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Код парцијалне негације, тј. кад се не негира цијела реченица већ само неки њен дно, у руском се негација ставља директно испред тог дијела, док то код нас није увијек могуће. Преводиоци то не уочавају у довољној мјери и негација им се не односи на одговарајући дио реченице.
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The paper focuses on a selected group of biblical phrasemes [(po)zdvihnúť pätu (päty) proti niekomu; krívať (kuľhať) na obe (dve) nohy vs. krívať (kuľhať) na obe (dve) strany; kameň úrazu vs. kameň urážky]. In addition to the formal-semantic and communication analysis, their connection with the biblical source is given particular attention (based on Slovak translations of the Bible, comparing the contemporary translations with historical ones). The life path of biblical idioms in a diachronic-synchronic perspective is created, on the one hand, on the material base of the Historical Dictionary of the Slovak Language and selected historical written sources bearing witness to the past of the language; on the other, drawing on the material of the Slovak National Corpus (the corpus of Slovak texts available on the web), which provides testimony on the language of the present.
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The subject of our study is precisely the understanding of how the memory of someone disappears in the history of Bulgarian literature and how the nomination of this process change from the Old Bulgarian language to today. In the Old Bulgarian translation of the Bible we see two frazeologisms: погNoбити / потрѣбити памѧть and погыбнеть памѧть кого. But in modern dictionaries, these colocations are not presented as idiomatic phrases. Data from the history of the literary Bulgarian language provide a basis for their lexicography. In this way, part of the Cyril and Methodius written heritage, preserved in the Bible, will be updated.
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The research aims to overcome the limitations of the systemic examination of phraseology in historical texts using available digital tools. The article seeks to answer the question posed in the title by presenting a functional study of phraseology using the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772–1939) [A corpus of Polish dramatic texts (1772–1939)] and the intonation analyzer Wydźwięk. I conduct pragma- and sociolinguistic analysis in the context of language functions identified by Michael Halliday; I also propose using selected sociological factors included in the corpus that may correlate with the choice of phraseology in a given context. I verify the evaluation of the intonation of expressions by comparing the tool’s results with my linguistic intuition. The research results are presented in a separate section, juxtaposed with the state of research (systematic analysis) and the researcher’s linguistic competencies. The prospects for using digital tools in phraseological research in ancient texts are presented in the conclusion section.
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The article deals with the determinants of the sensory and mental reproduction and the linguistic shaping of beauty, objectified in the diversified multiword units of Polish and Slovakian. Three basic determinants can be distinguished in forming and presenting beauty which come down to: beauty presented directly and indirectly, its lack and ugliness, permanence and impermanence of beauty, losing and gaining beauty, properties of beauty and beauty manifestations, the effects of beauty, attitudes to beauty and the correlation of beauty and other ideas. The comparative research reveals the mechanisms lying at the foundation of the image of beauty, it provides a comprehensive presentation of the phenomenon of beauty fixed in word compounds of the compared languages, and thus the presentation of the regularity of universal and specific linguistic nature.
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The study of the perceptual feature of TASTE allows us to reveal to a large extent the features of a specific linguistic culture. We do not accept all substances as food, but first those that are edible for humans, and secondly those that are accepted and loved in a specific culture, i.e. “selected” by the national culture. The aim of my research is to analyze the vocabulary related to taste recorded in Polish lexicons, as well as – within the comparative background – Russian, Ukrainian, and English, and to identify prototypes in the consciousness of users of different linguistic cultures and their status. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of dictionary definitions, conceptual analysis, and linguistic experiment. Using the example of definitions of tastes selected from dictionaries of English, Ukrainian, Polish and Russian, it was shown that the interpretation of these words is built on the basis of reference to a certain referent–the carrier of features, i.e. an adjective. The authors of Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian dictionaries focus more on searching for the prototype among objects that play a significant role in traditional folk culture, while the English dictionary is a reference object typical of the lifestyle of modern people. The results of the experiment allowed us to show the differences and similarities in the information presented by lexicographers in dictionary definitions and the information presented in the minds of the modern user. The respondents had different prototypes of tastes than those presented in dictionaries: sweets, coffee, chocolate, and fast food products.
