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  • Corruption - Transparency - Anti-Corruption

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Anti-Corruption Policy of the State: Strategies and Methods
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Anti-Corruption Policy of the State: Strategies and Methods

Author(s): Maria Shediy,Pavel A. Merkulov,Vadim POTOMSKY,Vadim Sokolov,Fedor SMIRNOV / Language(s): English / Issue: 33/2018

Anti-corruption policy consists in development and realization of various and successive measures of the state and society for elimination (minimization) of the causes and conditions that create and feed corruption in different spheres of life. Taking into account that corruption can expand and change without constant opposition, it is necessary to distinguish the anti￾corruption function of the state as one of its basic tasks. The article views the main types of anti-corruption strategies, realized by modern states and determines both positive and negative consequences of their implementation. The article also analyzes the main methods of opposing corruption, applied in state structures, and performs the attempt to evaluate their effectiveness for the Russian Federation from the position of determined regularities of corruption behavior.

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ANTI-CORRUPTION VALUES IN THE SYSTEM OF BRITISH POLITICAL AXIOSPHERE

Author(s): Ihor Kushnarоv / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Purpose of research. The purpose of the article is to investigate the features of the British axiosphere as an example of public attitudes to political and other forms of corruption. Methodology. The research methodology is the neo-institutional analysis that considers corruption as a destructive informal institution with a devastating effect on the stability of the state. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the author’s original analysis of the problem of the lack of "zero tolerance" for corruption among the British people, who continue to tolerate it, as well as of the corruption pragmatism of the policy makers. Conclusions. The article states that, despite significant progress in combating all forms of corruption, a peculiar value confrontation of the “anti-culture of corruption” against the “culture of anti-corruption” is characteristic for the Great Britain. It is proved that, despite a large number of strategies, concepts, doctrines etc., a successful anti-corruption policy is impossible without fundamental changes in the social and individual consciousness, significant positive adjustments in norms, rules, and behavior of all kinds of political actors. It is argued that the modern British anti-corruption policy matrix, in order to be effective, should base the fight against corruption not only on the institutional mechanism, but also on formation of a high level of anti-corruption culture among the public, which should become the basis for building the whole system of corruption practices counteraction.

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Antidumping Investigations and the Role of the Judiciary in the WTO System

Author(s): Fernanda Florentino Fernandez Jankov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2010

The article aims at providing a panoramic view of the main aspects involved in the establishment of antidumping measures, demonstrating the amount of discretion left the countries in their internal investigations and to the WTO adjudicating bodies in assessing their legality. It argues that in order to provide more predictability and transparency to the WTO, the application ‘case law’ (stare decisis) as WTO law constitutes and essential tool in avoiding the use of antidumping duties as protectionist measures by the States.

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APPLYING THE LOYAL OPPOSITION TRADITION TO FOREIGN POLICY: A U.S.-UKRAINE CASE STUDY (PART II)

APPLYING THE LOYAL OPPOSITION TRADITION TO FOREIGN POLICY: A U.S.-UKRAINE CASE STUDY (PART II)

Author(s): Isaiah Winters / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

This two-part research project analyzes U.S. foreign policy during the Ukraine Crisis from the viewpoint of loyalty to democracy. By applying the standards expected of loyal opposition parties to the U.S., the foreign policy approach taken is shown to have been disloyal to Ukraine’s fragile democracy, as it contributed to an undemocratic transition of power in the form of a coup d'état. Ultimately, the failure of the U.S. to remain loyal to Ukraine’s democratic process (the way a “loyal opposition state” would have) is explained by the Obama administration’s liberal imperialist approach to foreign policy, whose first loyalty was to U.S. interests, not Ukrainian political sovereignty.

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Ar nedidelės vertės atsidėkojimo dovanos medikui pripažinimas kyšiu nepažeidžia ultima ratio principo?

Ar nedidelės vertės atsidėkojimo dovanos medikui pripažinimas kyšiu nepažeidžia ultima ratio principo?

