Fundamentalizm religijny muzułmańskich organizacji terrorystycznych a stan zagrożenia w Europie

Author(s): Barbara Kobzarska-Bar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

Muslim fundamentalism is one of the movements of the Islamic social-political thought while Islamic terrorism is a method of acting chosen by radical supporters of warring extremism. Those two notions concerning different social phenomena are often confused. The author’s aim is to set the knowledge about fundamentalism and jihadism in order as well as to convince the reader that one should not perceive internally diversified Islam merely through those two notions. A new ethnic policy based on a well-thought-out integration strategy is a challenge for Poland. Two kinds of threat should be taken into account in the immigration policy planning: those related to Islamic terrorism developing in parallel societies, and otherscaused by the increase of social tension resulting from ignorance and xenophobia giving rise to islamophobia.

Pluralizm wyznaniowo-etniczny Surinamu jako wyzwanie dla polityki wewnętrznej państwa

Author(s): Agnieszka Szumigalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2014

Issues concerning multiculturalism are broadly discussed in literature, primarily in the context of Western societies, i.e. the influx of immigrants. In this light, certain aspects of traditionally multicultural societies (e.g. with colonial experience) may be found considerably interesting, and form a point of reference for broader analyses. Here, Surinam provides an interesting example due to its extraordinarily heterogeneous ethnic, cultural and religious structure. In such circumstances, one may analyse the main directions of the state’s policy towards varied social groups, as well as the management of intercultural relations. This article aims at presenting the standards of religious freedom in Surinam and the main factors determining the state’s policy towards diverse cultural groups. In the presented paper, special attention is paid to historical, political and cultural determinants. Particular emphasis is put on the legislation regarding intercultural relations and the multicultural mould of society, as well as the practical fulfilment of such provisions (e.g. the religious holidays in the country).

Różnice kulturowe w prowadzeniu wojny: dlaczego różne kultury różnie prowadzą wojny?

Author(s): Matej Cota / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2014

The paper gives insight into the subject of culturally different ways of war-making. The objective is to further examine armed conflict in different societies and cultures. By analyzing key parameters and variables of the concept of war and strategy, the paper puts into focus cultural differences between the ways of making war by prominent military organizations. Unlike other publications, which elaborated in detail key features of warfare between various culturally different societies throughout history, this paper puts stress on strategy. Strategic culture is the dominant factor which decides how the society wages war.

Movement Games as a Means of Overcoming Aggression in Preschool Age

Author(s): Krasimira Petrova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Physical education influences the development of moral, volitional, and personal qualities in individuals. The formation of behavioral culture is an essential component of the personal characteristics of preschool children. It is the result of the impact of educational and social relations and the activities related to them. Emphasis is placed on movement games as a factor in overcoming aggressive behavior in childhood.

Висше образование по културно-историческо наследство: българският опит

Author(s): Vera Boneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article systematizes information about the current cultural heritage programs in the Bulgarian higher education area. The data shows that in eleven Bulgarian universities a diploma of cultural heritage can be obtained.17 master's and 3 bachelor's programs prepare over 500 students a year. Two doctoral programs are also accredited. The rich variety of curricula is an objective result of the complex structure of cultural heritage in itself. However, it is also an indicator for the fragmentation of the higher education system in Bulgaria. The conclusion proposes approaches to overcoming the mentioned fragmentation, as the interdisciplinarity of the scientific field requires pooling of competencies and efforts for better results.

Letters to the JDC as Autobiographical Sources of Jewish Holocaust Survivors

Author(s): Joanna Śliwa / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

After the Holocaust, Jewish survivors in Poland relied on external help, including that of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the Joint, JDC). They wrote letters to JDC both to request and to thank the American-based Jewish organization for i.a. food, clothes, medicine, and assistance with emigration from Poland. Many of those letters also contain autobiographical information about the authors, themselves Holocaust survivors and their families. The descriptions of wartime experiences and survival strategies as well as of immediate postwar life (1945–1949) entail details and snippets of historical and genealogical value. Therefore, the letters examined in this article offer both individual histories and a collective portrait of the Jewish population in postwar Poland. The epistolary material also captures JDC’s activities and their importance for reviving and sustaining Jewish life after the Holocaust.

