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Until the mid-twentieth century, the primary task of the armed was to fight. Nuclear weapons were too strong and terrible to make war profitable. Therefore, there has been a concept of avoiding war by scaring opponents. The threat of the serious, unacceptable loss allowed to avoid the Third World War. The idea of nuclear deterrence, ethically and morally questionable, proved to be effective. This state continues to be a faith in the deterrence of weapons of mass destruction.
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Raznolikost dugotrajnog čitateljskog iskustva, kao i različitost akademskih interesa na književnom polju nerijetko izrode neobične predmete proučavanja. Pri upoznavanju svjetske književnosti mnogi se autori i motivi njihovih djela mogu dovesti u komparativnu vezu, čime se znanost o književnosti nesumnjivo obogaćuje. Takvi su se pisci, premda potpuno različitog porijekla i različitih stilova, našli i u našem fokusu. Naime, bosanskohercegovački odnosno američki pisac Aleksandar Hemon (1964) i izraelski pisac Etgar Keret (1967), osim po pisanju kratkih priča i romana, dijele sličnosti i u stvarnom životu.
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Armed forces have always been and probably for a long time will be an important instrument in ensuring international security, because attempts to resolve conflicts through diplomatic and political means very often do not bring the desired results, especially when there is a need for a rapid response to emerging threats. It should be emphasized that the use of military force occurs when the international situation allows or enforces their use. Polish armed forces also actively participated and participate in the restoration and maintenance of peace and security, both at the regional and global level, completing the assumptions of national security policy and Polish obligations in the area of international security. This article is an attempt to answer the question: to what extent, where and how Polish Army participated and participates in the maintenance of international security in areas of the world such as the Far and Middle East, and the Balkans.
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Despite the existence and functioning a number of institutions guaranteeing international security, such as the UN, OSCE, EU and NATO, solving conflict situations in the world by means of diplomatic and political is difficult, and sometimes impossible, especially when there is a need for a rapid response to emerging threat. Therefore, the direct use of military force was, is and will remain an important instrument in ensuring global security. The Polish Armed Forces for more than sixty years are involved in the restoration and maintenance of international security, taking part in various missions and peacekeeping operations and crisis response in many parts of the world under the banner of the UN, OSCE, NATO and the EU, confirming the credibility of our country as a responsible member of the international community. This article is an attempt to answer the question to what extent, when and how the Polish Armed Forces have participated and participate in the process of restoration and maintenance of international security in Afghanistan, Iraq and on the African continent?
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We współczesnym świecie terroryzm jest jednym z największych zagrożeń. Wywołuje olbrzymi strach i przerażenie, ponieważ swoim zasięgiem obejmuje prawie wszystkie państwa a działania zamachowców cechują się dużą bezwzględnością i skutecznością. W dzisiejszych czasach terroryzm jest zjawiskiem wielopłaszczyznowym, zawierającym zarówno elementy polityczne jak i religijne.
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Poland’s membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization influenced the change of the national security system of our country. Important transformations took place primarily in foreign and economic policy as well as in the sphere of military security of Poland. The Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, functioning so far mainly in the state defense system, faced the task of participating in the collective defense system of NATO and were prepared to carry out stabilization and preventive tasks during peace and emergency response tasks during the war, including tasks carried out also outside the country. In the article, the author undertook an attempt to analyze the nature of involvement in the conflict on the territory of Kosovo of the Polish Armed Forces as part of the KFOR operation. In its analysis, it took into account the scope and nature of the participation of the Polish military contingent in the KFOR operation and attempted to define its role in building security in Kosovo.
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Security science in Czech Republic only postulate its scientific terminology. Difficulties in communication within and outside the newly created and evolving multidisciplinary scientific field is also reflected in the development and application of new concepts. Some concepts are already in place and are completely or at least partially understandable. They must be clearly defined and circumscribed. The problem does not lie in misunderstanding of terminology and specialized terminology specifying. The problem is, on the contrary in the vague and inconsistent use of terms most general, which are commonly used while part of a general, non-specialized language. Examples are the concepts of “security”, “interest”, “threat”, “risk”, “conflict” and others. Described unsatisfactory state of interdisciplinary shared a few overarching security terminology has led to the emergence of Czech security terminology.
