On Optional Shifts in Translation from Persian into English

Author(s): Helia Vaezian,Fatemeh Ghaderi Bafti / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2019

Some changes always take place in the process of transferring the meaning embedded in the source text into the target text. The present paper aims at investigating the formal dissimilarities between the source and target texts through the examination of all optional shifts made at word, phrase and clause/sentence levels. To this end, Pekkanen’s (2010) model was applied to the English translation of a Persian novel ‘Journey to Heading 270 Degrees’ into English. Optional shifts were identified and analyzed through a comparative linguistic analysis between the source and target texts. 926 instances of optional shifts were identified in translation of the novel into English, amongst which shifts of expansion-addition (203 instances) were the most dominant type. Moreover, it was revealed that optional shifts at a clause/sentence level with a total of 554 instances were more frequent than optional shifts at a phrase level (161instances) and word level (220 instances).

Feisbuką versti paprasta, bet klaidų išvengti neįmanoma

Author(s): Gintautas Grigas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2019

Feisbukas – populiariausias socialinis tinklas. Šiuo metu juo naudojasi apie 2,4 milijardo žmonių. Pradžioje jo sąsaja buvo pateikiama tik anglų kalba, o 2008 m. pradėta versti į kitas kalbas. Dabar (2019 m. spalio mėn.) feisbukas verčiamas į 163 kalbas. Į portalą „Facebook“ integruota originali vertimo programa. Ji pati teksto neverčia, tiktai teikia įvairiapusę pagalbą vertėjui. Ši programa turi potencialių galimybių, išskiriančių ją iš kitų vertimo programų: konteksto pateikimas, daiktavardžių linksniavimas, būdvardžių ir dalyvių giminės kaita. Tačiau ne visos šios galimybės racionaliai panaudojamos, tad naršydami po feisbuką matome nemažai kalbos klaidų. Taigi situacija prieštaringa: gera vertimo įranga ir prastas jos naudojimo rezultatas. Straipsnyje aptariamos išskirtinės vertimo programos savybės, dažniau pasitaikančios klaidos ir galimos jų išvengimo priemonės.

Figuratives in der auslandsdeutschen Pressesprache

Author(s): Csaba Foldes / Language(s): German Issue: 73/2020

This article is based on the understanding that figurative linguistic signs are in general a common research topic in the media language but represent a desideratum especially with regard to the German-speaking press abroad. Against this background, some of the figurative and formulaic related observations as well as the results of a current research project are thematised and discussed. The primary goal is a focused evidence-based analysis – more precisely: a theory-based qualitative exploration – of special features of figurative language use in three German-language minority newspapers from Russia, Kazakhstan and Hungary. In addition, manifestations of culturality are developed in the analysed media discourse, which is characterised by multilingualism and interculturality or rather transculturality. The approach is not normative and error analytical, but descriptive and primarily contact- or intercultural-oriented. Among other things, it was found that the empirical database provided only relatively few figurative phrases. The findings include that other textual mechanisms prevail and due to the multilingual settings the text producers adopt fixed syntactic schemes from the contact languages. On the producer side, a German-based figurative language is generally used, but it is congruent with the figurativity of the respective contact language (in the present case: Russian, Kazakh and Hungarian), including Russian/Kazakh/Hungarian- oriented framings.

Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten – das erste kroatische phraseologische Wörterbuch

Author(s): Barbara Kovačević,Barbara Štebih Golub / Language(s): German Issue: 73/2020

