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Inside Ukraine, № 2014 - 21

Author(s): Vira Nanivska,Iaroslav Kovalchuk,Vasyl Filipchuk,Olena Zakharova,Vasyl Povoroznyk,Svitlana Mizina,Anatoliy Oktysiuk,Oleksiy Obolenskiy,Svitlana Sudak / Language(s): English

1. The Government Policy // 1.1. Artificial incitement of civil conflict in Odessa // 1.2. The reason for police inefficiency is corruption // 1.3. The fight for Anti-Corruption Bureau // 2. Economic Situation / 2.1. Issue of double taxation in banking system // 2.2. Aggravation of trade war with Russia // 2.3. Situation on the energy market // 3. Political Competition // 3.1. New Triple Alliance in Ukrainian politics // 3.2. The aggressive campaign of Yulia Tymoshenko // 3.3. Election threats by the representatives of the Party of Regions

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Inside Ukraine, № 2015 - 46

Author(s): Vira Nanivska,Iaroslav Kovalchuk,Vasyl Povoroznyk,Anatoliy Oktysiuk / Language(s): English

The Government Policy // How to separate business from politics? // A major fighter against corruption “wanted” / Economic situation // The energy policy // Political Competition // “Opposition bloc” has presented the shadow government’s program // Ihor Kolomoiskyi’s political investments

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Inside Ukraine, № 2015 - 49

Author(s): Iaroslav Kovalchuk,Vasyl Povoroznyk,Anatoliy Oktysiuk / Language(s): English

The Government Policy // Patrol police vs corruption in prosecution // More initiative from Kyiv may prevent external scenarios on Donbas // Economic situation // Greece and Ukraine: things in common // Political Competition // A possible scenario of power’s reset in 2016 // The struggle for Dnipropetrovsk, Odesa and Kharkiv //

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Inside Ukraine, № 2015 - 50

Author(s): Iaroslav Kovalchuk,Vasyl Povoroznyk / Language(s): English

The Government Policy // Decentralization: the positions of the parties // The fight against corruption: new bodies in the old system // Economic situation // Transition to the technical standards of the EU and the WTO until 2020 // Political competition // Political alliance between the Bloc of Petro Poroshenko, UDAR, and People’s Front // The fears of small members in the coalition // Opposition Bloc’s silence

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Inside Ukraine, № 2015 - 52

Author(s): Vira Nanivska,Iaroslav Kovalchuk,Vasyl Povoroznyk / Language(s): English

The Government Policy // The HR-company called “Ukraine” // The adoption of the anti-corruption legislation vs its implementation // Economic Situation // Reform of the State Fiscal Service: the main challenges // Naftogaz reform without the liberalization of natural gas market // Political Competition // Challenges of local elections // Potential winners of the local elections

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Inside Ukraine, № 2016 - 60

Author(s): Vira Nanivska,Viacheslav Holub,Vasyl Povoroznyk,Anatoliy Oktysiuk / Language(s): English

PUBLIC POLICIES // Is Ukraine Ready to Combat Corruption in Exchange for IMF Assistance? // ECONOMIC ANALYSIS // Financial Police in Ukraine: Another Attempt to Reorganize State Fiscal Service of Ukraine // Pension reform from the IMF: unpopular steps for Ukrainian government // POLITICAL COMPETITION // The two poles of the Ukrainian opposition

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The Cost of Corruption in the Republic of Moldova and Who Covers It

Author(s): Dumitru Budianschi / Language(s): English

This comment paper gives a brief analysis of the cost of corruption in the Republic of Moldova, on the basis of the available meta analyses. Every year the Republic of Moldova loses from 8% to 13% of the Gross Domestic Product due to corruption, with about MDL 11.8-17.7 billion lost in 2016 only. These amounts exceed all the expenses made in 2016 for all pensioners and their social care allowances.

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What is the Cost and Impact of Corruption in Public Procurement?

Author(s): Iurie Morcotîlo / Language(s): English

Public procurement refers to the acquisition of certain goods, works or services by public authorities. In fact, the state runs a process of public procurements in order to purchase a minimum of products, works and services for its proper functioning, as well as to secure the population with services and public goods. These services and goods include medicine, education, public safety, infrastructure, etc. In order to purchase and deliver them, the state uses money collected from citizens in the form of fees and taxes, so the money spent for public procurements are coming from every single taxpayer. In reality, things doesn’t quite look this way in the eyes of both citizens and public servants responsible for procurements, because the public budget is misinterpreted as being something abstract. As a result, public servants are tempted to use public money for their own purposes, whereas citizens do not quite make any efforts to monitor how their money is being spent. This creates an enabling environment for corruption in public procurement.

