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ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМИ С БИБЛЕЙСКИ ПРОИЗХОД В БЪЛГАРСКИ И В ПОЛСКИ ЕЗИК (ПАРАЛЕЛИ В ОБЛАСТТА НА НЕГЛАГОЛНИТЕ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧНИ ЕДИНИЦИ)

Author(s): Nedelina Ivova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

The paper presents a short contrastive analysis of phraseological units in the Bulgarian and the Polish language, which have Biblical origin. The text is focused on non-predicative expressions (i.e., it deals with semantic, formal and stylistic features of expressions with no verbal component) and observes their variation of the meaning following as a context their contribution in Bulgarian and Polish resources. In this respect, the first part of the article represents the similarities between Bulgarian and Polish Biblical Phraseological Units. The units under observation here are grouped in pairs, depending on the general element they contain. Mainly, that is an onomastic element with symbolic meaning and it is a kind of reference to the Old or New Testament. In the second part of the present text, Biblical expressions share one and the same symbolic element, but they have different semantics and structure. The compared constructions are based on different aspects of the symbol and they have different connotative potential. That part has a main function to highlight that both – Bulgarian and Polish language, using the same Biblical element could make completely different phraseological units. Despite the genetic relations of the two Slavic languages, the cited constructions are formed by Bulgarian and Polish cultural and religious experience.

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ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧНИ ИЗРАЗИ С ОПОРНА ДУМА ‘КРЪСТ‘ В БЪЛГАРСКИ И В РУСКИ EЗИК

Author(s): Teodora Ilieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The concept of ‘cross’ is polysemantic. It is one of the three fundamental world emblems, a sacred Christian symbol in the religious, cultural-historical and linguistic continuum of the Slavic peoples. Therefore, it motivates the emergence of many various stable word combinations. The article discusses mostly real (full) phrasemеs and partly nonreal (non-full) phraseological units with component ‘cross’ (which forms 17 microsemantic cores with the first lexeme ‘a symbol of Christianity; a written mark, formed by two lines going across each other’ and 7 microsemantic cores with the Bulgarian homonym ‘krаst’ meaning lower back ‘the lower part of the back’), excerpted from Bulgarian and Russian phraseological dictionaries and media texts. A comparison is made between the phrases in both languages, highlighting the common Slavic uses and differences, the specific expressions (direct, metaphorical and metonymic use of ‘cross’), which are the linguistic picture of each ethnic phenotype. Phraseologisms are analyzed and categorized on several grounds: degree of desemantization of the constituent components – phraseological combinations, phraseological units, phraseological adhesions (fusions); grammatical structure (mono-element: only S; bi-element: only V + S, A + S, A + Adv; three element: V+ A+ S, V + S + Pron, S + pr + S, S+ Adv + S , S + pr + Pron; poly-element: V+ S+ pr+ Pron, V+ Pron+ pr+ S, pr+ Pron+ V+ S, etc.).

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НАЗВАНИЯТА ЗА ЧЕРЕН И БЯЛ ЦВЯТ В БЪЛГАРСКАТА, ПОЛСКАТА И ЛИТОВСКАТА ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ

Author(s): Nedelina Ivova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The present paper is contrastive analysis of Bulgarian, Polish and Lithuanian phraseological units containing a color term naming black or white. It traces the way these components reflect the figurative meaning of the unit - through their color semantics or through their function as a cultural signs. The study classiffiеs Bulgarian, Polish and Lithuanian expressions as to their belongings to several groups, which refer to different concepts. In each group the comparison of the examples found in the three phraseological subsystems is based on their semantics, their lexical components and structure. Under observations are substantive, adjectival, adverbial and verbal phraseological units where the colors are used only as an adjective component. The analysis takes into consideration that black has negative symbolism and cultural connotations. Thus the phraseological units with black are linked mainly to the concepts such as death, sorrow, bad life, misfortune. The text suggests that color term for black is rarely used to express neutral or positive meanings. The white has a positive cultural connotation associated to whiteness, light, good life, goodness, but its meaning can vary to neutral or negative in phraseological system of the three languages. The present paper observes similarities of collected phraseological expressions and emphasizes their nation-specific features.

