Radical Communication Style of Contemporary Polish Reportage (on the Basis of "Abchazja" by Wojciech Górecki)

Author(s): Katarzyna Ostrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the radical style of communication in contemporary Polish reportage based on the text Abchazja by Wojciech Górecki. The author attempts to present the syntactic features of the text in question in the light of radicalism and to locate the genre of reportage between literary, journalistic and scientific research based on the findings of the following authorities: Kazimierz Wolny-Zmorzyński, Andrzej Kaliszewski and Wojciech Furman. The meaning of the term reportage is defined using the definitions of Janusz Sławiński, Czesław Niedzielski and Julian Maślanka. In her work, the author uses the traditional syntactic model of Zenon Klemensiewicz, and Stanisław Jodłowski, and following to the postulates of Maria Kniagininowa, and Marek Ruszkowski she extracts a sample of 200 statements from the narrative constructions of the text. She analyzes in detail the relations between narrative and dialogue, simple and complex, verbal and verbless, paratactic, and hypotactic statements. She also focuses on the stylistic functions of syntactic constructions. As a result, in the reportage Abchazja the author observes 1) the reporting syntactic tendency, 2) dynamic as an important stylistic feature, 3) journalistic style predominance.Artykuł traktuje o radykalnym stylu komunikacji we współczesnym polskim reportażu na podstawie tekstu Abchazja Wojciecha Góreckiego. Autorka podejmuje próbę przedstawienia syntaktycznych cech omawianego tekstu w świetle radykalizmu oraz zlokalizowania gatunku reportażu pomiędzy literackością, publicystyką i naukowością na podstawie ustaleń autorytetów, takich jak: Kazimierz Wolny-Zmorzyński, Andrzej Kaliszewski oraz Wojciech Furman. Ramy znaczeniowe terminu reportaż określa, posiłkując się definicjami Janusza Sławińskiego, Czesława Niedzielskiego oraz Juliana Maślanki. W swojej pracy używa tradycyjnego modelu składniowego Zenona Klemensiewicza i Stanisława Jodłowskiego, a zgodnie z postulatami Marii Kniagininowej oraz Marka Ruszkowskiego spośród konstrukcji narracyjnych tekstu dokonuje doboru próby równej 200 wypowiedzeń. W szczegółowy sposób analizuje relacje procentowe zachodzące pomiędzy wypowiedzeniami narracyjnymi a dialogowymi, pojedynczymi a złożonymi, werbalnymi a niewerbalnymi oraz parataktycznymi a hipotaktycznymi. Zwraca uwagę na funkcje stylistyczne, jakie pełnią poszczególne konstrukcje syntaktyczne. W rezultacie autorka tekstu zauważa w reportażu Abchazja 1) tendencję do budowania składni sprawozdawczej, 2) dynamizację tekstu jako ważną funkcję stylistyczną, 3) przewagę stylu dziennikarskiego w kształtowaniu cech omawianego reportażu.