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This review presents a collection of studies by Bulgarian and Polish authors. The papers address current issues in Bulgarian and Polish phraseology, as well as the lexicographic description of phraseological units.
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Issue 4/2024 features four contributions addressing various aspects of Standard Bulgarian grammar, spelling and punctuation, along with one arti-cle focusing on the dialectal description of non-inflecting parts of speech in works from the National Revival period.
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The article traces the changes in the verb paradigm resulting from the transformation of intransitive verbs into transitive ones. As a consequence of transitivisation, dereflexivisation and causativisation verbs undergo changes in relation to the categories of transitivity ~ intransitivity, personality ~ impersonality, reflexivity ~ non-reflexivity, aspect, tense, person, number and voice. The results of the aspec-tual characterisation of (non-)causative verbs reveal a predominance of biaspectual verbs among all analysed forms, followed by aspectual pairs and perfective verbs. The examples illustrating these innovative trends in contemporary Bulgarian are primarily drawn from online discourse (such as comments on the bg.mamma fo-rum, Facebook posts and online media), with fewer examples taken from fiction or colloquial speech. Conversive causativisation (cf. the works of Sergey Say and Stoyan Burov) influencing Bulgarian verbs has parallels in English, but its usage (and motivation) can be identified much earlier in oral colloquial communication. New causative verb uses continue to emerge, predominantly in media language, advertising and literature, often to enhance expressive power, create aesthetic impact or engage the reader’s linguistic sensitivity. Notably, in some cases, an additional connotation is present, accompanied by a sense of aggression, an intention to shock the audience or to challenge established social norms.
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The study examines a group of negative verb forms denoting relative posteriority, in which the negation marker is placed before the full (or second auxiliary) verb rather than in the initial position: compare the examples щях да не забележа; щеше да не си (различен); щял съм да не се съглася; щяха да не зависят; щели да не вземат; щял бил да не докосва, etc., with the normative pattern: нямаше да забележа, нямаше да си (различен), нямало да се съглася, нямаше да зависят, нямало да вземат. Notably, such forms are rarely discussed in systematic Bulgarian grammars but are observed in contemporary oral and written communication. The study aims to: 1) identify the reasons for this deviation from the normative formation of verb forms describing relative posteriority by analysing the linguistic contexts in which these forms occur; 2) determine their status within the verb system (whether they represent acceptable variants or deviations). The analysis also incorporates survey data, providing insights into native speakers’ attitudes towards the studied verb forms.
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The article examines the metaphorical projections of the lexeme fuse and the phrases in which it functions as a component. Specifically, it analyses the expressions someone’s fuses blew and fuses blew in terms of their formal structure, variation, paradigms, semantics, origin and other relevant characteristics. The study rejects the hypothesis that the two units share a common origin and instead proposes that they have under-gone distinct processes of phraseologisation, resulting in different internal forms. It is concluded that the identical formal structure and divergent semantics of the expressions exemplify phraseological homonymy. Additionally, the article analyses the conventional metaphorical projections of the lexeme fuse in terms of their stylistic characteristics, semantics, frequency and viability, while also looking for potential connections with the aforementioned expressions. The capacity of fuse to function as a novel metaphor and to contribute to other types of tropes, such as similes, is emphasised. Furthermore, the study examines the dynamics of its various metaphorical projections, noting the increasing frequency and prominence of some and the decline of others. Particular attention is given to the innovative uses of phrases, where techniques and devices characteristic of poetic language are employed. The analysis demonstrates their adaptability across a broad range of discursive contexts, including poetry, journalistic texts and online forum discussions.
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In this study, the use of the linking preposition ki/kim in Süheyl ü Nev-bahâr is analysed based on our doctoral thesis. The most important feature of the sentences formed with these linking prepositions is that the main sentence is at the beginning and the auxiliary sentence is at the end, contrary to the rule of Turkish that the main sentence is at the end and the auxiliary sentence is at the beginning. In Süheyl ü Nev-bahâr, the auxiliary clause is usually connected to the main clause as object, adverb, place complement and subject. These elements in the main clause are sometimes qualified by the auxiliary clause. It is also noteworthy that the auxiliary clause consists of dependent clauses formed with other linking prepositions, conditional or prepositional compound sentences, and sequential sentences. In these dependent clauses, the use of the connecting prepositions ki/kim in the function of the ellipsis in today's Turkey Turkish, i.e. in the function of explanation, is also frequently encountered.