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Everything about the financial system. Corruption Beyond the Public Sector

Author(s): Dumitru Pîntea / Language(s): English

With the aim of mobilizing available resources from depositors and orienting them towards investors, banks have a decisive role in supporting and developing the economic environment. In the absence of a developed capital market, Moldovan banks remain one of the most important source of funding the national economy, providing funds both for private companies' businesses and individuals’ projects. The importance of this sector for the economy is revealed by the volume of loans granted - over MDL 32 billion at the end of 2017 or 20% of the country's GDP. Moreover, banks are also an important source of funding for Government, providing permanently about MDL 7 billion to cover the domestic Government debt. On the other hand, being practically the only financial instrument for savings, domestic banks keep about MDL 60 billion as savings from households and companies, by 20% more than the resources accumulated into the national public budget during one year.

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Why corruption negatively affects the intention to pay taxes?

Author(s): Alexandru Fală / Language(s): English

Tax morality reflects people's propensity to pay taxes and strengthening tax morality can lead to diminishing the shadow economy. Tax morality is ”the moral obligation to pay taxes” and represents „people’s conviction that they contribute to the development of the society by paying taxes”. In fact, a higher level of tax morality contributes to diminishing the shadow economy. A number of researchers have empirically demonstrated the negative correlation between the tax morality and non-observed economy. It is also presumed that the use of non-coercive measures aimed at enhancing tax morality would have significant effects on increasing tax compliance.

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Flawed Legislation Is a Source of Corruption

Author(s): Sergiu Gaibu / Language(s): English

Corruption flourishes when state bureaucracy is not restricted, however it can be significantly limited if the laws are streamlined and specific. Legislation and norms are the key-framework that define the operational processes of state authorities; they determine the organisation and efficiency of public services provided to the private sector, define the interaction rapports between authorities and the private sector, the mechanisms, rights and obligations under this interaction. The regulatory framework specifies the mechanisms that are available to the civil servant in order to provide services to the private sector, including to citizens. Apart from mechanisms and prerogatives, it is crucial that the obligations of civil servants are very well defined, otherwise they might ignore the requests of the citizens and other representatives of the private sector. Without a clear mechanism of consequences for civil servants not honoring their obligations, without direct consequences for the civil servants that violate procedures and obligations, the state institutions and the civil servants will keep being resistant to a diligent and efficient fulfillment of their duties. In the absence of clear punishment mechanisms that could be initiated by citizens in multiple and simple ways, the civil servant will tend to exploit their dominant position and gain economic benefits. Any deficiency in these relationships is a consequence of the flawed regulatory framework. The flawed regulatory framework is a fertile environment for corruption.

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La Punct. Неформальная экономика: Какие коррупционные риски возникают на предприятиях, учредителем которых является орган местного публичного управления?

Author(s): Tatiana Savva / Language(s): Russian

Менеджеры отечественных муниципальных предприятий (МП) полагали в начале 2018 года, что коррупция – наименее важная проблема возглавляемого ими субъекта. В то же время только на протяжении последних двух лет Национальный центр по борьбе с коррупцией запротоколировал 25 инцидентов неподкупности, к которым были причастны должностные лица муниципальных предприятий, из которых 14 основаны Кишиневским муниципальным советом. Речь идет, в том числе, о фактах извлечения выгоды из влияния, злоупотребления властью или злоупотребления служебным положением, превышения служебных полномочий и отмывания денег. Еще 7 серьезных случаев конфликтов интересов не были урегулированы и по сей день. Отсутствие прозрачности в деятельности предприятия, неясные правовые рамки, полное отсутствие интереса со стороны учредителей приводят к тому, что предполагаемые годовые потери в результате коррупции превышают 500 млн. MDL. К основным сферам с самым высоким коррупционным риском и самыми высокими потерями относятся управление имуществом этих предприятий и процесс закупок. Далее будет представлено краткое описание главных коррупционных рисков в рамках муниципальных предприятий и будут сформулированы краткие рекомендации.

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Combating Corruption in Public Procurement: What Are the Critical Factors?

Author(s): Iurie Morcotîlo / Language(s): English

Public procurement is an area that is highly exposed to corruption risks. Corruption risks proliferate in this area due to the huge amounts allocated by the Government for the procurement of goods, services and works. At international level, countries allocate between 15% and 30% of the GDP for public procurement, while in Moldova this share is slightly lower – about 10-12%. Another major factor that encourages corruption in public procurement is the complex and non-transparent procedures, which are conventionally divided into three stages – from procurement planning to contract enforcement. Also, an important role in the corruption equation from public procurement plays the quality and integrity of the civil servants in charge of this area and of the private companies that compete for public contracts. Thus, the corruption risks in public procurement depend on a broad range of factors that need a systemic approach.

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What is the cost of real estate lease in the Chisinau city?

Author(s): Tatiana Savva / Language(s): English

Costs and risks of corruption are triggered by social norms, traditions, the existing legal framework and impunity. Conditions other than the legal rules are also required to control corruption, but those conditions are sometimes beyond the authority grasp. Examples relevant to this end could be low labour remuneration in the public sector or legal framework provisions that can be construed (for instance, the bidding mechanism could be used to lease non-residential/nonhabitable premises and direct negations as well). In the case of asset management in Chisinau municipality, the relations between the beneficiary and the public authority take place in the so-called "grey" or "informal" area, where it is not very clear how the power is executed, where no corruption risks were identified, but rather informal prerequisites for corrupt practices. We aim to describe below the aforementioned prerequisites and how they affect the lease of non-residential premises located in the municipality of Chisinau.