From Euphemisms to Vulgarisms

Author(s): Grzegorz Cebrat / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper investigates the issue how Polish translators of William Shakespeare’s King Lear dealt with rendering Lear’s monologue (Act IV, Scene 6, ll. 107-132), being a misogynistic tirade of the mad king against adultery, sexuality, and women in general. The play was translated into Polish at least fifteen times in the 19th and 20th centuries, beginning with the oldest published rendition by Ignacy Hołowiński (1841) and concluding with the most recent one by Jerzy S. Sito (2001). The paper analyses seven selected fragments taking into consideration lexical and stylistic choices made by the translators of the monologue in order to show how changing attitudes to sexual taboo and Shakespearean obscenities affected the translations in question. The analysis reveals the evolution of translators’ attitudes to those issues (also affected by contemporary Shakespearean research): from euphemistic treatment of the topic in the 19th century, through philological translations of Tarnawski and Chwalewik, to unrestricted modern renditions of Słomczyński and Barańczak, and the extreme case of straightforward obscene translation of Jerzy S. Sito. Artykuł jest próbą analizy technik i metod zastosowanych przez tłumaczy w trakcie przekładu wyrazów i wyrażeń obscenicznych występujących w tragedii Williama Shakespeare’a Król Lear na język polski. Analiza skupia się na tłumaczeniach monologu szalonego króla (Akt IV, scena 6, wersy 107-132), który jawi się jako mizoginistyczny atak na kobiety, seksualność, oraz cudzołóstwo. Materiał tekstowy stanowi 15 przekładów sztuki, począwszy od najstarszego tłumaczenia, dokonanego przez Ignacego Hołowińskiego i opublikowanego w 1841 roku, a skończywszy na wersji Jerzego S. Sity z roku 2001. Artykuł analizuje wybrane zdania i jednostki leksykalne, pochodzące z siedmiu fragmentów monologu, pod kątem technik i strategii tłumaczeniowych zastosowanych przez poszczególnych tłumaczy przy przekładaniu pojęć uważanych za nieprzyzwoite, a dotyczących kobiecego ciała, seksu, rozpusty, cudzołóstwa, itp. Przeprowadzona analiza wykazuje ewolucję sposobów przekładu, związanych z epoką w której polski tekst powstał i jej uwarunkowaniami kulturowo-społecznymi, a także z rozwojem badań nad twórczością i językiem Shakespeare’a, i pozwala śledzić zmiany, począwszy od eufemistycznego stylu tłumaczeń powstałych w XIX. wieku, poprzez filologiczne tłumaczenia Tarnawskiego i Chwalewika, a skończywszy na współczesnych, miejscami ‘niecenzuralnych,’ tekstach Słomczyńskigo, Barańczaka, a zwłaszcza Sity, który nie zawahał się użyć wulgaryzmów.

Book review

Author(s): Margherita Dore / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

O SPECIFIČNOSTIMA SINTAKSE KNJIŽEVNOUMJETNIČKOG STILA: SLIKANJE SINTAKSOM U KRATKIM PRIČAMA JUSUFA IDRISA

Author(s): Elma Dizdar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 69/2020

From the point of view of syntactic analysis, the main features of texts belonging to literary style are the unlimited freedom and absence of rules which in other functional styles dictate the characteristic use of syntactic patterns and structures, as well as means of text cohesion. That is why it is difficult to discuss the specific features of the syntax of literary style in general. Instead, it is possible to analyze the use of syntax as an element of style of individual authors, literary movements or genres. However, it is not the syntactic features that could be analyzed as building blocks of unique, homogenous style of Yusuf Idris that served as motivation for writing of this paper. Quite the contrary, the paper draws attention to markedly different syntactic devices used by this writer in different short stories. The central focus of the paper is the analysis of these syntactic devices in several short stories of Yusuf Idris, which aims to show that the use of syntax therein is not simply means or form used by the writer to convey the content of the story. Actually, this syntactic warp and woof of the story, packed with various syntactic figures, not only works together with the story content and tells one part of it but often speaks louder than words, forming unique narrative devices.

OD STILSKE FIGURE KA IMAGINARIJU PJESNIKA IZ 17. STOLJEĆA – ELIFNĀME AHMEDA TALIBA BOŠNJAKA I HASANA KAIMIJE

Author(s): Madžida Mašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 69/2020

This paper aims to present three poems written as alifnāmas (an abecedarian poem), very popular poems in diwan, tekke and folk poetry in Turkish. An abecederian poem as stylistic devices formally belongs to figures of construction and this paper shed a light on three alifnāmas written by Ahmad Talib Bosnawi (one alifnāma) and Hasan Kaimi (two alifnāmas). As we know, this poems have not been presented to our scientific public until now.

