Zajednice života osoba istog spola u pravu zemalja Evropske unije

Author(s): Boris Krešić / Language(s): Bosnian

Svakoj osobi je potrebno ostaviti pravo da izrazi svoj stav u pogledu prihvatanja ili neprihvatanja legalizacije istospolne zajednice. Međutim, ti stavovi ne smiju biti formirani na osnovu mržnje, osude ili prezira. Homoseksualnost kao psihoseksualni poremećaj identiteta desetom revizijom Međunarodne klasifikacije bolesti, povreda i uzroka smrti, više se ne smatra bolešću. Uprkos tome, u većini društava homoseksualnost se smatrala socijalnim tabuom. Socijalna stigmatizacija homoseksualno orijentisanih osoba pokušava se minimalizirati pravnim normiranjem istospolnih zajednica života, podvrgavajući ih principu “različito, ali ravnopravno”. Upravo radi potrebe zaštite “prava na različitost” evropsko zakonodavstvo od kraja 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća počinje donositi akte koji zabranjuju diskriminaciju po osnovu spolne orijentacije i uvodi zaštitu homoseksualaca i njihovih zajednica. U sekundarnim i primarnim izvorima prava Evropske unije (u daljem tekstu: EU) propisuje se zabrana diskriminacije po osnovu seksualne orijentacije. Amsterdamski ugovor predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih međunarodnih akata kojima se zabranjuje diskriminacija po osnovu seksualne orijentacije. U Povelji EU o osnovnim pravima (iz 2000. godine, zamijenjenom istoimenom Poveljom iz 2007.- 2007/C 303/01), takođe se zabranjuje diskriminacija po osnovu seksualne orijentacije. Pravo na sklapanje braka prema navedenoj Povelji nije u vezi sa osobama različitog spola, već je pravo na sklapanje braka zagarantovano nacionalnim zakonima koji uređuju izvršavanje prava na brak. U direktivama Vijeća Evropske unije (u daljem tekstu: VEU) i Evropskog parlamenta (u daljem tekstu: EP) nakon 2000. godine seksualna orijentacija je uvedena kao zabranjeni osnov diskriminacije. Međutim, ovim aktima se nije puno odmaklo u zaštiti homoseksualno orijentisanih osoba, mada se to moglo učiniti, s obzirom na obavezujući karakter ovih akata. Državama članicama data je mogućnost (nisu obavezane) da istospolne partnere tretiraju kao bračne partnere, odnosno države članice su obavezane da ih tretiraju kao članove porodice, ukoliko zakon države članice, u koju ulazi istospolni partner, tretira ovaj odnos kao ekvivalent braku.

Uticaj EU integracija na poštivanje i zaštitu ljudskih prava LGBT osoba u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i Crnoj Gori

Author(s): / Language(s): Bosnian

Na konferenciji Uticaj EU integracija na poštivanje i zaštitu ljudskih prava LGBT osoba, održanoj u Banja Luci u decembru 2014. godine, LGBT aktivisti i aktivistkinje iz Hrvatske, BiH, Srbije i Crne Gore raspravljali su o unapređenju ljudskih prava LGBT osoba u kontekstu procesa EU integracija koji ima značajan uticaj na sve zemlje u regionu. Iako je svaka od ovih država u različitim fazama EU integracija, činjenica je da je Europska unija politički subjekt sa najvećim mogućnostima motiviranja zakonodavnih promjena u ovim zemljama.

Srpsko pravo i međunarodne sudske institucije

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Serbian

Dreptul românesc la 100 de ani de la Marea Unire. Dimensiuni și tendințe

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian

The Great Union and the completion of the process of establishing the Romanian unitary national state represented a decisive moment in the modernization, occidentalization and development of Romanian law in the spirit of its traditions. In the 100 years since then, he has undergone great transformations in line with historical developments, presenting himself today as a complex legal system facing the challenges of European integration and the assertion of globalization.Thus, a multidimensional radiography of the state of Romanian law is required, by identifying the founding principles, the traits and the defining evolutions, the establishment of connections and interdependencies with European Union law, the influences of comparative law and the metamorphoses due to the impact of globalization.