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Futurology (also futures studies) is a field of knowledge which has emerged as a result of the interdisciplinary problematisation of specific cognitive issues. The main objective of futurology is the creation of hypothetical scenarios for an alternative future in every aspect of human life, from changes relating to the life of an individual human being to changes within complex social structures, and, ultimately, in e.g. nations. The assumptions of cognitive futurology generally boil down to the maxim „probability and predictability in every aspect of human life”. In other words, the subject of futurological considerations encompasses all products of human activity, both material and abstract. However, here futurology is divided thematically and distinguished in accord with a given specific specialized task, e.g. within the framework of social anthropology (or, broadly understood, cultural studies) as well as of philosophy. Thus, one can point to popular futurology, or the popularization of specific fields of knowledge through science-fiction literature, e.g. The Road (2006) by Cormac McCarthy. In addition to popular futurology, there is also analytical futurology, whose task is to create and analyse alternative futures. The proposed presentation will be devoted to this latter issue as well.
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Anthropological aggression is a means of waging war using information gained from a nation and its culture, social norms and habits and geographic conditions, as well as its history, traditions, etc. This type of activity is currently observed in Ukraine in the context of the war in the eastern part of the country. Anthropological aggression, however, can be minimized by the use of the anthropological defense. An example of this is the theatrical projects initiated by various artistic troupes all over the country. This paper presents the methods which are employed by the Ukrainian theater to counteract this anthropological aggression. One can identify four basic fields of activity directed at creating the tools of anthropological defense: 1) combating stereotypes; 2) facilitating the integration and assimilation of internally displaced people; 3) theatrotherapy: 4) initiation of the social and political debate.
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The article is devoted to the examination of similarities and differences in the functioning and structures, applied measures of transnational organized crime and terrorist groups. The main point of view is the thesis that after the end of the Cold War the possibility of effective cooperation between organized crime and terrorist groups highly increased. Both organized crime and terrorism use similar modes of operation as well as means of achieving goals. Paper expose the primary difference between the activity of terrorists and criminals, which is motivation. Nevertheless both organization realize two different forms of criminal activity.
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Globalization nowadays seems to intensify the movement of people on the planet. As a result, making a living today is no longer just limited to the assets that people’s home country offers. That being said, providing for oneself has also become a question of opportunity and adventure. This reality, taken in the European context, reveals the coexistence of different social groups of different horizons, raising both issues of identity and security in host countries. Based on Barry Buzan’s concept of societal security, let us draw an observation that puts Francophone migrants in the context of the European territory in perspective.
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This article focuses on development of NATO missions in Afghanistan (both ISAF and Resolute support) from the political point of view. Authors describe an influence of political decisions adopted at the NATO summits and international donor conferences on the development of the security situation in Afghanistan and vice-versa. At the conclusion author tries to give possible future outcome of the security situation in the country.
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Security and law practice in Slovakia is confronted with the phenomenon of rejecting the performance of extraordinary service on the one hand and the potential of performing a voluntary military service. Practical implementation of the Arbitration Obligation stipulated in Act no. 570/2005 Z.z. about the new obligations in the wording of later regulations gets new impulses. The identification of these aspects as an object of investigation creates a perspective platform for a comprehensive assessment (identification, analysis and evaluation) of named phenomena that can help to protect the state’s interest in the exercise of state authority, in particular for the maintenance of peace, security and defense of the state and to prevent the illegal conduct of citizens, Against civilian service, against service in the armed forces, and against the defense of the homeland.
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The main aim of this article is to analyze selected aspects of the evolution of the balance system in the Middle East (including the Persian Gulf subregion) in the 21st century. The aim is also to determine the impact of intra‑regional and external factors on the Middle East balance of power, as well as to analyze the position of the main actors in the Middle East and to show the continuity and changes in the roles of the regional powers in this part of the globe.
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This article has a biographical character. It tells about activities of Tadeusz Zenczykowski in Radio Free Europe. After the second world war he engaged in a tireless batde against Communism. He became deputy director of the Polish broadcasting depart¬ment of Radio Free Europe. For 20 years his broadcasts and political commentaries on the turbulent events taking place in his homeland were a regular feature of Polish life and the subject of widespread discussion. Listeners learnt what their own state radio refused to transmit. As we know Radio Free Europe played a critical role in Cold War era Eastern Europe. Unlike government censored programs they publicized anti-Soviet protests and nationalist movements. In the 1972 Żenczykowski went into retirement. He left Munich to live in London.
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