsal nedenlere bağlı olarak gerçekleşen göçler, yirmi birinci yüzyılda Afrika ve Arap coğrafyasında gerçekleşen savaşlardan ötürü güvensizlik ve tehdit algısından kaynaklanmakta ve böylelikle göçlere yol açan nedenler değişmektedir.

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