KONTRASTIVNA ANALIZA AUTORSKIH DIDASKALIJA U NOVINSKIM IZVJEŠTAJIMA

Author(s): Mladen D. Papaz,Ružica Zeljko-Zubac / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 71/2020

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Art und Weise der Übermittlungen von fremden Aussagen und der Identifikation der Informations- quellen in Zeitungsberichten. Der Journalist benutzt während der Berichterstattung meistens syntaktische Konstruktionen, wie z.B. Obersatzreste, um die primäre Infor- mationsquelle hervorzuheben und auf seine Vermittlerrolle bei der Berichterstattung hinzuweisen. Die Grundfunktion der Obersatzreste, welche die Worte des Journalisten enthalten, ist auf die fremde Aussage hinzuweisen, die Quelle der Modalität zu nen- nen und zu identifizieren, mit dem Ziel, den Inhalt des propositionalen Gehaltes als glaubhaft darzustellen und den Bericht als autentisch zu zeigen. Dieses Modell der Identifikation der Modalquelle konnotiert eine professionelle, objektive und neutrale Berichterstattung. In dieser Arbeit haben wir mit Hilfe der kontrastiven Analyse die vorerwähnten syntaktischen Konstruktionen beschrieben und gleichzeitig auf die Unterschiede in der serbischen und deutsche Sprache hingewiesen.

Gij zult andermans taalfouten koesteren! Tolerantie voor taalveranderingen en spellingfouten

Author(s): Agata Kowalska-Szubert / Language(s): Dutch Issue: 5S/2020

This essay is a plea for more careful use of Dutch language, in particular by translators and teachers of Dutch. In particular, the spelling always proves to be a difficult stumbling block, and not just for second-language or foreign-language learners. The essay examines the problem of compound words and mistakes made by professional language practitioners of Dutch when writing these words or not.

NAUKA O ARGUMENTACIJI QIRĀ’ĀTA حجة القراءات

Author(s): Dževad Šošić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 41/2020

A distinct Qur’anic discipline, which explores the analysis, explanation and argumentation of qirāʼāts, was emerging and developing within the field of exegesis of the Qur’an. The question of qirāʼāts has always been a focal point for Arabic linguists for the purpose of understanding that Qur’anic phenomenon as well as for the purpose of developing linguistic theories, in as much as qirāʼāts were considered to be the main source of argumentation in establishing the norms of Arabic grammar and stylistics. This paper offers a short cross section of the historical development of the science of argumentation in qirāʼāts from early tafsīr contacts with that subject and through writing the first distinct works from that field until contemporary specialist studies and research works.

Ëndrra, ëndërrimi, dhe ligjërimi onirik si prosede krijuese (Koliqi, Kuteli dhe Gunga)

Author(s): Vjollca Osja / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.2/2019

This paper aims to analyze the function of the dream as an organizing element in some of Koliqi’s and Kuteli’s stories and in a poem written by F. Gunga. In the case of Koliqi and Kuteli the approach will focus on the narrative function of dreaming (especially in such stories as “The dream of a summer afternoon”, “The wonderful bride” or “Great is the calamity of sin” ). Koliqi uses the dream as a narrative catalyst while Kuteli uses it as a narrative revelation.In the case of F. Gunga’s poem we aim to analyse the elements of stylistics register and the syntax of the text. F. Gunga’s poem is characterized by a very distinctive and striking feature, such as the analogy between poetic discourse and dream discourse.

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Author(s): Grzegorz Cebrat / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The development of the Internet has led to the emergence of new digital genres, also known as cybergenres or web genres. The existing research into diverse web pages has revealed that the new medium not only generated changes in traditional genres (reproduced or adapted) but also created a number of novel genres. The creation, development and nature of spontaneous genres are connected with the evolution of the web since they have no counterparts in traditional media. The present study deals with one of them: it concentrates on the genre analysis of a small set of 35 web pages representing the 404 error message genre, which are automatically generated to indicate that a server cannot find the page requested by a web user who follows a dead or broken link. The paper presents the origins of the genre in question, its structure, content and communicative purposes. The research has been carried out by means of the methodology of genre analysis proposed by John Swales (1990). Four moves that express the communicative purposes of 404 error have been identified and the commonest rhetoric choices have been analyzed. Additionally, the paper presents a selection of unusual, ingenious or funny 404 error pages.