IZVAN ZAKONA: PRAVNA REGULACIJA ŽIVOTNIH ZAJEDNICA PAROVA ISTOG SPOLA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Natalija Petrić,Boris Krešić,Gordana Bosanac,Goran Selanec,Fedra Idžaković / Language(s): Bosnian

Pravna regulacija zajednica života osoba istog spola najčešće se ne propisuje i ne ostvaruje unutar tradicionalno regulisanog instituta heteroseksualnog braka i porodice. Ovakav stav društva i velikog broja zakonodavaca doveo je do veoma rasprostranjene i načelno prihvaćene diskriminacije i nepriznavanja istospolnih parova, kao i netradicionalnih oblika porodice. Istospolni parovi su tako ostavljeni izvan zakona i uskraćena su im mnoga ekonomska i socijalna prava koja heteroseksualni bračni i vanbračni parovi uživaju što dodatno doprinosi socijalnoj isključenosti LGBT osoba, njihovoj marginalizaciji i nevidljivosti.

Praktični vodič za Univerzalni periodični pregled (UPP) - Kako nevladine organizacije mogu utjecati na UPP proces

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bosnian

Generalna skupština UN-a je 2006. godine odlučila da svoje glavno političko tijelo za ljudska prava, Komisiju za ljudska prava, zamijeni novim Vijećem za ljudska prava. Jedna od ključnih novina Vijeća za ljudska prava je ta da bi Vijeće trebalo redovno ocjenjivati ljudska prava svih članica zamalja UN-a kroz Univerzalni periodični pregled (UPP). Ovim bi se trebalo osigurati da se izvještaji o ljudskim pravima svih zemalja razmatraju na ravnopravnoj osnovi, bez obzira na težinu stanja ljudskih prava, ratifikaciju i izvještavanje prema posebnim ugovorima o ljudskim pravima.

Presude Europskog suda za ljudska prava vezana za zaštitu LGBT osoba

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian

Borba za prava LGBT osoba na teritoriju Europe starija je od stotinu i pedeset godina, ako kao referentnu polaznu točku pravno-zagovaračkih aktivnosti uzmemo nastojanja pojedinaca, kao što su Karl Heinrich Ulrichs i Karl Maria Kertbeny, za dekriminalizacijom homoseksualnosti sredinom 19. stoljeća. Nešto kasnije, 1897. godine njemački seksolog Magnus Hirschfield uputio je tadašnjem pruskom parlamentu peticiju za dekriminalizacijom homoseksualnosti koja je prikupila oko 6.000 potpisa. Homoseksualnost je u kazneno-pravnoj teoriji i praksi od samih početaka bila tretirana kao kazneno djelo i tek je kroz prosvjetiteljski pokret i reformu kaznenih zakona predviđena kazna za homoseksualnost od smrtne kazne prešla u kaznu zatvora. Ovdje treba istaknuti i pojedine teoretičare prava, kao što je Jeremy Bentham, koji su još u 18. stoljeću objašnjavali potrebu za pravnim postavkama koje će dokinuti bilo kakvo kažnjavanje homoseksualnosti, a na koje smo čekali stoljećima, dok u pojedinim zemljama svijeta na njih još uvijek čekamo. Uloga prava u LGBT pokretu za emancipaciju i ravnopravnost LGBT osoba bila je, i još uvijek je, od velike važnosti. Posebno mjesto u toj borbi zauzima međunarodni sustav zaštite ljudskih prava. U okviru tog sustava izrazito važno mjesto ima Europski sud za ljudska prava, najučinkovitiji međunarodni mehanizam zaštite ljudskih prava. Njegova je praksa u posljednjih tridesetak godina nametnula važne standarde, ne samo u odnosu na dekriminalizaciju homoseksualnosti i ukidanje različitih dobi pristanka na seksualne odnose za homoseksualne osobe u odnosu na heteroseksualne odnose, već i u uspostavi zaštite LGBT osoba od nasilja i uznemiravanja te uživanju socijalnih prava.