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ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНОЇ ФРАЗЕОЛОГІЇ В УКРАЇНСЬКОМУ МОВОЗНАВСТВІ (50-ті рр. ХХ ст. – 20-ті рр. ХХІ ст.)

Author(s): Vasyl Denysiuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2022

The article attempts to analyze the state of studying the formation of the phraseological fund of the Ukrainian language in domestic linguistics. The analysis showed that the traditional approach in Ukrainian studies is to fix the phraseology, clarify its semantics and unite them in groups according to the semantic criterion. In a few studies, the stylistic functions of phraseological units are presented and their comparative analysis in related languages is performed. It was found that the research was performed on the basis of materials of business style written documents of the XIV–XVII centuries, while written documents of other styles serve as a source base much less often or were left out of consideration. The same applies to the time period where the Kyiv Rus’ period is presented in only one study. The analysis of works on historical phraseology showed that in Ukrainian linguistics this trend has not been studied yet. The number of written memorabilia available for research is increasing, while several linguists are currently working on their phraseological system. The traditional method of interpreting phraseology is undergoing transformation: instead of studying phraseology within one style, one can observe its processing through discourse analysis and cross-stylistic parallels, which allows to record metaphorical shifts and determine in which style or genre the phraseologized meaning developed.

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THE PHRASEOLOGICAL CALQUE IN THE CURRENT ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Iuliana Nedelcu (Neacșu) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 37/2024

The term calque was borrowed from another field, that of graphic arts where it is used with the meaning of imitating a sketch or drawing. Over time, it widened its semantic sphere, being used in several fields, with the meaning of copy, imitation or reproduction. Most of the calque are perfect imitations, especially from the French language, during the period when the Romanian language went through the modernization period. In the contemporary Romanian language, however, there are many imperfect calque, the adopted model not respecting the structure of the phraseological unit in the language from which it was borrowed.

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Специфика употреблений аналогичных паремий в русскоязычных и немецкоязычных газетных текстах

Author(s): Olga Simonchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The article deals with the comparative analysis of the usage of the Russian proverb Лучше синица в руках (в руки), чем журавль в небе and its German equivalent Besser ein Spatz in der Hand als eine Taube auf dem Dach in newspaper articles. The ways of connection of analysed paroemias to the context are examined. The methods of authors’ proverb transformations are described. The results of the comparative analysis of lexical and grammatical means used by the authors in Russian and German newspaper articles when employing equivalent proverbs are presented.

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Фразеологизмы с компонентом гора в русском языке и их аналоги в болгарском и сербском языках

Author(s): Tatiana Medvedeva,Diana Medvedeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2019

The article represents the comparative analysis of the phraseologisms with the the component gora 'mountain' in the Russian language and their analogues in Bulgarian and Serbian. The analysis revealed both similarities and differences in the conceptualization of mountain as a landform in the linguistic cultures under study. The similarities in the structure and semantics of phraseologisms are due to the fact that a part of these fixed phrases are internationalisms that originate from classical literature and Bible. The presence of similar metaphors and symbols we explain by the universal mechanisms of creating cognitive metaphors and symbols. The differences between the Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian phraseologisms are based on purely linguistic specifics as well as on the characteristics of nature and landscape of Russia (Russian Plain), Bulgaria and Serbia.