PROVERBS IN THE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE AND THEIR CREATIVE USE: A CROSS-CULTURAL VIEW

Author(s): Anita Načisčione / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

Proverbs form part and parcel of intangible cultural heritage. They are handed down from generation to generation and retained in the collective long-term memory of a people, constituting part of their language and culture. The purpose of this paper is to revisit proverbs and examine some of their essential features in the system of language and in their creative use in discourse from a cross-language and a cross-cultural perspective. This approach calls for semantic and stylistic analyses of empirical material, which I have chosen from my own archive of English and Latvian proverbs. Linguistic examination of proverbs promotes an understanding of their functioning across the broad spectrum of languages and cultures, bringing out similarities in the figurative structure of their base form and their stylistic use in various types of discourse. Cognitive linguistic research on proverbs reveals an infinite diversity of expression of figurative thought: a manifestation of the capacity of the human mind for abstraction and generalisation. The study of figurative meaning of proverbs and its changes in discourse accounts for the uniqueness of their stylistic use in text, which lies in the creativity of the cognitive mind. Stylistic use of the same proverb and the same stylistic pattern yields a different creative form of expression. Novel stylistic instantiations emerge in discourse as a reflection of the development of figurative thought.

SERCE EDMONDA DE AMICISA W TŁUMACZENIU MARII KONOPNICKIEJ – ANALIZA WYBRANYCH FRAGMENTÓW

Author(s): Małgorzata Kapusta / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2021

The subject matter of this paper is the language and stylistics of selected fragments of „Serce” (“Heart”), a children’s novel by Edmondo de Amicisa in the 19th-century translation into Polish by Maria Konopnicka. With reference to selected translation theories, the conducted analysis covers the strategy adopted by the translator, that is one consisting in familiarising the Polish reader with foreign realities while preserving their originality and “foreignness” (i.e. the simultaneous “domestication” and “foreignisation”). This determines the faithfulness and up-to-dateness of her translation, re-editions of which have been published to this day as it is appreciated for its rich language and accurate rendition of the original style. Due to the similarity to her own writing technique, the translator appropriately reflects the nature of the work, enriching it with elements of school jargon and colloquial language. Despite the presence of archaisms, Konopnicka’s language has remained comprehensible to the contemporary reader.

The Use of Idioms and Wordplay in The Big Bang Theory Sitcom

Author(s): Lendita Kryeziu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

Language is a powerful communication tool. A skilful person uses words and manipulates them for different purposes; be that for persuading clients in buying different products or joining a congregation; soothing aggravated patients and consoling people who lost their loved ones. Language is used for teaching, informing, entertaining and making people laugh. Many public speakers, teachers, politicians and leaders use humour for breaking the ice and engaging the audience into listening. Moreover, nowadays a vast number of sitcoms are popular among different age groups based on the topics, genre and the audience’s field of interest. One such series which has caught the interest of a broader audience on Netflix is The Big Bang Theory. The usage of idioms, wordplays, puns, rhyming structures, pop culture language and scientific jargon, permeated with humour, are widely spread into the characters’ daily conversations through entire episodes. From the linguistic point of view, the corpus of The Big Bang Theory episodes will be thoroughly analysed for finding the relevance of using idioms, wordplays, puns and other structures in transmitting humorous messages to the audience.

