A Formalized Model of Multiple Selves in MUD’s

Author(s): Stefano Cavagnetto,Bruce Gahir / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2011

We will investigate the concept of the self (and its relation to personal identity in multiple cyber worlds). This investigation has its own justification, the fact that several questions concerning personal identity are answered by constructing examples of thought experiments involving fictional worlds. Thus it seems legitimate to us to discuss the problem in the framework of “concrete” alternative worlds which we call cyber worlds. The next section deals with a brief history of the problem of personal identity in modern philosophy and introduces the concept of the “self”. In section 2 we introduce conceptual frameworks that illustrate the idea of the self as composed of information in multiple cyber worlds and as a result pose some important questions to be investigated further, we finally conclude with section 3 and we consider how some concepts from anthropology may be applied to the study of the Cyberspace. Some authors tend to confuse, or overlap the concept of virtual communities or reality with the concept of Cyberspace because this is a rather vague concept. In this paper we consider virtual communities and virtual reality as just one portion of the Cyberspace. At the moment we are not going to try to answer fundamental ontological questions such as: what is Cyberspace? Is it or does it have a dimension? We assume that there exists a Cyberspace, a sort of electromagnetic space (and this space may be divide into modules), where a virtual interaction might be created and we will refer to this as a virtual world.

A franciaországi bevándorlógyerekek oktatása

Author(s): Iván Bajomi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

In this text concerning the schooling of the children of immigrants in France, we describe three institutional solutions. We will first talk about optional courses devoted to learning the languages and cultures of the countries of origin. Secondly we discuss the problems related to educational priority aeras. Thirdly, there will be school groups created to help the children of immigrants learn French. It will also discuss the services developed to support the activity of professionals, such as a specialized journal, the website of the Observatory of Priority Aeras, and activities of the school administration units involved in the education of children of the immigrants who also function as a resource center. We also highlight the difficulties described in the analyzes concerning the institutional solutions presented.

A hagyományos és a gazdasági diaszpóra magyarságképe

Author(s): Róbert Gyula Dudás / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

Today, there are about 15 million people in the world who consider themselves Hungarian. One third of these people experience their Hungarianness outside the Trianon borders. Academic literature divides Hungarians living outside the country into two large groups, the native and the migrant diaspora. In my paper, I examine whether this division is tenable after the accession of Hungary and, with the exception of Ukraine and Serbia, the neighbouring countries to the European Union and the opportunities provided by the open labour market, or whether it is necessary to introduce a third diaspora group. I specifically examined the attitude of the members of the two groups to the Hungariannes, the nation, the citizenship, the local Hungarian community and the ecclesial communities, and I call on the readers and decision-makers to think together about what can be done for the preservation of the declining Hungarian diaspora.

A HOLIDAY ACCEPTABLE TO A UNITED EUROPE AND THE WORLD: SRETENJE - A NEW STATE HOLIDAY IN SERBIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21ST CENTURY

Author(s): Senka Kovač / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

This paper deals with the basic ideas originating from the members of a committee appointed by the government of the Republic of Serbia to put together a proposal for a new state holiday at the beginning of the new millennium when political changes took place in Serbia. One of these ideas was that the holiday should be acceptable to a united Europe. This paper presents part of the research into the reception of Sretenje – Statehood Day: what we have shown to Europe and the world by celebrating Statehood Day, based on a representative sample of respondents from 2004, 2007, then 2008 –2011 and finally 2018 –2020. The paper contains an analysis of the ways in which the citizens of Serbia were congratulated on the occasion of Statehood Day by Google from 2012 to 2020, as well as the reception of Google Doodle greetings in public discourse.

A kanadai multikulturalizmus kialakulásában közrejátszó tényezők

Author(s): Lilla Berkes / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2021

The paper provides a brief overview of the factors that contributed to the development of the Canadian type of multiculturalism by focusing on the emergence of this policy through the examples of the three subjects of multiculturalism: national minorities, immigrants, and indigenous communities. The paper presents the historical background of the British-French relations, their changes and the cultural differences between the two nations, and how the the policy of multiculturalism was constructed. In connection with the latter, it examines the role of immigrants and refugees in the development of Canadian social diversity. Out of the three subject groups of multiculturalism, immigrants are most likely to change the cultural fabric of a society. This part of the paper therefore examines the Canadian state’s relationship to immigrants and refugees prior to the emergence of the multicultural policy, the factors influencing this relationship, and the role that the state has played in making the Canadian society into a widely diverse one through immigration. The paper also examines the absence of indigenous communities from the process of the making of multiculturalism as a state policy. The last part of the paper presents the process of developing a multicultural policy and its direct driving forces.