Shimon Samet and the Gap in the Story

Author(s): Yehoshua (Shuki) Ecker / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

This article offers a close reading of personal memoirs about coming of age in Żółkiew in Eastern Galicia and about transitions on the way to immigration to Mandatory Palestine before WWII. It focuses on gaps in the fragmentary autobiographical texts written by Shimon Samet, a native of the town, who became an accomplished professional journalist in Israel, and reconstructs missing pieces of narrative about Samet’s brother and about the Zionist micro universe of transition and training sites in Galicia of the early 1920’s. It points to significant explanatory possibilities gained by identifying such gaps in personal and commemorative narratives.

Poradziecka prawnuczka: (auto)biograficzna narracja międzypokoleniowa w powieści graficznej Soviet Daughter Julii Alekseyevej

Author(s): Karolina Krasuska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The article analyzes the graphic novel Soviet Daughter: A Graphic Revolution (2017), a literary text that belongs to a dynamically developing post-Soviet Jewish American writing, as a transgenerational (auto)biographical narrative of a great grandmother and a great granddaughter. The titular “Soviet daughter” refers primarily to the great grandmother and her political genealogy; yet because of the shared migration trajectory, ideological affinities, and the construction of the text itself, it can be also read as describing the leftist great granddaughter. The novel focuses on the flight survivors who lived through the war in the Soviet hinterland; moreover, because of the genealogical distance of it protagonists, it allows us for “adoptive witnessing” of the Soviet Russia, as well as the great grandmother’s communist past. In this way, the texts displaces American literary memory of the Holocaust that here intersects with the memory of the (pre-war) communism.

Gender, emocje i praktyki życia codziennego Żydów na Dolnym Śląsku w latach 1945–1972. Narracja biograficzna Aliny M.

Author(s): Agnieszka Ilwicka-Karuna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

In this article we analyze one interview that is part of an oral history project about Jewish settlement in Lower Silesia entitled “Love in the ruins: the history of Jewish settlement in Lower Silesia 1945–1972.” All the interviews, including the one that is presented here, are focused on everyday life, growing up, emotions, and relationships of Polish Jews in Lower Silesia after World War II. The gender of the narrator plays a significant role in this project. Oral history is a medium in which we can acknowledge the experiences of the Jewish community that are not described in other sources, such as documents created by the Jewish Committee, reports from Jewish clubs, or even in written memoirs.

Gender stereotypes depicted in online sexist jokes

Author(s): Anastasia Nelladia Cendra,Teresia Dian Triutami,Barli Bram / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

This research aimed to explore gender stereotypes depicted in online sexist jokes collectedfrom laughfactory.com. Linguistically speaking, jokes as a subtype of humour have become acommon phenomenon in our everyday lives. Unfortunately, not all jokes can bring positivevibes for everyone. Yet, these forms of jokes are still commonly found, especially on theInternet. Some online sources, including websites of jokes, present a lot of collections of jokesfor fun, but a number of the jokes are categorized as sexist jokes, which might also beregarded as offensive in a certain context. Data were collected from the laughfactory.comwebsite and then were analysed by using the three-dimensional model of Critical DiscourseAnalysis (CDA) and the General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH). Results showed that themajority of the jokes observed were targeted at women (90%) and a small number wastargeted at men (10%). Women were stereotyped as sexual objects, emotionally expressivebeings, homemakers, being talkative, being stupid or brainless, and belonging to a lower classthan men. Men, on the other hand, were stereotyped as worse than women.

Performing gender through stand-up comedy in Spanish

Author(s): Leonor Ruiz-Gurillo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

The aim of this paper is to examine Eva Hache’s humorous gender-related monologues,broadcast in the show El Club de la Comedia [The Comedy Club] in Spain between 2012 and2013. The corpus comprises 24 stand-up monologues, which have been analysed bothquantitatively and qualitatively. The present paper offers a case study in three different ways.First, an analysis of different humorous sequences makes it possible to distinguish arepresentation of both feminine and masculine identities, as well as a confrontation betweenthe two genders. In fact, Eva Hache’s style supports the feminine identity and facilitates theteasing and mockery of men. Second, a polyphonic study of men as speakers (locutors) andutterers (Ducrot 1996) will serve to differentiate certain features of their identity from adiscursive perspective. Finally, a detailed examination of humorous sequences shows howthese performative sequences can prove useful to maintain hierarchy, to reinforce an in-group,i.e. a women’s group, to solidify men’s group boundaries, and even to subvert gendernormativity (Bing 2004). As it will be demonstrated in our analysis, humorous markers andindicators play an important role in the construction of jab lines and the final punch line ofthese sequences. Furthermore, the results show that there are few strategies aimed atchallenging the status quo in this corpus, although they illustrate an ongoing movementtowards a feminist humour that has been almost non-existent in Spain so far.