Scenarios for a Wider Europe

Author(s): Michael Emerson / Language(s): English

This paper makes the case for enhancing the economic and political integration of the entire wider European space with the EU, involving all those neighbouring states willing to subscribe to EU standards while at the same time facilitating the EU’s further enlargement in due course. This would also amount to a consolidation of Europe’s values, and act as a strategic marker to rebut Russia’s efforts to undermine those values. More specifically, the author advocates: - Upgrading the EU’s Association Agreements (AA) with East European states (Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine), with further content branded ‘AA+’; - Replacing the European Neighbourhood Policy with a Wider Europe policy concept; - Continuing the development of a multi-speed Europe which, with other EU reforms, could facilitate further enlargement of the EU when the conditions are met.

The European Court of Justice: Do all roads lead to Luxembourg?

Author(s): Allan Rosas / Language(s): English

The increasing tendency to submit questions of great political and constitutional significance to the European Court of Justice prompts the question whether the Court has become the arbiter of all major problems facing the European Union today. In discussing recent trends in case law, Judge Allan Rosas observes that de Toqueville’s description of the importance of the US Supreme Court could apply to today’s European Court of Justice. That said, the Court can only deal with questions that have been specifically submitted to it. In this paper the author refers to the EU’s external relations, asylum and immigration, economic and monetary policy, citizenship, the rule of law in general, and Brexit, as cases that would probably not have come before the Court were it not for the Treaty of Lisbon. Other explanations for the more recent reliance on the Court may be the inability of the political process to resolve the thornier issues facing the EU, and the fact that the Court is considered by many to be one of the more effective EU institutions. Finally, the author stresses the need for the Court to honour its judicial mandate and to do everything it can to preserve its legitimacy, an objective also furthered by the depoliticised appointment of judges through the so-called 255 panel procedure.

№51 Does the Stockholm Programme matter? The Struggles over Ownership of AFSJ Multiannual Programming

Author(s): Elspeth Guild,Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

Does the 2009 Stockholm Programme matter? This paper addresses the controversies experienced at EU institutional levels as to ‘who’ should have ownership of the contours of the EU’s policy and legislative multiannual programming in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ) in a post-Lisbon Treaty landscape. It examines the struggles around the third multiannual programme on the AFSJ, i.e. the Stockholm Programme, and the dilemmas affecting its implementation. The latest affair to emerge relates to the lack of fulfilment by the European Commission of the commitment to provide a mid-term evaluation of the Stockholm Programme’s implementation by mid-2012, as requested by both the Council and the European Parliament.

№65 The Political and Judicial Life of Metadata: Digital Rights Ireland and the Trail of the Data Retention Directive

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Elspeth Guild / Language(s): English

This paper examines the challenges facing the EU regarding data retention, particularly in the aftermath of the judgment Digital Rights Ireland by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) of April 2014, which found the Data Retention Directive 2002/58 to be invalid. It first offers a brief historical account of the Data Retention Directive and then moves to a detailed assessment of what the judgment means for determining the lawfulness of data retention from the perspective of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: what is wrong with the Data Retention Directive and how would it need to be changed to comply with the right to respect for privacy? The paper also looks at the responses to the judgment from the European institutions and elsewhere, and presents a set of policy suggestions to the European institutions on the way forward. It is argued here that one of the main issues underlying the Digital Rights Ireland judgment has been the role of fundamental rights in the EU legal order, and in particular the extent to which the retention of metadata for law enforcement purposes is consistent with EU citizens’ right to respect for privacy and to data protection.

№75 A Comparative Analysis of Regulations on Involuntary Loss of Nationality in the European Union

Author(s): René de Groot,Maarten Peter Vink / Language(s): English

This paper deals with loss of citizenship of the European Union (EU) due to the loss of nationality of an EU member state. Only the nationals of a member state possess European citizenship; the loss of nationality of a member state thus also implies the loss of European citizenship. Member states are in principle autonomous in nationality matters, which means that their rules on loss of nationality, and loss of EU citizenship, differ considerably. But member states must respect international law and the general principles of European law when dealing with loss of nationality. This report aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic comparative analysis of existing regulations and procedures in EU member states with regard to the involuntary loss of nationality.

