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Naming and shaming the perpetrators could be the best way of tackling international high-level corruption akin to the current case. Form Emerging Europe.
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The article is an analysis of the way the principle of independence works at the level of the Romanian Court of Accounts, the institution habilitated by legal provisions to conduct the financial control/audit activity, in order to obtain an assurance that the financial resources required to cover common needs, their distribution in relation to the priorities set by the competent bodies, as well as the use of public funds are unfold in conditions of economical and social efficiency, involving harmonization of interests, sizing of financial resources and, last but not least, their channeling towards various programmed destinations.
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Albania has been under communist regime for nearly half a century. In 1991 Albania entered the path of democratic pluralism. Since then, almost a quarter of a century has passed and the counting of votes after every electoral process has been fairly contested by the opposition. Manipulations in the manual numbering process are evidenced in all the reports of the international organizations responsible for monitoring of the elections in Albania. To minimize manipulation in manual ballot papers counting, some centres are set up, equipped with computers, HD cameras and big screens for monitoring purposes only. Every counting table (about 400 in total), according to the law, engages 4-5 commissioners of main parties. The infrastructure mention above gives the other parties the possibility just to observe the counting process. In 2013 parliamentary elections had 72 political parties and imagine 72 people around a single counting table! Ballots are passed manually one by one in front of the camera. During this process, the ballot papers are grouped according to subjects and, in the end of each voting box, the manual counting starts. A long period of time is needed to produce the final results of the elections. We propose and have all the abilities to turn existing infrastructure into an electronic counting system. This monitoring system (computers - cameras - big screens), through a software and some hardware adaptations can be converted into an electronic counting system. Only one person is needed for each counting table and the ballot counting time is drastically reduced. Every ballot gets photographed, archived in digital format, its information goes to the Data Base and the results are reported in real time to the Central Election Commission. No ballot papers can be left uncounted and no sheets can be counted more than once.
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The characteristic elements of the new economy require economic entities new performance standards that go beyond economics. These standards should be integrated into corporate strategy development to ensure sustainability of activities. Globalization affects corporate governance reforms currently characterized by what we call corporate responsibility and transparency. Companies are pressed to provide in addition to financial information the non-financial information, which focus on social and environmental impact of their activities and the way sustainability related constraints are integrated into their strategy for achieving organizational success. This paper highlights the changes imposed by sustainable development on corporate governance regarding the increased information that stakeholders need and the way performance is seen, as a holistic concept. Today, corporations are challenged to meet through performance the values, interests and expectations of society. The main objective of a corporate governance system is to assure a sustainable growth of the company taking into consideration the new standards imposed by the requirements of sustainable development.
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Corporate Governance (CG) has been viewed by many in the Western world as a particularly Western concept and mechanism. Current expectations by executive management groups of their Board run the gamut of “sober second thought” and conservative oversight focused on compliance issues, through involvement in strategy development and direction, to daily consultation on operational strategy implementation. The challenge along all points of this spectrum is the balance between independence and discipline on the one hand and self-interests of the Board members in the overall success of the corporation, from both a financial and an ego perspective. This article outlines key findings resulting from focused interviews and indepth reviews of research related to the practice of corporate governance in Asia. Interviews were conducted in Hong Kong (6) and Malaysia (12) and focused on CG in those two countries. The goal was to establish areas of consistency or divergence from findings in the interviews. Findings indicate that CG continues to struggle in areas of transparency and limited independence of Board members. Increased legislation in the focal countries studied (Malaysia and Hong Kong) has helped, but progress has been slow.
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This article aims at presenting the advantages of implementation of corporate governance principles in Romania. The current financial and economic crisis, the lack of trust experienced within the corporate sector, the governmental sector and the non-profit sector will determine companies to adopt a higher level of transparency in financial reporting in order to regain the trust of investors with respect to business opportunities and to risks and to the future evolution thereof. The introduction of corporate governance principles in Romania will entail a dimishment of pressure exerted by future economic and financial crises. The coordination of all systems that make up the corporate governance (internal control, internal audit, external audit etc.) within each Member State of the European Union will lead to corporate and governmental sectors that are more efficient and transparent.
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The paper considers necessity to perfect the current law of the Russian Federation with respect to legal persons committing crimes in economy. Evidence of corrupt practice of legal persons utilizing budgetary funds are given. The objective side of such crimes is represented by inappropriate utilization of the federal budget on an especially large scale. At that, criminality has a dual character. On the one hand, the subjects of such crimes are the state or municipal structures possessing the corresponding finances. On the other hand, there are legal entities of private law taking advantage of the legal uncontrolled from the side of the state and liberality of the current law.The recognition of the status of a legal person as a subject of crimes injurious to the public provides a basis for solving the problem. Russian legislation must be reduced to the international norms, protection of the constitutional order of the state, the economy of which is shaped by legal persons. The laws must adequately correspond to the criminological situations, take into account the foreign experience, contribute to the active counteraction to formation of criminal communities, elimination of discrepancies in legal norms of the Russian Federation administrative and criminal law.