A kárpátaljai magyarok lélekszáma és a népesedésüket befolyásoló tényezők a SUMMA 2017 felmérés alapján

Author(s): Patrik Tátrai,József Molnár,Katalin Kovály,Ágnes Erőss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2018

According to the last Ukrainian census in 2001, 152 thousand people declared Hungarian ethnicity in Transcarpathia. Since that time, there is no reliable and up-todate data on the ethno-demographic development of the region’s population; however, for instance, migration flows particularly salient since the outbreak of the armed conflict in East Ukraine in 2014 must have contributed to transformations of the ethnic structure. Thus, this paper aimed at exploring the demographic development of Hungarians in Transcarpathia based on the survey “SUMMA 2017”. According to the survey results, the number of Hungarians fell to around 130 thousand by the middle of 2017. Hungarians living in urban areas and in the ethnic contact zone lost the highest numbers. Behind this negative trend one can find emigration as main reason, however negative natural change also contributed to decreasing numbers. The third factor, assimilation has not played an important role in changes of the number of Hungarian population.

A kárpátaljai ukrán és magyar diákok történelmi tudatának konstrukciója a formális és nem formális szocializáció tükrében

Author(s): Bernadett Szalai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2021

Until the end of the 1990s, studies on the effects of history education claimed that history textbooks have the ability to influence students’ historical consciousness without taking into consideration other socializing factors that can modify the historical consciousness of certain agents. Studies focusing on textbooks of post-communist countries assumed that with the distortion of historical events (i.e., omitting accurate data and viewpoints), institutes of education policy can determine students’ historical thinking and consciousness. Some textbooks with revised studies grounded misleading information on the assumption that students’ historical consciousness is constructed by the national “elite” through the process of education. From the 2000s, Central and Eastern European sociological studies have denied this assumption and have directed attention to the role of non-formal sociological factors in forming historical consciousness, identity, and collective memory. The aim of the study is to examine the viewpoints of students studying in Transcarpathian secondary, grammar, and vocational schools on controversial historical issues and to determine which socialization factors influence the agents’ historical consciousness and political thinking in an ethnically mixed area. The hypothesis of the study is that non-formal socializing agents (e.g., family and community) influence students’ historical consciousness living in the mixed ethnic Transcarpathian area. The research was carried out utilizing questionnaires, which along with surveying students’ historical thinking, focused on the impact of formal and non-formal agents on students’ historical consciousness. The questionnaire was filled in the regions of Borehove, Mukachevo, Vinohradovo, Uzhhorod by 231 (109 Ukrainian and 122 Hungarian) students. The objectives of the Ukrainian education policy, the sensitivity of the topic, and the negative direction of the Ukrainian–Hungarian relationship set limits to the involvement of Ukrainian respondents. Thus, based on the results of the research, it can concluded that Ukraine’s current conflicting foreign relations, patriotic education, upbringing climate, and closed atmosphere of educational institutions simultaneously influence the formation of students’ historical consciousness.

A Kárpát-medencei magyarok életminőségének összehasonlító elemzése

Author(s): Zsombor Csata,Gyöngyi Schwarcz,Márton Péti,Mátyás Borbély / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

The study is a descriptive analysis of the economic and social determinants of well-being among the Hungarians in the Carpathian Basin. Empirically, it is based on a survey conducted in 2018–2019 in Hungary and in the four regions with the largest Hungarian population outside of Hungary (Transylvania in Romania, southern Slovakia, Vojvodina in Serbia, and Transcarpathia in Ukraine). The conceptual framework of the study draws mainly from substantive economics, according to which the premise of social development is not economic growth per se, but the improvement of people’s quality of life. The results show that there is a positive relationship between EU membership and the quality of life of Hungarians living in the Carpathian Basin: general welfare indicators score higher in southern Slovakia, Hungary, and Transylvania, and significantly lower in Vojvodina and especially in Transcarpathia. The differences are more spectacular in employment conditions and in terms of income. The study also reveals that economic activity and a better financial situation are essential but not exclusive determinants of quality of life and that their role is more important in providing comfort and helping people make ends meet. In addition to the financial aspects, people’s health conditions, whether they live in a long-term relationship, and whether they can count on the help of their friends and relatives in critical situations also have an important influence. In general, welfare benefits are also related to higher education as well as to proficiency in English and in the language of the ethnic majority.