The Cost of Non-Europe in the Area of Legal Migration

Author(s): Sergio Carrera,Julia Guerin,James Dennison,Meena Fernandes,Nadzeya Laurentsyeva,Zvezda Vankova,Lina Vosyliūtė / Language(s): English

This Research Paper is a contribution to a wider cost-of non-Europe assessment in the Area of Freedom Security and Justice requested by the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties that can be found here. The research takes stock of the state of play in European Union cooperation in the area of legal immigration. The Research Paper identifies gaps and barriers of current sectorial and fragmented EU legal immigration acquis. It assesses their economic impacts and impacts at individual level in terms of fundamental rights protection and non-discrimination laid down in international, regional and EU human rights and labour standards. The research highlights the need for ‘more EU’ in upholding equal treatment standards between third country workers with EU nationals in relation to working and living conditions. The Research Paper elaborates on the potential benefits, cost drivers and feasibility of different policy options for the EU ranging from: better enforcement, to the gradual extension of EU legislation towards other labour market sectors or bringing back to the idea of a Binding Immigration Code. The research concludes that EU internal market, national administrations as well as EU and Third Country Citizens would benefit from more homogenous policy approach in the area of legal migration.

Ignoring Dissent and Legality. The EU’s proposal to share the personal information of all passengers

Author(s): Evelien Brouwer / Language(s): English

In February 2011, the European Commission published a proposal for a new Directive on theuse of passenger name record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crimes. This proposal replaces an earlier draft of 2007 for a Framework Decision on the use of PNR data for law enforcement purposes. The new proposal does not seem to allay the earlier concerns of important stake holders with regard to the 2007 proposal. Its content contradicts not only important principles of data protection as described by the Commission in November 2010, but also the principle of proportionality underlying EU law.

The EU’s Dialogue on Migration, Mobility and Security with the Southern Mediterranean. Filling the Gaps in the Global Approach to Migration

Author(s): Sergio Carrera / Language(s): English

Recent events in North Africa and the Mediterranean have had consequences in terms of human mobility, and are putting the foundations and components of EU’s migration policy under strain. The forthcoming European Council summit of 23-24 June 2011 is expected to determine ‘the orientations for further work’ under the Polish Presidency and the next JHA Trio Presidency Programme for the EU’s policies on cross-border migration in the Mediterranean and internal mobility within the scope of the Schengen regime. This paper constitutes a contribution to current and future EU policy discussions and responses on migration, mobility and security. It provides a synthesised selection of recommendations in these domains resulting from the research conducted by the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) Section of the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) during the last nine years of work.

Dynamic Elements in the Contemporary Business Law

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This volume contains the scientific papers presented at the Ninth International Conference „Perspectives of Business Law in the Third Millennium” that was held on 8 November 2019 at Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania. The scientific studies included in this volume are grouped into five chapters: Development of the market economy; International business law; Criminal law in business context; Contemporary labor law; Public affairs and business law - constitutional developments. The present volume is addressed to practitioners, researchers, students and PhD candidates in juridical sciences, who are interested in recent developments and prospects for development in the field of business law at international and national level.

Normalized management systems: quality, environment and safety

Author(s): / Language(s): English

The content of all chapters of the present book contributes to the discussion about the shape of the aforementioned strategy in reference to normalized management systems. It should be noted that the authors of the present publication are aware of the correspondence between the standardization of products, processes and management systems. The authors focused on standards associated with management systems, because practice has shown that these standards can be very useful in the process of improving management systems in organizations and, consequently, contribute to its increased competitiveness. The authors, while discussing issues related to this area, have made an attempt to view an organization as a system, i.e. a set of interrelated elements which function as a whole. Special emphasis has been put on the normalized management systems which enjoy great popularity among organizations, especially in reference to the process of improving their operations. Therefore, separate chapters of the present book comprise considerations about various aspects of standards linked with good management practices in relation to: quality, environment, information security, food safety, occupational health and safety as well as social responsibility. Moreover, significant premises, methods and levels of the integration of these systems have been touched upon. Considerations included in the present book, according to its authors, are valuable in their cognitive and application aspects alike. The use of analyses, evaluations and recommendations included in this book can be a very useful tool for improving the implementation process and increasing the effectiveness of the discussed management systems in any production or service organization. The present handbook may also serve as a source of inspiration for conducting independent research for doctoral candidates in the frames of interdisciplinary doctoral studies within the scope of product and service quality. Furthermore, it can be used in order to support the didactic process of these studies /Jerzy Łańcucki/.