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ABOUT THE LINGUISTIC VALUES OF THE WORK LEXICAL - PHRASEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF DEVOLL, DESIGNED BY ALI JASHARI

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ABOUT THE LINGUISTIC VALUES OF THE WORK LEXICAL - PHRASEOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF DEVOLL, DESIGNED BY ALI JASHARI

Author(s): Valter Memisha / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

In 2016, the lexical-phraseological dictionary of Devoll, designed by prof. Ali Jashari. It is a significant achievement in the work of this author who is known, among others, as a lexicologist and lexicographer trained, identified through monographic works, lexicographical publications, study summaries, as well as numerous articles and scientific papers. The work is a feed for the lexicography of the Albanian language itself, occupying a special place in publications on dialect lexicography. Academician Gj. Shkurtaj, who accompanies the publication with an accompanying word, writes that “After reading and re-reading this work, I come to the conclusion that this dictionary is a complete encyclopedia of the soul of the people of Devoll, its culture and language, and traditions and customs, reflecting layers of whole words related to material and spiritual life, even many words that have fallen out of use today due to changes in economic and social conditions.”

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ЯЗЫКОВЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СПОРТИВНЫХ НОВОСТЕЙ (на материале финского языка)

Author(s): Nadezhda Stanislavovna Bratchikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2024

The article examines Finnish-language sports news, conducts a linguistic analysis of the relevant texts, and analyzes the features of sports discourse and techniques of speech influence on the audience. The object of this study is sports messages presented on the Finnish website YLE, while the subject of the study is the linguistic and syntactic means used to describe tournaments and events in certain sports in order to emotionally influence the readers. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the sports texts of the Finnish YLE news channel are a tool of non-forceful influence on the socio-political life in modern Finland. The study used the descriptive method, the semantic field method, and contextual analysis, which made it possible to identify the features of the study object, reveal common and distinctive features in interrelated components, and characterize the factors that caused their appearance. The research hypothesis was that sports-themed texts implement the function of speech influence on the audience. Speech manipulation is realized through the use of figurative expressions, phraseological units through which even a sporting failure can be presented as a step to victory. Hidden linguistic impact is based on the infusion of new meaning sand connotations into the lexeme, which change the associative range of the word. Such methods of presenting information are used to inspire national pride and strengthen the prestige of the Finnish nation. They create powerful emotional background, enhance feelings for “our” athletes, and actualize the image of “us”, forming an obvious identification with the national community. Sports news is characterized by elements of intrigue and drama, which usually develop in a positive direction. Thus, sport acts as an instrument of political influence on society at the domestic and international levels.

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„Poezjo! jakie twoje imię?” – nazwy własne w lirykach Juliana Tuwima

Author(s): Magdalena Graf / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2024

The article is concerned with proper names in selected poems by Julian Tuwim. The poet’s achievements are discussed in many studies, especially in literary ones. Researchers (e.g. Michał Głowiński, Ryszard Matuszewski) investigated the most important aspects of his poetry and the features of its poetics. They also paid attention to the linguistic aspect of Tuwim’s writing, but they were not much interested in the onymic layer of his poems. Meanwhile, Tuwim’s poetry is the source of a rich collection of proper names, appearing on their own or constituting elements of metaphors and similes. The article discusses selected names from the perspective of their functionality, considering also the usefulness of research tools of literary onomastics in the interpretation of onomastics in poetic textsproper names; literary onomastics

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Върху един възможен път към солилога. От Станислав Стратиев до Китодар Тодоров

Author(s): Georgi Genchev,Rositsa Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

The proposed article examines the use of the forms of dialogue, monologue, and soliloquy in literature. It does it on examples from Stanislav Stratiev's work, emphasizing texts from his latest book "Babylonian Chronicle." We consider it a culmination in the use of the soliloquy. We continue its examination in its modern updates, which we find in the texts published by Kitodar Todorov with the book "Friday Five Sharp".