Author(s): Agnė Vasiliauskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1(19)/2019

Lithuania is considered to be one of the most corrupted states in the sphere of health care in the European Union. Every third inhabitant of Lithuania is inclinable to pay medic off the record. Most often payments are symbolic ones (amounting to €50). Obviously, the extent of corruption in the sphere of health care is a tender question in Lithuania that is rarely investigated both in jurisprudence and in judiciary practice.With intend to safeguard clearness and reduced corruption in the sphere of health care, the standard of Art.6.470 part 4 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania allowed medics to take symbolic gifts with value that does not exceed the sum of one minimal life level. Therefore, such symbolic gratuity was criminalised and criminal liability was determined to both a medic and a patient. In 2002 the conception of a state officer was extended. Since a medic has been equated to a state officer, the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania prohibits to take any kind of presents, whereas the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania allow to take symbolic presents the value of which is amounting to 1 MLL (€50). According to international recommendations presented to GRECO, the standard of Art.6.470 part 4 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania was defeated in 2006. Since that moment any gift presented to a medic is considered as a criminal deed prevising criminal responsibility according to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania both to a medic (art.225 – bribery) and a patient (art.227 – bribe).However, during a period of 12 years (since the criminalisation of bribery) there are only a few cases where medics or patients are criminated with corruption in the sphere of health care; what concerns crime doing, i.e. minor corruption – the only one case. Meanwhile, other state officers (for example, police officers) are penalized more often even though corruption is less. The question can be raised on the oneness of the relations between medics and patients. It seems that the Criminal Code is not valid for them and criminal law is not a means to solve a problem, i.e. acknowledgement of a small value gratuity gift for a medic as a bribe does not infringe ultima ratio principle?This article deals with legal regulations, i.e. acknowledgement of a small value gratuity gift for a medic as a bribe does not infringe ultima ratio principle (inevitability of criminal law failing alternative means of responsibility).On purpose to answer this legal question, it is established that it is necessary to follow certain criminalized activities. It means that it is necessary to ground such deed as criminalization of cultural common gratuity to a medic with a symbolic gift (amounting to €50) according to criminal law due to its level of insecurity to main goods of the state and declare if such gratuity gift for a medic as a bribe does not infringe ultima ratio principle. It is discovered when a medic is a special subject of XXXIII chapter of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, i.e. equated to a state officer. It is necessary to clear what a non-official gratuity to a medic is – a bribery or a gift? The dichotomy of a bribe and a gift as well as the historical development of a gift / bribery taking is disputed. It is necessary to answer the question if acknowledgement of a small value gratuity gift (amounting to €50) for a medic as a bribe does not infringe ultima ratio principleThe fulfilled analysis of scientific papers, empiric investigation, legal deeds and documents allow to state that insecurity of symbolic gratuity criminalization is not proven. Not only criminal responsibility but also other forms of responsibility can reduce minor bribery in the sphere of health care. It can be concluded that even though symbolic non-official payment is considered to be a criminal activity; however, its implementation has to be secured by means of demerit, civil and administrative law.In conclusion, it can be stated that alternative means are not debated, it is unclear how such criminalization influences on the reduction of corruption in the sphere of health care, how it is implemented in a criminal process, etc. The hypothesis that gratuity to a medic with a symbolic gift (amounting to €50) can not be called bribery was proved. As a result, one of the main criminalization criteria – ultima ratio principle is infringed.

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Around the Bloc: Albanian Lawmaker Banned From U.S.
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Around the Bloc: Albanian Lawmaker Banned From U.S.

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/24/2018

Washington earlier slapped an entry ban on a former chief prosecutor, offers no explanations for the penalties.

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Around the Bloc: Albanian Opposition Party Denies Russia Link
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Around the Bloc: Albanian Opposition Party Denies Russia Link

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/13/2018

Albania; DPA; Lulzim Basha; Russia; election; Trump;

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Around the Bloc: An Armenian Teenager’s Small Olympic Triumph
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Around the Bloc: An Armenian Teenager’s Small Olympic Triumph

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/27/2018

When his skis broke, hopes for the country’s only Alpine skier to compete in Pyeongchang looked dim.