ORIJENTALNA LEKSIKA U ILMIHALIMA KAO PODLOGA OSTVARENJU SPECIFIČNIH ZADATAKA MEKTEPSKE POUKE

Author(s): Mersad Čobo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 84/2020

The aim of this article is to analyse the extent to which oriental lexis is present in textbooks for maktab class. The attempt was made to classify the oriental lexes found in categories: Arabism, words of Turkish origin, words of Persian origin: standard (irreplaceable lexis), sub-standard (replaceable); sacral (religious); non-sacral (non-religious); onomastics (origin of proper names; esp. personal names), stylogenous (elements of emphasised expression) and historisms (lexis developed from active language). The research was conducted on bases of three textbooks designed for different levels of maktab class (I, II, III), used in academic year 2020/21. The aim was to find out the extent to which presence of oriental lexis in textbooks, used as a source for studying and promoting local culture, contribute in achieving the aims of maktab class in this regard. Keeping in mind that the subject of this analysis was textbooks with religious content, it was expected to find more Arabisms, equal number of standard and sub-standard lexis, equal number of sacral and non-sacral lexis and sufficient number of lexis from other categories. Analysis was carried out by highlighting all the lexis of oriental origin and then classifying them as per mentioned categories. The results show that Arabism is the most present lexis (independent words), next most used are lexis of Turkish origin and least of all are those of Persian lexis. Category of standard was more often used than sub-standard and sacral lexis dominated over non-sacral. However, the percentage of standard, non-sacral lexis (approximately 20%) and the percentage of stylistic elements (around 4%) indicates that this is a good foundation for achieving specific goals of maktab class regarding learning about and promoting of local cultural values. The analysis showed the presence of onomastics, stylistic and historic elements in these textbooks as well. We also noted that lexis of Turkish origin of standard, nonsacral nature is rather scarce. The results of this research may have further use in future comparative researches in the field and in researches in the field of competency of mu’allims in achieving the specific goals of maktab class.

Funkcja powtórzeń językowych w Uchu Igielnym Wiesława Myśliwskiego

Author(s): Danuta Kowalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 19/2020

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the function of linguistic repetitions in the novel Ucho igielne of Wiesław Myśliwski. The subject of description are the repetitions of both lexical and syntactic units, as well as the units smaller than a word (morphemes) in a linear sequence of the text. The presented analysis shows that the writer skilfully uses the descriptions in various functions. First, they are an exponent of coherence of the text in which fragmentation of the segments of content can be noticed. Repetitions facilitate to follow the non-chronological narration, they signal continuity of a given theme within a given relation. Second, they are used as a stylistic means in an uttered monologue, therefore stylized as a spoken language, serving various purposes and primarily performing an impressive and expressive functions. Myśliwski also uses repetitions to create music of words, he confers to the text a kind of rhythm. Repetitions also visibly co-create the orality of the text as they are conducive to memorizing and making memory present. The remarkable power of repetition in the stylistic layer of the analysed work, its attractiveness, is also determined by a manner the writer uses this stylistic means. Myśliwski extremely carefully, in accordance with the rhetoric rules, constructs the composition of his work. Besides the syntactic parallelisms, we find examples of polyptotons and the etymological figures, apart from anaphors there are frequent anadiploses. Quite often repetitions draw the reader’s attention to the text itself, therefore being also one of the vehicles of the poetic function in the work.

Book review

Author(s): Marianthi Georgalidou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Book review

KRIKŠČIONIŠKOJI RETORIKA XIX A. VIDURIO LIETUVIŲ LITERATŪROJE

Author(s): Irena Skurdenienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 13/2004

Religious and secular rhetoric differ in their intentions, aims and linguistic expression. Christian values, witnessed through cultural, psychological and social factors, were dominant in the middle of the 19th century in Lithuania. The rich religious literature of that period was subordinated to the practical needs of its addressee; its strongest emphasis was on education and didactics. Cultural values, particularly reflected in public discourse, were illustrated by the genre of the sermon. Preachers of that time, who were writing under the pressure of tsarist censorship, were restricted to certain themes, interpretations and means of expression. This genre was based on baroque principles: the authors depicted the temporality of life, the cult of death, and life after death. Those general tendencies are reflected in the sermons of R. Jasikevicius, officially accredited for use in churches. The preacher explains the principles of Christian life, emphasises the temporary nature of everyday life, and advocates asceticism and constant penitence. In the sermons of R. Jasikevicius we find a very strong cult of death: the author presents intimidating images of the Inferno and awakens emotions of fear rather than love in man’s relationship with God. As a preacher, Jasikevicius orients his thought towards transcendence, thus reminding us in his sermons of baroque religious literature. Stylistically, these sermons were adapted to peasant audiences. The religious discourse of the mid-nineteenth century vaguely reflects the active social position of the Church during these years troubled by the struggle for freedom.