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ФРАЗЕОЛОШКИТЕ ИЗРАЗИ КАЈ МЛАДИТЕ НА ИНТЕРНЕТ

Author(s): Sunchica TRIFUNOVSKA JANIC / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 22-23/2024

This paper aims to present the most common phraseological expressions of young speakers of the Macedonian language on the Internet. We will pay special attention to the phrases from the Tetovo speech, which abound with dialectal material that is a source of information about the folk culture, customs and traditions of our ancestors. For the purposes of the work, 30 young people of different ages were surveyed, where the most interesting and most common phraseological expressions were extracted. One of the most common phraseological expressions is Pumpkin green, ‘Тиква зелена’ (unripe human), and He threw the measure at him, ‘Му го фрли меракот’ (he likes it).

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LEXICAL OPERATIONS AND STRUCTURAL FLEXIBILITY OF MWUs

Author(s): Galina Petrea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Multiword Units constitute the study object of semantics, linguistics, cognitive psychology, lexicography and obviously, machine translation. Different taxonomies, typologies and classifications exist, there are debates regarding the denomination of the hyperonymic concept and its ramifications, which we take note of. These linguistic units make up a significative layer of the language, and is present in the registers belonging to different functional styles in different proportions. The present article explores the degree of flexibility, cohesion, formulaicity and syntagmatic mobility of MWUs in a special publicistic genre – the TED discourse. Our aim is to study how these prefabricated, bound lexical units behave in the live texture of language, as is used by diverse personalities starting from Nobel Prize laureates, to researchers, innovators, explorers, motivational speakers, influencers. The conclusion is that the vast majority of MWUs can be subjected to morphological variation to fit the context. The most productive lexical operation encountered in our case studies is lexical modification consisting in altering, adjusting, changing one element of the MWU without breaking its collective meaning. In what concerns the structural flexibility, there are several cases of fronting, topicalization, passivization, nominalization, clefting. Overall the cases of structural flexibility are clearly operated with a stylistic effect in view and more exactly – for emphasis.

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MANIFESTATIONS OF IDENTITY AND ALTERITY IN ENGLISH: BETWEEN SEMANTIC DIVERGENCE AND STRUCTURAL CONVERGENCE

Author(s): Andrei BOLFOSU / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This article is an attempt to investigate the divergences in meaning of the variants of English spoken worldwide under the semantic and structural perspective. From the philosophical standpoint, the identity/alterity dichotomy and/or unity is applicable to the scope of this article in that structural convergence falls under the definition of identity, whereas the semantic divergence is defined by the philosophical category of alterity. It is well-known that due to several factors as geographical isolation, cultural identity, regional features, along with others, have led to the development of new connotations ranging from shades of meaning to utterly novel significances, which may puzzle both native speakers originating from other regions or the non-native speakers. One of the aims of the present article is to elucidate the different meanings ascribed to the same words or structures in relation to the variants of English spoken in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia, and a special emphasis has been put on the underlying differences between British and American concepts that may lead to ambiguities, which subsequently may grow into misunderstandings. Another aspect that we have considered here is the translation into Romanian of sentences containing such structures with differing concepts depending on the region where it is used. The third focus of this paper is to provide meaningful recommendations to the translators and/or language learners on avoiding the translation traps and correctly get the message of the sentence where a regionalism has been in use, or on being able to timely identify the non-standard meaning of the word. Nevertheless, the multiplicity of meanings attributed to English structures worldwide (alterity) is thought of as an asset rather than a loophole not only by linguists who study the incongruent-pace evolution of English in different corners of the world, but by the native speakers as well. Incidentally, thinkers as Levinas, Castoriadis, and Baudrillard describe the alterity as a transcendent phenomenon stimulating diversity, and hence, progress.

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What do we do with (to) laws and what do laws do to us: A contrastive corpus-based approach to the analysis of metaphorical collocations of the terms law, Gesetz and zakon

Author(s): Katja Dobrić Basaneže / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

This paper analyses metaphorical collocations of the terms law in enTenTen20, Gesetz in deTenTen20 and zakon in hrwac 2.2. from a contrastive corpus-based perspective. The hypothesis states that metaphorical collocations operate on the basis of conceptual metaphors that are culturally universal, at least as far as the (legal) languages analysed for the purpose of this paper are concerned. By combining a corpus-based and a cognitive linguistic perspective, the paper attempts to confirm this hypothesis, suggesting that legal systems, albeit resorting to different sources of law, tend to follow the same reasoning in unrelated legal cultures and the contrastively investigated collocates therefore represent near equivalents. Finally, a corpus-based approach reveals semantically related collocates, which in turn assist in the detection of a collocational range and, ultimately, of the conceptual level of these metaphorical word combinations.