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Bribery is a common phenomenon. It has various social, moral, economic and political implications, it challenges good management, hinders development and disrupts competition. It violates justice, challenges human rights and impedes the fight against poverty. It also increases the cost of running business, introduces uncertainty in commercial transactions, increases the cost of goods and services as well as deteriorates their quality, which may lead to the loss of life and property, the loss of trust in institutions, and a disruption of honesty and effective functioning of the markets [ISO 37001]. The objective of the article is to present various kinds of corruption that occur in the healthcare sector as well as different anti-corruption actions taken by the entities. The article is based on current subject literature, an analysis of legal acts and various reports published by institutions fighting against corruption in the healthcare. The article is a desk research analysis.
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The article focuses on the problem of bribery and corruption in towns in the south of Ukraine between the end of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. The main focus is on the activities of public officials and deputies of municipal self-government. It is noted that the flourishing state of corruption and bribery in the region began to form under the conditions of the new socio-cultural situation that resulted from the fast processes of incorporation, colonization, adaptation, and modernization. The distance from the centre weakened control on the part of the State, and therefore corruption and bribery acquired new forms in the south of Ukraine in comparison with other regions of the Russian Empire. Also regional features of the flourishing state of corruption and bribery have been noted. Conclusions are made that corruption and bribery became usual occurrences of local life against which municipal communities came out, permanently forming an interaction mechanism with civil society. It is also noted that the struggle of local communities with different cases of bribery had practical results: a lot of officials were punished, and eventually sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.
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The present study investigates relevant economic, social and political dimensions of development worldwide, focusing on (apparent and latent) links between perceived corruption, economic and human development, government effectiveness and the quality of the political system taken as representative variables of countries’ social systems. These variables were selected as the basic determinants of the level of overall development in a country, since combinations of these factors determine clusters of countries with diff erent development patterns. The results of this study indicate that effective development policies require integrated strategies that incorporate efforts to reduce corruption and increase human development and government eff ectiveness. These strategies are sustainable in the long run when associated with institutional transformations. More specifi cally, if democracy is not consolidated and the political system is not grounded on the basis of freedom, socioeconomic development cannot be achieved and maintained in the long term, even with a high level of per-capita income.
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The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive study and analysis of existing scientific approaches to the study of corruption as a social phenomenon, as well as to develop certain recommendations for preventing and combating corruption manifestations. The methodological basis of this work is formed by both general scientific and special legal methods of cognition. The presented scientific approaches to the study of corruption as a social phenomenon made it possible to develop an author’s justified position based on the existing achievements of the research community in the nature and essence of corruption. Based on domestic and foreign sources, the research allowed us to analyze the main issues of studying corruption as a social phenomenon, to identify a number of factors that are prerequisites for the emergence and development of corruption manifestations in society, as well as to develop a number of measures, which will help to combat corruption. The process of eradicating corruption is possible only through the joint work of the state, society, various civil society institutions and, ultimately, every citizen, who is responsible for his/her own actions and takes an active part in the anti-corruption policy of the state.
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Corruption is not a phenomenon of recent times. It derives from the Latin word “corruptus“, meaning deterioration, blackmail, depravity, bribery, etc. The ancient Greeks and Romans faced this phenomenon and enacted rules aimed at its prevention and suppression. The practice of bribery is as old as the state itself. In the 18th century England, for example, the notion of corruption was associated not only with corrupt government but also with giving bribes. Despite numerous efforts of the international community to put an end to this problem, the fact is that many countries have not ratified the proposed documents of this type yet. In terms of criminal law, corruption-related offences in Serbia today include primarily crimes against official duties, crimes against the economy, and crimes against freedom and civil rights. In this paper, the authors examine some issues related to corruption in light of its harmful effects on the European Integration process.
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The aim of the article is to examine the correlation between corruption and the total productivity of production factors. The study analyzed the significance of the impact of corruption on TFP and the type of this influence – linear and nonlinear. The study consisted of analyzing the most important theoretical arguments appearing in the literature for the possible impact of corruption on TFP. Next, a research hypothesis was formulated, which was verified on the basis of an empirical study. The results of the study indicate the relationship between corruption and TFP, and this relationship is nonlinear. Corruption affects TFP to varying degrees and it depends on the level of corruption in the country. In corrupt countries taking up the fight against corruption indicates much higher TFP increments than in non-corrupt countries. The article tackles the topic poorly described and analyzed in the literature. The impact of corruption on TFP is the subject of few studies, mainly made by foreign researchers.