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The era of globalization has endowed cross-language comparisons and issues of translatology with increasing importance. Asian and European cultures come into a closer contact. This results in need and aspiration to create a growing number of translations into foreign languages, including the translation of literary, as well as religious texts. This research concerns written translation studies and focuses on a semantic comparison of terminology in Sanskrit, Tibetan, English and Latvian languages. The main object of the article is the name “buddha” and its synonyms that are very frequent in Buddhist writings. In this case, the treatise “Bodhicharyavatara” by Indian philosopher Shantideva – one of the most translated Buddhist texts in the world – is chosen as the basis. This text was originally written in Sanskrit, but after being translated into Tibetan, it became most wide-spread among Tibetan Buddhists (Nelson, 2016, 405). Since the 20th century, it has been translated into many languages, and has become very popular throughout the world, not only in Buddhist communities, but also among general readers (Brassard, 2012, 6). Most translations have been rendered in English, but with the spread of Buddhism, and especially Tibetan Buddhist schools in Latvia, the availability of Buddhist texts and terminology in Latvian language has become a topical issue. The close historical relationship between Baltic and Indic languages can be mentioned as an advantage in the process of translating Buddhist texts, because both languages reveal many morphological and phonetic similarities. Currently, the author is working on the translation of the “Bodhicharyavatara” from Tibetan into Latvian, therefore it is important to establish the main concepts and to compare them with their Sanskrit and English equivalents. Since the content of the treatise is related to the bodhisattva path of self-cultivation, where the ultimate goal of practitioners is to become a buddha, the word “buddha” is mentioned rather often. Owing to the lyrical style of the text various figurative epithets are used, and Tibetan and English translators have chosen different renderings of buddha’s epithets. Hence, the main goal of this study is to compare buddha’s names used in Sanskrit, Tibetan and English languages in order to find the most appropriate approach in Latvian – both for the relevant translation and for the translation terminology in general. In conclusion, the author offers recommendations regarding methods of either transcribing or translating personal names that can be useful also for translations in other fields and into other languages.
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The article discusses thirteen entries in the manuscript of Chyliński’s translation of the New Testament that can be attributed to shipbuilding terminology: arklinas, bartos, krywułey, paras, Reanes, rudelis, rupa, ſelewiney, sparey, stoba, styrbarkey, trielbanga and zieza. The majority of these words is glossed in Polish, one in Latin (krywułey), and three (Reanes, sparey, trielbanga) have no indication of meaning. Most of the lemmas have not yet been recorded lexicographically or only in meanings other than those used here. The study analyses the word forms morphologically and aims at a better understanding of their meaning. It investigates their etymology and word history against the background of shipbuilding terminology in the Baltic Sea region of the 17th century. Even though many of the terms are words borrowed from Polish or Germanic, possibly through the mediation of Polish, it turns out that hardly any of the word forms are linguistically unambiguous and that hybrid formations, crossbreeding and etymological folk reinterpretations must be taken in consideration.
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The article aims to confirm an important hypothesis about the existence of separate parallels in the Lithuanian and Ukrainian languages. The absence of common areal boundaries of both languages with striking correspondences at different levels indicates the preservation of common lingual relics of the era of ancient contacts between speakers of Baltic and Slavonic dialects. The exclusivity of the Lithuanian-Ukrainian isoglosses, which do not extend to other languages of the Baltic and Slavonic groups of the Indo-European language family, is most likely the result of close lingual interaction between the Eastern Slavs and the ancestors of modern Lithuanians on the territory outlined by the river network of tributaries of the Dnipro in its upper reaches. Some of the relics turned out to be resistant to evolutionary processes, due to which they “survived” to our time as part of the descendant languages of ancient dialects. Preliminary data collection and linguistic analysis show that very close structural-etymological encounters are presented at several levels of the Lithuanian and Ukrainian language systems, namely, lexical, word formation and textual (phrases with a genetically common composition). The authors include typologically very close textual analogies at the phraseological level among the evidence of the development of joint innovations introduced by the ancestors of the speakers of Lithuanian and Ukrainian speech, which are probably based on common semantic-semiotic models generated by common cultural experiences of the two ethnic groups in the process of contacts.