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Negativni intenzifikatori i njihovi pozitivni kolokati u hrvatskome jeziku: metaforičke kolokacije i uporaba među hrvatskom mladeži

Author(s): Sanja Škifić,Anita Pavić Pintarić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2024

This paper deals with the analysis of selected negative intensifiers (brutalno, jezivo, ludo, očajno, odurno, odvratno, prokleto, strahovito, strašno, stravično, užasno) and their positive collocates in the Croatian language. The aims of the paper include the description of the semantic fields to which the collocates of the negative intensifiers belong, the use of such collocations among the Croatian youth, and the types of conceptual metaphors that may be identified by establishing the source and target domains in metaphorical collocations containing a negative intensifier and a positive collocate. In order to achieve these aims, the corpus of the Croatian language was examined by using Sketch Engine, and a completion test was prepared and administered among 170 students at the University of Zadar during April 2024. The analysis of the corpus of the Croatian language shows that among the 11 negative intensifiers, the most frequently occurring are ludo, strahovito, užasno i prokleto, with the greatest numbers of different positive collocates. The semantic field of emotions proved to be dominant according to the number of positive collocates, and is followed by the fields related to qualities, physical appearance, cognitive traits, and character traits. When it comes to the use of the analyzed collocations among the Croatian youth, in comparison to the frequency of use of negative intensifiers, a higher frequency of use of neutral intensifiers has been noted, as well as the influence of the English language in the case of the expressions proposed by the participants themselves. Regarding conceptual metaphors identified in the analysed collocations, a high degree of positive emotions, physical attractiveness, and certain character and cognitive traits is associated (depending on the semantic field and collocate) with concepts of horror, terror, craziness, despair, damnation, brutality, and disgust.

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ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЈА РЕГУЛАТОРА ПАТРИЈАРХАЛНОГ МОРАЛА НА ФРАЗЕОЛОШКОЈ ГРАЂИ (ЛИНГВОКУЛТУРОЛОШКА АНАЛИЗА)

Author(s): Ana Pejanović / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 1/2024

The article provides a linguoculturological analysis of the regulators of patriarchal morality, which represent the periphery of the phraseological concept of honour. They are verbalized in the language by a large number of phraseological units intertwined into complex functional-semantic relationships. Phraseological units refl ecting extra-linguistic phenomena are integrated into micro concepts that are important for native speakers of the given era. At the centre of the macro concept of honour is the micro concept of face as a symbol of honour. Other micro concepts are concentrated around it – regulators of patriarchal morality: spell and oath, distancing, stoning and blood feud. All these micro concepts are recorded in phraseological units interconnected in meaning and function. On the basis of their various syntagmatic, paradigmatic and semantic connections, the mechanism regulating social relations and ethical norms by which lived not only an individual, a member of the community, but also the entire patriarchal community, is reconstructed. An extensive set of phraseological units is extracted from lexicographic, ethnographic, historical and legal sources, and their function is illustrated by contexts from artistic and folklore texts. This methodology gives an idea of the real linguistic use of a particular era and the function of the analyzed phraseological units in a particular context, which, in turn, makes it possible to reconstruct social phenomena, processes and relationships that stand against the background of linguistic units. This emphasizes the importance of language as a custodian and translator of culture and the special signifi cance of the phraseological layer of language, which best preserves the concepts of culture, as well as the importance of historical phraseology.