The first Croatian phraseological dictionary, compiled in German under the title Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was published as a part of the conversational manual accompanying the last published grammar of the Kajkavian literary language, Grammatik der kroatischen Mundart. Its author, Ignac Kristijanović, had accomplished this pioneering undertaking against the contemporary practice, listing the idioms as separate phraseological units in form of a small phraseological dictionary, and not within the dictionary entries of the general dictionary. The paper deals with the macro and microstructure of Kristijanović’s dictionary within the theoretical framework of the so-called Zagreb School of Phraseology (Menac, Fink-Arsovski). On the macrostructural level, the analysis focuses on the selection principles of the included units and their order in the dictionary. Special attention is paid to the question which material is included, ie. whether the dictionary contains only idioms defined in accordance with today’s phraseological theory and whether the author makes a distinction between idioms and other fixed multi-word expressions (collocations, proverbs). On the microstructural level, it is being examined which form of a idiom is taken as a lemma and how the Kajkavian idioms are translated on the German side of the dictionary (an equivalent German idiom; a German idiom and the explanation of its meaning; the description of the situation in which the idiom is being used). In addition, the question of dealing with synonymous idioms is discussed. In spite of a sporadically non-systematic treatment of structurally similar idioms as dictionary units, and taking into consideration that the Verschiedene sprichwörtliche Redensarten was compiled in the first half of the 19th century, Kristijanović’s dictionary can be viewed as an interesting and valuable contribution to Croatian and Slavic phraseology and phraseography.

Formeln, Wortspiele, Verse und mehr: Wo Humorforschung Phraseologie trifft

Author(s): Virginija Masiulionytė / Language(s): German Issue: 73/2020

This paper aims to examine the meeting points between phraseology and humor research, focusing on the role and the functions of fixed phrases in humor discourse. The examples to illustrate certain aspects of usage of fixed phrases for joke purposes are taken mainly from social media such as Facebook and Twitter and include jokes in English, German, Lithuanian, Russian, and Polish. In the course of the investigation, a distinction ought to be made between set phrases (idioms in the narrower sense of the term, proverbs, catch phrases etc.) and fixed phrases in general. Set phrases (phrasemes) have an “added value” regarding their meaning – be it a figurative element, be it ready-made reasoning or behavioral models in short form in the case of adages. In humor discourse idioms – and proverbs – are used mainly for wordplay, in which both the literal and the idiomatic meaning are activated. The wordplay can happen also in verse form. Adages can be transformed or twisted resulting in new parodistic or funny sayings. Fixed phrases outside of the phraseology can be separated into two groups: phrases typical for a particular discourse type and joke frame related phrases. The former, as means to evoke a certain frame, are used in parodistic jokes (e.g., the phrase ladies if he evokes the dating tips frame). The latter constitute a distinct class of fixed phrases which can be found only in the humor discourse: these phrases act as joke formulae und provide a basis for bigger or smaller joke categories.

Anna Gondek, Alina Jurasz, Przemysław Staniewski & Joanna Szczęk (Hrsg.), Deutsche Phraseologie und Parömiologie im Kontakt und im Kontrast I

Author(s): Marcelina Kałasznik / Language(s): German Issue: 73/2020

Review of: Marcelina Kałasznik - Deutsche Phraseologie und Parömiologie im Kontakt und im Kontrast I. Beiträge der 2. internationalen Tagung zur Phraseologie und Parömiologie in Wrocław/Polen, 23.–25. Mai 2019 (Studia Phraseologica et Paroemiologica), Anna Gondek, Alina Jurasz, Przemysław Staniewski, Joanna Szczęk, Hrsg. Kovač Verlag, Hamburg (2020). 482 S., ISBN 978-3-339-11484-6 (Print), ISBN 978-3-339-11485-3 (eBook).

Birutė Jasiūnaitė. Lietuvių velniavardžiai

Author(s): Elena Konickaja,Bronė Stundžienė / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

The review of: Birutė Jasiūnaitė. Lietuvių velniavardžiai. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2018. 312 p. ISBN 978-609-07-0090-7.

Współczesne gwary białoruskie na Litwie (rejon solecznicki)