On Translated Plagiarism in Academic Discourse

Author(s): Diana Yankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Cross-language plagiarism is increasingly being accorded the interest of academics, but it is still an under researched area. Rather than displaying linguistic similarity or identity of lexemes, phrases or grammatical structures within one language, translated plagiarism is viewed as the theft of ideas involving two languages. Two instances of translated plagiarism will be discussed - lifting a text from language A, translating it in language B to reuse it as one’s own text, and back-translation: lifting a text verbatim from language A, translating into language B and then re-translating back into language A. The emphasis will be on non-standard structures and inappropriate linguistic choices violating source language norms which could go some way towards assisting in the detection of translated plagiarism, a task heretofore not resolved either by linguists or by computer specialists. The topic is of seminal importance to non-English speaking academic contexts.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ПРИЧИННЫХ КОНСТРУКЦИЙ В ГИПОТАКСИСЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПУБЛИЦИСТИКИ XX–XXI ВЕКОВ)

Author(s): Natalia Pavlovna Galkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2021

The article presents a statistical and semantic structure analysis of complex sentences with causal meaning used in modern journalism. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for a systematic description of possible construction tools for expressing causative relations in the modern Russian language. The topic is also of interest in stylistic and historical aspects, since the functioning of a language is a process, which, on the one hand, is stabilized with the help of ingrained language means, and on the other hand, is constantly developing through acquiring new features. The body of the analyzed structures included 1300 causal complex sentences selected by the method of continuous sampling from the works of various journalistic genres (books, magazines, newspapers, and Internet resources). The journalistic style is characterized, to one extent or another, by the use of almost the entire spectrum of conjunctions of causative hypotaxis, including neutral, archaic, and stylistically marked ones. It is shown that the linking devices of causal complex sentences are distributed unevenly and in accordance with the general trend of the modern Russian language development. The most frequent conjunctions are потому что, поскольку, ибо, так как (all meaning ‘because’ or ‘since’). Their representation and structural and semantic modification are determined by the variety of tasks and forms of journalistic works. Other linking devices with causal semantics are unproductive, but they are relevant in certain communicative situations, since they indicate specific shades of causal meanings, nuances of a causal relationship, the author’s intention or position, etc.

Риторика и поэтика «Пушкинской речи» Ф. М. Достоевского

Author(s): Evgeniya Petrovna Litinskaya / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2021

The article examines the F. M. Dostoevsky’s Pushkin’s Speech in the context of modern studies of the way ancient heritage was reflected in the writer’s work. The analysis of the speech was carried out in the categories of rhetorical poetics. The author proves that the speech is structured according to the rules of epideictic eloquence, with a pronounced emotional component characteristic of Christian preaching. The author identifies established stylistic figures, the use of which is always justified: repetition, parallelism, gradation, amplification, polyphonic forms, period, allusion, irony. Rhetoric is translated into poetics. Pushkin’s characters (Aleko and Onegin, Tatiana, Pimen) become images with apparent features of both Christian culture and antiquity. Evangelical motifs and images, allusions to antiquity, concepts of Orthodox and ancient culture are integrated in a journalistic form. Christ and Pushkin are connected figuratively in poetics and rhetoric of the speech. Dostoevsky creates a portrait of the Russian poet, his image, and it is no accident that the “speech” is called an essay by its author.