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О ПРОБЛЕМЕ ЛЕКСИКОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ДИМИНУТИВОВ В СЕРБСКО-РУССКОМ СЛОВАРЕ

Author(s): Yulia L Shapich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2024

The article is a comparison of diminutives and functionally similar lexical units in Serbian and Russian languages (hereinafter SL and RL). Crosslinguistic lexical comparison is conducted as a preparation for a large bilingual Serbian-Russian dictionary, which is a part of the project on comparative lexicology and lexicography. The article deals with the lexico-semantic category, which in the SL consists of the two subcategories, diminutives and terms of endearment, while in the Russian linguistic tradition it is united under the name diminutives. Lexical units of this group consist of motivated derivatives formed by affi xation with a common primary semantics of diminution in relation to the norm. In terms of grammar, this group consists mainly of nouns, followed by adjectives and adverbs, as well as diminutive verbs in Serbian. The analysis of lexical items beginning with the letters A and B with qualifi ers дем. ‘diminutives’, хип. ‘a term of endearment’ or у дем. значењу ‘in diminutive meaning’ from the one-volume Dictionary of the Serbian Language of Matica Srpska (2018), as well as their potential equivalents in the RL, apart from classifi cation differences, reveals a number of inconsistencies at the level of functions and pragmatics of the units in SL and RL, which make their lexicographic representation diffi cult. Although the frequency of diminutives is higher in RL, the formal equivalent of the SL derivative is sometimes expressed through a synonym (a synonym of the derivative word is searched for and its diminutive form is built), a hyperonym or a syntagm. In the Russian part of the dictionary, the difference between meanings of diminutives and terms of endearment may be neutralized, since Russian derivatives carry a whole paradigm of potential connotations, which are actualized only in communicative situations. Not all communicative situations coincide with those in SL – for example, in RL the use of diminutives in polite communication is known. The lexicographic problem lies not only in fi nding a suitable congruent form, but also in the fact that by identifying lexemes in the dictionary one can impose on the Serbian lexeme connotations from RL that it did not possess in SL. An additional diffi culty of semantics is related to the adequacy of interpretation of diminutives in SL formed from polysemantic words. Namely, it is not always obvious whether “diminution” refers to one of several separated meanings or to all meanings, because there is no qualifi er referring to it, there is no illustration of usage, and the electronic corpus of SL does not provide an adequate number of usage examples. The paper also describes the problem of possible narrowing of the meaning of a lexeme. Finally, the stylistic status of the units is unequal: in RL derivatives with diminutives and / or meaning of subjective evaluation belong mainly to the verbal and colloquial style (and are limitedly recorded in dictionaries), while in SL diminutives are “accepted” in the language and dictionary, which means that they demonstrate a higher degree of lexicalization. The problem of representing diminutives and other lexical structures in a bilingual dictionary should be considered on a broader linguistic material and at the level of the methodology of bilingual lexicography

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Етимолошки речник српског језика. Св. 4: БЛ–БЉ (ур. Александар Лома)

Author(s): Vanja Stanišić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2024

Review of: Етимолошки речник српског језика. Св. 4: БЛ–БЉ (ур. Александар Лома). Београд: Српска академија наука и уметности и Институт за српски језик САНУ, 2023, 213 стр.

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GRAMATIČKE I ZNAČENJSKE OSOBITOSTI POTVRDNO-NEGACIJSKIH PITANJA U SASTAVU INFINITNIH IMENSKIH SKUPINA U SAVREMENOME TURSKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Edina Solak,Mirza Bašić,Merjema Čavalić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 19/2024

This paper analyzes grammatical and semantic features of Turkish interrogative infinitive noun phrases containing polar questions. The primary aim of the paper is to determine, based on contextual examples, how root interrogative sentences containing neutral and focused polar questions are transformed into infinitive noun phrases through the process of nominalization. In the contrastive analysis, Turkish interrogative infinitive noun phrases with neutral and focused polar questions are compared with semantically similar syntactic structures in Bosnian language.

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