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Around the Bloc: Armenian Opposition Leader Calls on Supporters to End Protests
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Around the Bloc: Armenian Opposition Leader Calls on Supporters to End Protests

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/08/2018

Nikol Pashinyan likely to be only candidate when parliament meets 8 May in second attempt to elect a prime minister.

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Around the Bloc: Armenian Ruling Party Opens Door to Regime Change
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Around the Bloc: Armenian Ruling Party Opens Door to Regime Change

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/01/2018

“People’s candidate” Pashinyan poised to become head of a system dominated by the old guard he wants to uproot.

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Around the Bloc: Around the Bloc - Kazakh Businessman Linked to Dissident Jailed in Fraud Case
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Around the Bloc: Around the Bloc - Kazakh Businessman Linked to Dissident Jailed in Fraud Case

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 10/30/2018

More hardships in store as citizens will no longer receive free utilities from next year.

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Around the Bloc: At Inauguration, Putin Pledges Well-Being Amid Stormy Times
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Around the Bloc: At Inauguration, Putin Pledges Well-Being Amid Stormy Times

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/08/2018

Opposition leader Navalny arrested in weekend protests against the four-term Russian president.

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Around the Bloc: Azerbaijan Will Hold Snap Presidential Election
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Around the Bloc: Azerbaijan Will Hold Snap Presidential Election

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 02/06/2018

Aliev calls poll six months early, leading to speculation about his motives.

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Around the Bloc: Azeri Bribery Scandal Widens
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Around the Bloc: Azeri Bribery Scandal Widens

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/15/2018

Former members of the Council of Europe’s assembly accused of taking money, gifts to further interests of Baku regime.

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Around the Bloc: Azeri-Dutch Journalist Dodges Baku’s Extradition Bid
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Around the Bloc: Azeri-Dutch Journalist Dodges Baku’s Extradition Bid

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/24/2018

Ukraine decides against sending reporter back to Azerbaijan, where he faces charges similar to those thrown at other regime critics.

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Around the Bloc: Belarus Turns the Screws on Online Media
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Around the Bloc: Belarus Turns the Screws on Online Media

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/24/2018

Journalists push back against proposed amendments that would complicate the work of online reporters and impose restrictions on social media users.

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Around the Bloc: Bulgarian Government Survives No-Confidence Vote
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Around the Bloc: Bulgarian Government Survives No-Confidence Vote

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/30/2018

Coalition criticized by domestic opposition and EU for going slow on rampant corruption.

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Around the Bloc: Bulgarian President Vetoes Anti-Corruption Bill
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Around the Bloc: Bulgarian President Vetoes Anti-Corruption Bill

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/09/2018

While few doubt the need for tougher laws, the bill’s critics have argued that its shortcomings would have derailed an efficient fight against graft.

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Around the Bloc: Coalition Partners Undermined Me, Says Slovenia’s Outgoing Premier
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Around the Bloc: Coalition Partners Undermined Me, Says Slovenia’s Outgoing Premier

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 03/20/2018

High court orders a referendum on government-backed railway project to be re-run.

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Around the Bloc: Doubts Raised Over Russian Journalist’s Death
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Around the Bloc: Doubts Raised Over Russian Journalist’s Death

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English / Issue: 04/24/2018

Authorities are not treating Maxim Borodin’s death as a crime, although colleagues say the young reporter’s stories about local mercenaries might have hit a nerve.

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CEEOL is a leading provider of academic e-journals and e-books in the Humanities and Social Sciences from and about Central and Eastern Europe. In the rapidly changing digital sphere CEEOL is a reliable source of adjusting expertise trusted by scholars, publishers and librarians. Currently, over 1000 publishers entrust CEEOL with their high-quality journals and e-books. CEEOL provides scholars, researchers and students with access to a wide range of academic content in a constantly growing, dynamic repository. Currently, CEEOL covers more than 2000 journals and 690.000 articles, over 4500 ebooks and 6000 grey literature document. CEEOL offers various services to subscribing institutions and their patrons to make access to its content as easy as possible. Furthermore, CEEOL allows publishers to reach new audiences and promote the scientific achievements of the Eastern European scientific community to a broader readership. Un-affiliated scholars have the possibility to access the repository by creating their personal user account

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