A kisebbségek védelme az olasz–horvát és az olasz–szlovén kétoldalú kapcsolatokban

Author(s): Balázs Vizi / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2017

Following the collapse of Yugoslavia, the situation of Italian minorities living in successor states raised great concerns in Italy. This article offers an overview of the evolution of bilateral minority protection instruments between Italy and Croatia, Slovenia respectively. New treaties and initiatives emerged in the 1990s in this regard strongly build on the post- WWII international legal arrangements concerning the situation of minorities. The analysis of the relevant treaty provisions in a broader political and historical context leads to the conclusion that from the 1990s bilateral minority protection agreements rather reflect a political commitment than a set of strict normative obligations.

A kollektív cselekvés vállalkozói. Példák a magyar borászok helyi szerveződéseinek köréből

Author(s): Bence Kucsera,Károly Mike / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

What role do institutional entrepreneurs play in the local self-governance of winemakers in Hungary? The term ‘institutional entrepreneur’ refers to actors who use their resources to build innovative rules of the game for collective action. We examine four communities who established collective brands through selfgovernance. Our results confirm that institutional entrepreneurs play important roles in institutionalising local collective action. They drive and govern the innovation process of articulating new institutions. Even more important, they form and maintain coalitions in support of this process. Their motivation is influenced by many factors: personal career goals, family norms, identification with the relevant community, political participation and network building. However, they have some common characteristics: all of them are embedded, respected members of their communities, who plan for the long term. The greater the ‘institutional void’ to be filled by self-governance, the larger their role seems to be.

A kontaktusalapú előítélet-csökkentés lehetőségei és korlátai

Egy intervenció tapasztalatai

Author(s): Anna Kende,Nóra Anna Lantos / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2016

Intergroup contact is the most effective method of prejudice reduction according to a vast number of studies conducted in various intergroup situations. However, it is not contact, but its optimal conditions which are difficult to attain in societies lacking a general acceptance of egalitarian social norms, facing strong segregation, large status differences, and endorsing strong prejudicial attitudes. Therefore, the optimal conditions for intergroup contact are rarely available when attempting to reduce prejudice against Roma people in Hungary. We present two studies in which we tested the influence of an intervention based on intergroup friendship – a highly positive example of intergroup contact – to reduce anti-Roma prejudice among university students. The research builds upon the so-called “fast friends” method which refers to a short closeness generating procedure based on mutual self-disclosure which creates an experience resembling real friendships. First year psychology students participated in our first study (N = 132) within an experimental, an extended contact, and a “control” group. We found some overall improvement in attitudes based on the comparison between the pre- and the post-test questionnaire results. In a second study (N = 61) we tested whether the findings of Study 1 were the direct result of the intervention, or its indirect influence through promoting non-prejudicial institutional norms. This time we worked with an experimental and a naïve control group, and found significant differences in attitude change between the groups along some attitudinal variables and in the perception of institutional norms. We discuss the scope and limits of anti-Roma prejudice reductions methods.

A kulturális és nemzeti identitás megfogalmazása Japánban és Közép-Európában a 18-19. században