Author(s): Mirosław Jankowiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The aim of the article is to present contemporary Belarusian dialects in south-eastern Lithuania (in the Šalčininkai region), which have not been the subject of comprehensive linguistic research so far. The basis of the analysis is mainly the author’s own materials and materials taped by other dialectologists. The structure of these Belarusian dialects (selected features in phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and phraseology) as well as the sociolinguistic aspect of their use in a multilingual environment are demonstrated in the article. The analysis of the collected material shows that the structure of Belarusian dialects in the study area is well-preserved. Belarusian dialectologists regard the Belarusian dialect in the Vilnius Region as a south-western dialect, which should be described in detail. In the statements of interlocutors, one can note the phonetic, morphological and syntactic features typical of: the south-eastern dialect, the Central Belarusian dialect, the Grodno-Baranovichy group of the south-western dialects and the two so-called dialectal zones: western and north-western. On the one hand, it is a territory shaped by two dialectal massifs and one dialect group, on the other hand, it has been influenced by Baltic and Polish for hundreds of years. Particularly noteworthy is the lexis. Decades of coexistence of Belarusians, Lithuanians and Poles on this territory contributed to the fact that in Belarusian dialects there are numerous borrowings from Lithuanian and Polish (and their dialects).

Problem ekwiwalencji terminów w międzynarodowej komunikacji naukowej w kontekście projektu wielojęzycznego słownika encyklopedycznego typów dokumentów

Author(s): Elżbieta Herden,Jakub Maciej Łubocki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2021

The purpose of this study (based on the analysis and discussion of cases of erroneous use of words monografia / monograph, autentykacja/authentication, kolaboracja/collaboration, pamflet/pamphlet, stary druk/alter Druck, Frühdruck/old print, old book) was to outline the problem of term equivalence resulting from unintentional linguistic interference (loanwords, tautonymy, anisomorphy, calques) in the communication of various members of the scientific community (authors, translators, editors and proofreaders). Multilingual dictionaries, noting only the equivalents without indicating their meaning or examples of their use, not only do not protect against committing such errors, but can also be their source. The study resulted in a concept of a multilingual encyclopaedic dictionary, which, by preventing the incorrect equivalence of terms in the field of document types, will help in formulating correct oral and written presentations, descriptions of documents used in information resources, their correct translation and building search tools on their basis – in particular, bibliographic databases and digital libraries, where they are used as a search or selection criteria for materials

Frazeologia terminologiczna w komunikacji prawnej – zarys problematyki

Author(s): Piotr Wronka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2021

СЛУЧАИ НАРУШЕНИЯ ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ПРИНЦИПА В ТОЛКОВОМ МАНЬЧЖУРО-МОНГОЛЬСКОМ СЛОВАРЕ (1717 Г.)

Author(s): Natalia S. Yakhontova,Enkhbatyn Munkhtsetseg / Language(s): Russian Issue: 03 (42)/2021

The article examines the Mongolian corpus of the explanatory bilingual Manchu-Mongolian dictionary (1717) focusing on the correspondence of the Mongolian words (or phrases) to the topic of the section in which they are placed. Due to a clear structure of the dictionary and a list of all chapters and sections names it is easy to find a Manchu or a Mongolian headword in it. However, many headwords in addition to the main explanation, have additional ones that explain the meaning of the word in special cases. There are three among them — the explanation of the meaning of the homonym of the Manchu headword, its figurative meaning and the meaning of phrases with the headword, where a different meaning appears. Therefore, the connection with the topic of the section is lost. In the Mongolian part of the dictionary this different meaning is naturally translated by a different word and thus the connection with the headword is lost as well. Without reference to the Manchu part it is almost impossible to find or to explain the appearance of such Mongolian words in a section. The cases described do not affect the thematic structure of the dictionary on the whole because of their insignificant number. However, the statement that the Mongolian part of this dictionary can be used separately as a Mongolian dictionary is not completely accurate.

Šarka lietuvių ir slavų etninėje kultūroje

Author(s): Birutė Jasiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2021

The article, based on a variety of ethnolinguistic material, especially folklore texts, aims to reveal the main similarities and differences in the interpretation of the image of the magpie in the ethnic culture of Lithuanians and Slavs. This bird in two traditions, in Lithuanian and in Slavonic, is treated ambivalently, more often negatively. This is due to the peculiarities of the bird’s appearance, and in particular the variegation of its plumage. This characteristic feature in the ethnic culture of many peoples is traditionally associated with evil spirits. Too talkative people, most often women, are compared with this bird. Common is the motive of the thief magpie. The name of the bird in all the languages is feminine, therefore, in both Lithuanian and Slavic mythopoetic texts, the social roles of a peasant woman are attributed to it: a daughter-in-law, a mother, a hostess, a cook, a nanny. Another common feature is the image of a magpie as a sorceress, herald of good or evil news and future events. These functions are associated with the tendency to depict witches and other mythical characters in the form of a magpie. The most striking differences in the interpretation of the magpie are the following ones: it is unusual for Lithuanians to associate the idea of procreation with it, and some Slavs (for example, the Czechs) believe that magpies bring children into the house. Lithuanians are also unaware of some features of the “working” behavior of a magpie, for example, the threshing motive. In their turn, Lithuanians attribute such crafts as shoemaking, brewing, and agriculture to magpies.