Hybrid humour as cultural translation:

Author(s): Merouan Bendi / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Humour is a phenomenon that is pervasive in the human heritage in all its different ethnic andcultural diversity; however, humorous effects might exceed the mere pleasure or laughter toserve as a strategy of survival. Hybrid humour has an important societal role in breakingpsychological barriers between people as well as in denouncing dominant discourses,criticising realities, and promoting resistance. This paper investigates hybrid humour ascultural translation, particularly Beur verbal humour in France. The first section of this paperexplores the notion of cultural translation. The second part is devoted to investigating thehybridisation of cultures from a postcolonial perspective, and subsequently interpreting thenotion of hybrid humour as a translational act. Finally, I analyse a set of hybrid jokes made bythe Franco-Algerian humourist Fellag.

Incongruous liaisons:

Author(s): Izuu Nwankwọ / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2019

Nigerian humourists have always told risible jokes within myriad pre-colonial satirical acts.Following on their heels in recent times, stand-up comedy has emerged as one of the mostprevalent art forms in the country, providing entertainment through laughter-eliciting jokes.Accompanying this development also, is an increasing attitude of offence-taking which hasseen post-mortem criticisms and castigation of comedians. Not much scholarly attention hasbeen paid to this menacing backlash against ostensible “inappropriate jokes” and the fact thatstand-up humour is primarily derived from causing offence. What happens is that jokeperformances take place within liminal moments, which allows for audience’s suspension ofoffence and the performer’s unwritten consent to stay within socially accepted bounds of goodhumour. Through performance analysis, this paper sets out to study how four randomlyselected Nigerian comics—I Go Dye, Basket Mouth, Klint da Drunk and AY—deploy selfcensorshipin averting offence within their joke routines. The essay finds that despite thespecificities of stand-up arts, which place peculiar demands on artists’ joking capabilitiesespecially in its dependence on courting audiences’ participation and familiarity, thesecomedians have devised specific means through which they circumvent the stringency ofeliciting mirth through insult. Hence, their jokes and those of others who have learned theirtrade well, often elicits hilarity rather than offence.

An Austrian in Hollywood:

Author(s): Delia Chiaro,Giuseppe De Bonis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

This paper examines the work of Billy Wilder whose rich cinematic production frequentlyinvolves the collision of different languages as well as the clash of dissimilar cultures. As anAustrian living in the USA, the director had the privilege of gaining insight into his adoptedculture from the point of view of an outsider – a bilingual “other” who made 25 films inalmost 40 years of working in Hollywood. His films recurrently depict foreign characters atwhich Wilder pokes fun whether they are English, French, German, Italian, Russian or eventhe Americans of his adopted country. More precisely, the paper offers an overview of themulti-modal portrayals of diverse “foreigners,” with examples taken from a small butsignificant sample of Wilder’s films. The subtitling of dialogue in the secondary language forthe target English-speaking audience and the specific translation solutions are not within thescope of this discussion, instead we focus on the comic collision of two languages and moreimportantly, on the way Wilder implements humour to highlight the absurdity of culturaldifference. In other words, our main goal is to explore two or more languages in contrastwhen they become a humorous trope.

Book review

Author(s): Heather Vincent / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

“Who sharpens the knives in my house?”