Author(s): Mária Ildikó Farkas / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Kokugaku of the Edo period can be seen as a key factor in defining cultural (and national) identity based on Japanese cultural heritage in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Kokugaku focused on Japanese classics, on exploring, studying and reviving (or even inventing) ancient Japanese language, literature, myths, history and also political ideology. ‘Japanese culture’ as such was distinguished from Chinese (and all other) cultures, and thus ‘Japanese identity’ was defined. Meiji scholars used kokugaku conceptions of Japan to construct a modern nationalism that was not simply derived from Western models and was not purely instrumental, but made good use of pre-modern and culturalist conceptions of community. The role of pre-modern cultural identity in the formation of modern Japanese (national) identity – following mainly Miroslav Hroch’s comparative and interdisciplinary theory of national development – can be examined in comparison with the ‘national awakening’ movements of the peoples of EastCentral Europe. Before modernity, in the shadow of a cultural and/or political ‘monolith’ (China for Japan, and Germany for Central Europe), ethnic groups or communities started to evolve their own identities with cultural movements focusing on their own language and culture, thus creating a new type of community, the nation. A comparative examination of texts (discourses) illustrates that similar modes of argumentation (narratives) can be identified in these movements: ‘language’ as the primary bearer of collective identity, the role of language in culture and ‘culture’ as the main common attribute of the community; as well as similar aspirations to explore, search and develop the native language, ‘genuine’ culture, and ‘original’ traditions. This comparative research offering ‘development patterns’ for interpretation can help us understand how ‘cultural identity’ played an important role in the formation of national identity, with its effect (‘cultural nationalism’) present even today in Japan and in Central Europe, too.

A magyar-szlovák kapcsolatok változásai a 20. században

A kapcsolatok alakulásának dinamikája és a konfliktusforrások

Author(s): Zuzana Poláčková / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 4/2021

The present study analyses the relationship between majority and minority in our geopolitical space on two levels. In the first part of the study, I focused on the typologization and periodization of minority issues in 20th and 21st century Europe. My primary interest, however, was to integrate the issue of Slovak–Hungarian relations and their development within the Czechoslovak Republic and later within the independent Slovak Republic into the various developmental stages of minority issues in Europe. The coexistence of minority and majority, as we know from history, requires not only pragmatic-political and legislative-technical solutions, but also emotional involvement and spiritual strength to overcome obstacles to the implementation of functioning models of mutual coexistence and tolerance. From the point of view of scientific knowledge, we are faced with the challenge of how to deepen our understanding of minority issues and mutual coexistence (of both allochthonous and autochthonous minorities) in different parts of Europe. The solutions have individual characteristics, especially when we analyse the region of Central and Eastern Europe, where the historical pattern of coexistence is based on the structure of the particular ethnic conflict existing in the so-called nation-states. The current social situation also makes us aware that national minority issues in Central and Eastern Europe are still an open object of research.

A March of Memory in Sighet: The Legacy of Elie Wiesel

Author(s): Elana Heideman / Language(s): English Issue: 2 (18)/2017

Place is inextricably linked to identity, history, experience and, as a result, human memory, transforming what might be a public, physical location into a personal, intimate association. A place of memory, however, is further transformed by translating the personal into collective significance. With many locations possessing attributes that enable this conversion, what is it that makes a place a „place of memory?” Is it instilled by the visitors, or is it innately imposed by the history of that place? Does the place itself – its physical reality, its geographic location – construct the memory? Or do the stories of its history as well as the inherited memory of its residents’ past and present and their recollections of the people, the streets, the community, construct the significance of the place, wherein the physical location matters very little?

A Multiple Inhabitance: Cultural Negotiation in Native American Autobiography

Author(s): Holly Lynn Baumgartner / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Spanning four centuries, destruction of Native American cultures has left modern Native Americans facing a host of problems from loss of land and the highest health care risks to the lowest incomes and life spans and breakdown of traditional lifestyles. Arguably one of the greatest threats remains the historical linguistic oppression. Rhetoric played a major part in the subjugation of Native tribes, through the trail of broken treaties, federal laws, newspaper and “scientific” articles, and banishment of Native languages from federally run schools. However, the linguistic context has shifted radically in the last century, changing the role of rhetoric between dominant and Native cultures, in part due to Native speakers inhabiting and subverting dominant language spheres. In an effort to mediate the ongoing effects of assimilation, Native writers draw from traditional storytelling practices to engage in the non-traditional genre of autobiography. Within the non-threatening, shared, cultural space of the creative writer, Native speakers may shape political stances that extend both invitation and boundary to the dominant culture. These pieces foreground the slippage between modes of persuasive discourse and problematize understandings of audience. More importantly, they point to the duality of Native lived experience. This paper provides specific historical background on the problem, provides close reading of autobiographical, memoir, and personal poetic texts, contextualizes and interprets them using theories from Aristotle, Bakhtin, Halasek, Farmer, hooks, and Roth among others, and finally suggests Native agency arising through intentional rhetorical strategies