Greeting and saying farewell in two Bantu languages: Swahili and Zulu

Author(s): Beata Wójtowicz,Lionel Posthumus / Language(s): English,Swahili Issue: 55/2021

The article discusses greetings and farewells of a typical conversation in two Bantu languages: Swahili and Zulu. The conversation usually comprises the greeting followed by the enquiry about each other’s well-being, the actual conversation, and then the parting farewell. The article outlines the importance of nonverbal, sociolinguistic, and situational factors of the salutation. The objectives of the paper are to explore the feasibility of considering the salutation in Bantu languages as being uniform, to determine some common trends in the salutation, and to discuss the aspects that may have an impact on the form of the salutation, in languages in general and in Swahili and Zulu in particular.

Discourse strategies of handling denials in police – suspect interaction in Ibadan, Nigeria

Author(s): Adesina Bukunmi Sunday,Temidayo Akinrinlola / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

Studies on police interrogation have examined interrogating police officers’ (IPOs’) deployment of power abuse in gleaning confessional statements from suspects. However, studies on how IPOs handle denials during interrogation has not been given adequate attention. Therefore, this study investigates discourse strategies of handling denials in police-suspect interaction in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria. Spencer-Oatey’s rapport management theory served as theoretical anchor. Recorded police interrogation sessions at the State Criminal Investigation and Intelligence Department (SCIID) Ìyágankú, Ibadan constituted the data. Four cases (assault, stealing, Internet fraud and robbery) were sampled, owing to their robust manifestation of facial, sociality and interactional cues between IPOs and suspects. While suspects adopt empathic and explanatory forms of denial to threaten IPOs’ goals, IPOs engage lexical, discursive and paralinguistic choices to negotiate discursive acts of appealing to suspects’ needs, constructing testimonies against suspects, emphasising suspects’ rights and engaging detention and investigation to threaten the face, sociality rights and goals of suspects.

African elements (Africanisms) in modern American English

Author(s): Elnara Putayeva / Language(s): English Issue: 55/2021

The article deals with the influence of words of African origin on the formation of American English [AE] word stock. It provides new interpretation of Africanisms and shows the significance of this part of vocabulary in determining the characteristics of the American culture. The investigation is based on the existing sources (mainly lexicographic works) and is aimed at their new structural and functional analysis. As a result of the research, it became clear that most of the words of African origin were introduced to English spoken in America in the 17th century and some in the 18th and 19th centuries. The number of words and expressions from African languages that were introduced was closely related to African Americans’ way of living, their spiritual believes, rituals and attitudes and various objects used by them such as weapons. The word stock of the English language was enriched due to the assimilation of loanwords from languages of Africans living in America. A significant contribution to AE is the great amount of words naming animals, fruit, foodstuff, names of states, rivers and lakes, cities and towns.

Лексико-фразеологические средства создания экспрессии в медиатексте на спортивную тему

Author(s): Iryna Ahapava / Language(s): Russian Issue: 175/2021

The article is devoted to the analysis of media texts expressive means sportswriter at the lexical level (stylistically colored vocabulary, case law, paths, paradigmatic connections, deviations from the norms, etc.). The author shows the quantitative characteristics of the identified means of expression and the dependence of their use on the text.