Author(s): Anastasiya Fiadotava / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This paper is a tribute to Belarusian folklorist and ethnographer Uladzimir Sysou (1951- 1997) whose extensive legacy includes collecting 139 jokes during his field research in southern Belarus in 1995. Due to his untimely death, these jokes and other folklore items remain unpublished and have, to my knowledge, not been noticed by folklorists. Half of the collected jokes focus on family relations, mostly the relationship between husband and wife. One of the most popular topics of these jokes is adultery. The joke texts show an ambiguous attitude of people towards it. While committing adultery is considered improper, not a lot of effort is made to conceal it. If (or rather, when) a case of adultery comes to light, it does not lead to any serious problems for either spouse in jokes. When studying these jokes, it is curious to place them in historical context and compare them to earlier, Soviet-era jokes about adultery. This study discusses why jokes about adultery in Sysou’s collection differed both quantitatively and qualitatively from adultery jokes found in Soviet collections. The study shows that the high prevalence of jokes on the subject in Sysou’s collection and the liberal attitude towards adultery manifested in them result largely from the decrease in selfand state censorship in Belarus in the early 1990s, set against a backdrop of value pluralisation triggered by the collapse of the USSR.

Opportunities to Participate in Making Decisions for Migrant Children

Author(s): Ophelia Kaneva / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In the intense pursuit of the states and the international organizations to address the challenges of migrant processes, the focus on child security neglects the value of the migrant child's personality. Often, a migrant child is given the status of a caretaker by being “attached” to an adult – a situation that guarantees the child's limited ability to participate in decision-making processes that directly affect him/her. Insisting of the young people to participate in decision-making processes goes beyond creating rules in the “adult world” and raises previously unknown political and administrative challenges, as well as professional and public debates to ensure that all children have access to their rights. Opportunities for the participation of migrant children in the decision-making process cause a synchronization globally of understanding and implementation of the child's right to participate and to express own views. These opportunities should be applied interregional and transnationally and, together with that, developed and supported at political and practical levels. It is therefore important to review the current policy framework, to highlight good practice examples and to mark some opportunities for further social and organizational development.

Ниво на формираност на социолингвистични и социокултурни компетентности в начална училищна възраст според родителите

Author(s): Irena Raykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

This article presents the results of a survey, examining the level of formation of the sociolinguistic and sociocultural competences of the students in primary school according to their parents. The summary of the results gives information about the students’ reading interests and how parents encourage their children to read. A variety of forms of collaboration among parents, students and teachers are pointed out, as well as teachers’ preferred methods, forms and means of work used in their pedagogical practice. Possible solutions for increasing the level of formation of the sociolinguistic and sociocultural competences of the students in 1. - 4.class are proposed, highlighting the benefits of the group and team work, and the opportunity for parents to be involved in initiatives organized by the teachers.

Smart redevelopment of slums prevent epidemics

Author(s): Amitava Basu / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2021

Novel corona virus pandemic has placed the slum dwellers at high risk. This necessitates re-development of slums. This paper discusses the priority for slum re-development under Smart City Program, and the way forward in India. Prior Work: A study was carried out on early lessons from public administration measures to address the corona pandemic in India. This paper is based on a research following the earlier study. Approach: The process involved – (a) Study and analyze health survey reports of various municipalities; (b) Sample field surveys; (c) Discussions with limited number of municipal officials; and (d) Comparative analysis of other similar studies. Results: Slums are characterized by congested space, lack of adequate water supply, unhygienic sanitation conditions. Almost 8 to 10 persons live in a cramped space. Majority of the slum dwellers are daily wage earners and poor. Congested space and insufficient water do not allow social distancing and hand wash, which are essential to fight novel corona virus infection. Further, exposure outside home for daily earning makes the slum dwellers vulnerable to corona infection. Dharavi slum of Mumbai metropolitan in India, and some of the informal settlements of New York are unique examples. To address the present pandemic and improve the quality of life of the slum residents, re-development of slums and local economic development assume significance. It calls for re-oriented approach in urban planning, infrastructure development and creation of local employment opportunities under Smart City program. Implications: (a) Urban planners need to research for effective redevelopment of slums, and (b) Practitioners require to be familiarized with the urgent need to improve slums and are provided with options to re-orient area-based development as part of Smart City. Value: The study findings are relevant for most developing countries. It provides a way forward in redefine the priorities of “Smart Cities”.

Култура и политики на паметта в Германия - предпоставки и критика

Author(s): Daniela Decheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The paper analyses the contemporary debate about memory culture and memory policy in Germany which are highly valid for Europe as well. They base on the political consensus that the memory of collective crimes committed in the past, especially of the Holocaust, and the honour to the victims, are a basic prerequisite for the protection of human rights. In the second part of the paper different critical views on the conception and practice of memory culture and memory policy in Germany are discussed.