A nemzeti-etnikai identitás építőkövei kárpátaljai ukránok és magyarok körében

Author(s): Viktória Ferenc / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2017

The study examines the national identity of Transcarpathian Hungarians and Ukrainians based on the TANDEM 2016 Survey and compares it to previous survey results. One of the most important findings of the paper is that among the criteria of belonging to an ethnic group good language skills and self-identification are the most important. Almost 20% of the respondents have a double identity construction, which is more frequent in the Ukrainian subsample. As it turns out, knowing the language of another ethnic group is the most determinating factor in having a double identity. Regarding Ukrainians, they mostly identify themselves as belonging to the Ukrainian nation, which is followed by the identity of being Transcarpathian. Among the Hungarians the ‘Transcarpathian Hungarian’ attributive structure is the most popular. Citizenship related identity-categories (Hungarian, Ukrainian or double Hungarian–Ukrainian citizenship) falls far behind bonds related to ethnicity and locality. The bonds towards Ukraine as a country have loosened in recent years: only every second Ukrainian respondent says that Ukraine means the homeland for him/her. In the case of Hungarians, this ratio is 10%, which is a drastic decrease in comparison to the previous years.

A nyelvi tájkép tanulmányozása: bevezetés a tudományterületbe

Author(s): Durk Gorter / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2017

A nyugati külföldi közösség kialakulása Japánban

Author(s): Roman Kodet / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2022

For many centuries, Japan had little experience of coexistence with foreign nationals or major national minorities. In the 16th century, however, it established fairly intensive contacts with some European states, which led to relatively strong links with international trade and the mass spread of Christianity within the country. However, it was the success of the new religion that led the central authorities in the country to gradually close Japan to foreigners in the first half of the 17th century. The small Dutch community was strictly confined to the small island of Dejima in Nagasaki, and its life in Japan was tightly regulated. It was not until Perry's mission and the forcing of the establishment of official relations between Japan and the Western powers that the conditions were set for the emergence of a wider foreign community in Japan. This was concentrated primarily in the newly established port of Yokohama, which became an important seat of the foreign enclave in Japan. While on the one hand foreigners enjoyed considerable privileges in the country due to the existence of unequal treaties, on the other hand they had to face considerable problems, especially xenophobia on the part of part of the Japanese population. Despite this, they became a permanent part of the economic, political, and cultural scene here, and their influence on the development of Japan in the Meiji era is undeniable.

A PAGE FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ROMANIAN FROM THE SOUTH OF THE DANUBE. THE MEMOIRS OF THE AROMANIAN GEORGE P. GHEORGHIU

Author(s): Constantin Claudiu Cotan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 10/2017

The history of the Romanian population from the south of the Danube remains one of the most impressive a struggle for keeping their cultural identity, their language and religious traditions. The 19th century marked in the history of Vlach population a period of national awakening. Under ottoman rule the Aromanians requested to use their own language in schools and churches. Their request has been denied by the ecumenic Patriarchate, and also by the Bulgarians, Serbs, Greeks, which refused to offer political recognition to the Aromanians. With great difficulties, in the second part of the 19th century, started the establishment of the first schools in the south of the Danube. In large communities, with a majority of Vlach population, the Romanian language was heard in churches. The Romanian state has been heavily involved in the supported the Vlachs and Romanian priests, giving monetary help to Aromanian teachers. The pressure due to the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, and formation of new Balkan states, forced some Aromanians to move into Romania to begin a new life.

A parasztok maguk csinálják történelmüket, de nem szabadon

Author(s): Philip McMichael / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 25/2019

This essay employs contemporary peasant mobilizing discourses and practices to evaluate the terms in which we understand agrarian movements today, through an exercise of historical specification. First, it considers why the terms of the original agrarian question no longer apply to agrarian change today. The shift in the terms corresponds to the movement from the late‐nineteenth century and twentieth century, when states were the organizing principle of political‐economy, to the twenty‐first century, when capital has become the organizing principle. Second, and related, agrarian mobilizations are viewed here as barometers of contemporary political‐economic relations. In politicizing the socio‐ecological crisis of neoliberalism, they problematize extant categories of political and sociological analysis, re‐centring agriculture and food as key to democratic and sustainable relations of social production.