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Everything about Informal Economy. Reducing Corruption by Developing Cashless Payments

Author(s): Eugen Ghiletchi / Language(s): English

Cash is the instrument due to which corruption exists. Cash anonymity, impossibility to identify its source, and non-traceability of cash transactions are the reasons why beneficiaries of corruption depend directly on the presence and circulation of cash. If there were no cash available, it would be much more difficult to get involved in corruption transactions, because of the possibility to reconstruct every transaction, including its beneficiaries, revealing thus their interests. Decreasing the high share of cash in financial flows can help eradicate corruption at least partially.

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Why Corruption Decreases the Efficiency of Public Spending?

Author(s): Alexandru Fală / Language(s): English

In the Republic of Moldova, the efficiency of public spending is low, compared to other states in the region. In 2017, according to the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report, the efficiency of public spending in the Republic of Moldova was marked with 2.7 points, which reveals an improvement compared to 2016 when the score was 2.6 points. Despite this progress, the Republic of Moldova ranks the 14th of the 20 countries in Eastern Europe and Caucasus in terms of public spending efficiency (see Error! Reference source not found.).

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„Colac de salvare” temporar sau evaziune fiscală și risc de a comite acte de corupţie? Epopeea patentei de întreprinzător

Author(s): Grigore Vieru / Language(s): Romanian

Patenta de întreprinzător a servit drept „colac de salvare” pentru dezvoltarea micilor afaceri, prin excepțiile de la cadrul legal, fiscal și antreprenorial obișnuit ce ține de legalizarea unei afaceri. În timp, avantajele oferite de patentă s-au dovedit a fi în detrimentul intereselor statului, generând riscuri și premise nefaste pentru dezvoltarea social-economică a țării. Mai mult, aceasta este atractivă pentru cei care admit acte de evaziune fiscală şi evită controalele din partea autorităților. Deși se discută de mult timp ca activitatea de întreprinzător în bază de patentă să treacă la alte forme organizatoricojuridice, aceasta încă se practică.

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One year of IMF Agreement: what were the achievements in 2022 and what should we expect in 2023?

Author(s): Ecaterina Rusu / Language(s): English

At the beginning of January this year, the IMF announced the release of the next tranche of budget support to the Republic of Moldova, the total disbursements under the Agreement reaching about USD 275 million. The IMF's financial support played a vital role in responding to the crises of 2022 and that continues to persist this year too. The budget support received from the IMF, as well as the financial resources it has catalysed from other donors and external lenders, has allowed prompt intervention on the social protection dimension to mitigate the severity of the crises and their impact on vulnerable groups. The purpose of this commentary is to analyse how IMF financing is being used, the progress made in fulfilling the commitments under the Agreement, and the opportunities it offers for strengthening the social protection function.

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Analiza propunerii MIDR privind noua modalitate de administrare a drumurilor

Author(s): Vitalie Rapcea / Language(s): Romanian

În contextul inițiativei Ministerului Infrastructurii și Dezvoltării Regionale (MIDR) de modificare a mai multor acte normative, instituția propune schimbarea „modului de administrare a drumurilor”. Una dintre modificări vizează reorganizarea Î.S. ASD în societate pe acțiuni și fuziunea acesteia cu cele 10 societăți de întreținere a drumurilor (S.A. Drumuri) cu capital majoritar de stat. Această analiză evaluează coerența propunerii cu politica promovată de stat în domeniul întreținerii drumurilor publice, conformitatea acesteia cu obiectivele stabilite în acordurile internaționale de finanțare a reabilitării drumurilor din Moldova, evaluează eventualele riscuri de distorsionare a pieței serviciilor de întreținere și reabilitare a drumurilor, precum și potențialele riscuri de corupție care pot surveni din exercitarea de către S.A. Administrația Națională a Drumurilor, a rolului de beneficiar și a celui de executor al lucrărilor de întreținere, reabilitare și construcție a drumurilor publice naționale.

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Политически брифинг № 144 на CSD: ЗАВЛАДЯНАТА ДЪРЖАВА: В ТЪРСЕНЕ НА АНТИКОРУПЦИОННИ РЕЗУЛТАТИ

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian

The escalating geopolitical tensions that led to increasing uncertainty around the world and to the devastating wars in Ukraine and the Middle East, threatens the development of democracy and well - that management. The challenges to establishment ven principles of the international community from member country of the UN Security Council as Russia and China encourage authoritarian and ptocratic regimes in their struggle against democratic tization and the rule of law. On this one way the action of multilaterals is weakened anti-corruption agreements such as the Convention of the United Nations against corruption, the OECD Convention on combating bribery of foreign officials of international trade transactions, as well as undermining the standards of rule of law in the expansion of the European Union.

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