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In memoriam Marko Samardžija (1947. – 2019.) and .Josip Silić (1934. – 2019.)
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This paper analyzes contextual examples containing Turkish infinitive noun phrases with interrogative meaning carrying specific questions formed through interrogative nominal pronouns. The primary goal of the paper is to analyze grammatical and semantic features of Turkish infinitive noun phrases that, during the nominalization process, are created by transforming interrogative root sentences containing specific questions that are constructed using interrogative nominal pronouns. The analysis also applies a contrastive method, comparing Turkish infinitive noun phrases with interrogative meaning containing interrogative nominal pronouns to semantically similar syntactic constructions in Bosnian language. Such analysis contributes to a better interpretation of Turkish infinitive noun phrases that contain interrogative nominal pronouns and their semantically similar syntactic structures in Bosnian language.
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The article analyses two poles of dialectal data: the subjective one (emic) and the objective one (etic). 50 hours of recorded interviews with 52 inhabitants who were evicted from the Nẽmunas valley in the 1950s when the Kaũnas Hydroelectric Power Plant was being built (the Kaũnas Lagoon was formed by flooding the Nẽmunas Valley) are analysed. The article quantitatively reveals the overlap (or no overlap) of data regarding informants, ordinary members of the language community, dialectal perception (emic) and objective (etic) data. This goal was achieved in three steps: 1) based on the features of the reconstructed local dialectal variant of the flooded settlements of the Kaũnas Lagoon, indicators of the dialecticism of the informants were determined; 2) having structured the dialectal perception responses, a quantitative model of dialect awareness was created; 3) having established the correlation between the emic and etic data, an examination of the dialectal perception and the actual usage was carried out on a vertical and horizontal continuum. The collected data shows that the language of the interviewed inhabitants is characterised by the features of the dialectal variant of the southeastern part of Western Aukštaitian of Kaũnas (Priedzūkis); however, only a part of the population considers themselves to be representatives of a dialect. The quantitatively measured level of dialecticism also varies (especially due to intermittent usage). When these indicators of dialecticism were compared with the categorised dialectal perception data, a (paradoxical) reality was determined: there is a mismatch between dialectal perception and actual usage. The mismatch results due to a variety of reasons, one of which is education: informants that have obtained higher education have a better knowledge of the dialect and/or admit it more readily (however, their language is not more dialectal).
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The article contains the results of a survey on words within one of the lexical-semantic fields that can be distinguished among Polish secondary school students – the issue of using messages regarding effects/ feelings in informal situations. The aim of the study was to isolate units of articles regarding emotions and their descriptions. Source material for the 1765 survey. Follow-up additional advanced testing descriptive section. The quantitative range is indicated as fields, and its exclusion is displayed based on the survey results. Featured include: colloquialisms (chicken face, embarrassment); profanity (whore); descriptions of the internal state and situation (I made a blunder, it was a disaster); loanwords and their innovations (lofciam, wiksa). The collected material makes it possible to present and partially discuss lexemes, nominative phrases, utterances and sentences used by students from selected secondary schools. The content presented in the article is real material obtained during several years of research.
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The article delves into a unique avenue through which effective communication in public administration can be enhanced—the strategic incorporation of phraseological units in foreign language learning. Effective communication lies at the heart of successful management, serving as a linchpin for collaboration, innovation, and organizational growth. In our globalized world, where international interactions are commonplace, proficient communication in foreign languages is an indispensable skill for public administrators. In the realm of public administration, effective communication is paramount for successful collaboration, decision-making, and leadership. In the article the peculiarities of communication of a public administrator in professional activities are considered. The role of phraseology in the business communication of a public administrator is also analyzed on the basis of the English language. The relevance of the topic is due to the modern tendency to reduce formality in business communications, and, as a result, the use of phraseology by public administrators is increasing. The article considers how phraseological imagery enlivens the speech of a public administrator, gives it an ironic or humorous color, and also emphasizes the need to prevent possible violations in intercultural business communication through the appropriate use or translation of phraseological units.
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