Особенности перевода русских субстандартных фразеологизмов на польский язык (на материале произведений Александры Марининой)

Author(s): Gabriela Wilk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 175/2021

The article focuses on selected aspects of the translation into Polish of Russian phraseological units that are beyond the linguistic norm. The research material has been excerpted from two Alexandra Marinina’s detective novels Requiem and Unwilling Killer and their translations by Alexandra Stronka. The research findings indicate that Stronka most often translates sub-standard phraseological units by means of idioms based on a different image, or lexemes, but these units not frequently differ from the original units in terms of expressive and stylistic colouring.

Чији је космос Сиба Миличића? Употреба мотива земље и космичких тела у Књизи радости (1920) у митолошком и културно специфичним контекстима

Author(s): Rastko R. Lončar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 52/2021

Josip Sibe Miličić (1886–1944), a Serbian and Croatian poet whose works covers the period from early modern times to the literature of the People's Liberation Fight, remains remembered in the history of literature as one of the main poets of cosmism in Serbian poetry, as well as a mysterious figure in Lament nad Beogradom by Miloš Crnjanski, while his works remain mostly unvalued. The reason for this may be found in the period of the “Second Yugoslavia” – where Miličić was considered a Yugoslav nationalist Yugoslav nationalist in the period of the old, royalist regime – while, after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, he remained n the interspace of Serbian and Croatian literature, not of particular interest to either one. The aim of this paper is to approach the manifest book of Serbian cosmism – Miličić’s Knjiga radosti (1920) – from the positions of culturally specific contexts, and to open the problematic areas of redefining the poetics of cosmism in Serbian poetry, as well as to evaluate Miličić’s poetry in communication with mythological, Christian and Slavic cultural specifics, while also paying attention to the poet’s unique approach to phraseology in Serbian literature – which make this book of poetry both translatable and untranslatable to other languages. This approach leads to results that raise fundamental questions regarding present results when it comes to poetry of Serbian cosmism, as well as opens new perspectives regarding reading, understanding and the reception of Miličić’s Knjiga radosti, as well as his work in general.

Moralızade Vassaf Kadri’nin Çarşamba Karısı Adlı Eserinde Ölçünlü Dilden Sapmalar

Author(s): Merve Akbaş,Ibrahim Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 72/2021

The strict control – or in other words, censorship – placed upon periodical alongside printing (press) activities during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II paved the way for poets and writers to turn to their inner worlds and produce works by putting art into the service of art itself. Numerous Turkish novels hailing from the Second Constitutional Period – which had given way to proclamation of the Second Constitutional Monarchy – reveal the richness of Turkish culture and literature in terms of diversification of subject variety and the linguistic richness. For example, Moralızade Vassaf Kadri’s novel Çarşamba Karısı offers us important data about language studies. In it, he frequently uses slang, alongside local idioms and dialect words – many of which are not included in the Derleme Sözlüğü. The book also contains various examples of aberrations from the standard language – including the accumulation and removal of affixes, the addition of morphemes to stereotyped language items, and polite language. This study will present both a biography of Moralızade Vassaf Kadri, as well as discuss – with examples – how he uses non-standard language in his novel Çarşamba Karısı.

Konceptualizacja GNIEWU na przykładzie ŻÓŁCI w języku czeskim i polskim

Author(s): Lubomir Hampl / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The analysis showed that from the linguistic point of view, the name bile, Polish żółć, Czech žluč is one of the basic determinants of feelings, focusing especially on the conceptualized ‘anger’, but also on ‘irritation’, ‘rage’, ‘wrath’, ‘indignation’, ‘nervousness’, ‘madness’ and ‘fury’. The cognitive concept was presented that the feeling of anger is understood as a certain process that begins at a certain moment, then develops and then ends. This process is influenced by temperature and pressure. After the outbreak, you no longer control your feelings. All these steps are referenced using the appropriate verbs in the text. Three important statements have been proven that: the experiencer's body is a container for the physiological effects of anger; that the conceptualization of feelings is related to the embodiment of thought, and that we think and speak with metaphors, which are linguistic concepts. The conducted analysis showed that the Czech stock of broadly understood phraseological relations with the lexical component bile Polish żółć, Czech žluč shows numerous similarities and similarities with the Polish language (due to the typologically and genetically close linguistic affinities), although there are few exceptions to this rule.