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The problem of corruption is one of the most urgent and important to solve for present Ukraine. Corruption is considered to be one of the main reasons for the lack of prosperity in Ukraine as well as political instability. Despite the numerous governmental attempts to fight against the corruption its level unfortunately still increases. Effective strategies search in resolving this problem appears as most relevant and necessary today. Ukrainian authority and anti-corruption organizations can effectively use the passive and active experience of other countries that have the same problem in order to prevent or stop the facts of corruption. Unfortunately, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a “superlative” in some corruption statics in the world. The permanent long time struggle against a corruption under the conditions of permanent war allowed to collect a large experience that must be comprehended by other countries with similar problems.
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Corruption is becoming an increasingly acute problem lately for Romania and theauthorities are trying to find solutions in this regard. Until now the anti-corruption strategy hasundergone four stages, by approving as many sets of anti-corruption strategic documents(National Anti-corruption Strategies in 2001, 2005, 2008 and 2012). In this research, we started from the assumption that there is a correlation betweencorruption in the public sector and the corruption in the private sector, involving the corruptingpower represented by the private sector and corruptible power represented by the public sector.The hypothesis was confirmed by detailed analyzes conducted in this regard using a number ofvariables such as the percentage of convictions in the public or private sector, the position thatthe culprit holds, the county he/she comes from, the institution in which they operate, type ofsentence (suspended or performed) and the penalty in months.Then using the statistical functions Data Analysis, PivotTable of Excel software, the3110 observations were processed. The centralizing tables were made by filtration and then theventilation data by numerical and geographical coordinates.The quantitative information provided by these summary tables combined with qualitativeinformation derived from extensive analyzes conducted during this investigation, led to theconfirmation of the basic assumption that there is a correlation between corruption manifestedin the public and private sector.This correlation becomes more powerful as the bureaucratic system, namely theworkload in the public sector is growing. In this regard, we have concrete examples in thecounties of Cluj, Timiș, Constanța, Prahova, Bucharest, respectively
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This study aims to examine the impact of corruption on bilateral trade flows in developed and developing countries by using an extension of the gravity panel model. The model reviews 30 countries among which 19 are developed countries and 11 are developing ones, during the period of 1995- 2016. For the impact of corruption on export activities, it appears that domestic level of corruption has insignificant effect upon bilateral export in both developed and developing countries, but the asymmetric effect of the partner country's corruption level is significantly apparent in the case of export. Positive effect from low level of partner countries’ corruption in raising bilateral export is found to be greater for developing countries than for developed ones. The effect of corruption on bilateral imports tend to be similar to bilateral exports, however, it has been also found that low domestic corruption level in the reporting countries will positively affect import activities and that fact becomes more apparent for developing countries.
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Corruption is perceived as a factor of instability for a nation and a threat for the national security. în order to correctly assess the integrity of a person, system, or organization, a system of values and principles is required, with a simple but also correct expression at the same time.
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The article discusses corruption, anticorruption and democracy in the Western Balkans, with an emphasis on FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and (less so) Serbia. The article does not advance a claim that its conclusions are valid for all West Balkan democracies. The main question is the following: what the political functions of corruption are (beyond its economic functions) and how corruption serves in reproducing the same elites in power. The research presented in the article shows that high-level or grand political corruption in FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, is something larger than a side-benefit of exercising government authority. Such corruption is one of the several means which an elite purposefully uses to stay in power, that was originally attained by winning democratic elections. Furthermore, anticorruption mechanisms are often used with a sole purpose to discredit political opponents, especially those in the opposition. Democracy in the Western Balkans is, thus, distorted in obvious, but also in less obvious ways.
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Objectives: The aim of this article is to identify the main weaknesses in Poland in combating corruption in the contextof the World Bank’s experiences.Research Design & Methods: Various notions of corruption will be presented. This article will also indicate the mostimportant conclusions from a number of previous scientific studies in the field of corruption conducted under the aegisof the World Bank.Findings: Reducing motivation to accept or provide undue benefits is directly related to an increased effectivenessin detecting corruption. The World Bank also points out that one of the most effective tools in fighting corruption iscounteracting the legalisation of benefits obtained through corrupt activities.Contribution: In the Polish perspective, a positive correlation between a weaker, less operational state apparatus andthe frequency of corruption will be shown.
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Starting from the realities of Romanian society and the imperative of international cooperation, one of the priority objectives should consider the Romanian government is to create the optimal legal and institutional framework for efficient fight against crime. Among the various manifestations of crime, corruption, democracy prejudice yourself, affecting citizen confidence in the fundamental values of the rule of law: the rule of law, justice, pursuit of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
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