Efektywność fiskalna podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych w Polsce

Author(s): Edyta Małecka-Ziembińska / Language(s): Polish

Podstawowym celem opracowania jest zbadanie efektywności fiskalnej podatku dochodowego od osób fizycznych w Polsce w latach 1999–2009. Efektywność w tytule akcentuje konieczność uwzględnienia nie tylko wpływów z podatku, lecz również kosztów jego wymiaru i poboru, na co zwrócił już uwagę autor klasycznych zasad podatkowych A. Smith, formułując postulat taniości opodatkowania. Z kolei efektywność fiskalna wskazuje na profil rozważań, które koncentrują się na wysokości i podziale dochodów z podatku, a do jego funkcji pozafiskalnych nawiązują jedynie w takim zakresie, w jakim wpływają one na wysokość tych dochodów. Dodatkowo rozważania koncentrują się na celach, kryteriach i modelach optymalnego opodatkowania dochodu, stanowiąc wprowadzenie do autorskiego / nowatorskiego modelu optymalnego opodatkowania dochodu z pracy. W rozprawie pominięto optymalne opodatkowanie dochodów z oszczędności. Przesądzające w tym względzie było znaczenie stosunku pracy oraz stosunków pokrewnych jako najbardziej wydajnego źródła dochodów podlegających opodatkowaniu podatkiem dochodowym od osób fizycznych, stanowiących w niektórych latach nawet ponad 60% ogółu dochodu do opodatkowania. Do rozwiązania problemu optymalnego opodatkowania dochodu z pracy zastosowano algorytm genetyczny. Otrzymane wyniki zweryfikowano, porównując je z wynikami prezentowanymi w literaturze, uzyskanymi przy zastosowaniu metod analitycznych i numerycznych. Praca naukowa finansowana ze środków na naukę w latach 2008–2011 jako projekt badawczy nr N N113 117834. The main goal of this study is to examine the fiscal effects of personal income tax in Poland in the years 1999–2009. The dissertation discusses efficiency from a broader perspective, taking into account not only tax revenues, but also the costs of tax calculation and collection. It was already pointed out as necessary by A. Smith, the author of tax rules, when he formulated his postulates of cheap taxation. The following chapters discuss the goals, criteria and models of optimal income taxation, leading to the introduction of the original model of optimal work income taxation. The dissertation does not discuss the optimal taxation of savings income because their share in the taxable income is considered as marginal. It is estimated that income from employment contracts and related accounts for more than 60% of total taxable income. In addition, this study introduces a new method of calculating optimal taxation based on stochastic optimization using a genetic algorithm. It presents the results of the conducted experiments, which gave conclusions qualitatively comparable to those presented in the literature provided by analytical and numerical methods. Research work financed from funds for science in 2008–2011 as research project no. N N113 117834 from Science Council in Poland.

Zarządzanie w opiece zdrowotnej w czasie COVID-19

Author(s): Monika Dobska / Language(s): Polish

Monografia prezentuje przygotowanie zarówno samego systemu zarządzania w opiece zdrowotnej, jak i podmiotów do zagrożenia, jakim jest pandemia. W pracy dokonano rozpoznania i oceny polskiego systemu na tle wybranych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Krytycznej ocenie poddano wpływ pandemii na politykę zdrowotną oraz działania podejmowane przez poszczególne rządy w celu łagodzenia skutków COVID-19 zwłaszcza w trakcie pierwszej fali. Próba zebrania danych statystycznych w odniesieniu do ogólnej pojemności zakładów, szacowanej zdolności intensywnej opieki do radzenia sobie ze wzrostem liczby pacjentów oraz wskazanie wydatków w zakresie dodatkowych środków przeznaczonych na służbę zdrowia w czasie pandemii to tylko przykładowe obszary objęte obserwacją statystyczną, umożliwiającą wysunięcie pierwszych wniosków. Ze względu na wielość poruszanych zagadnień i zróżnicowanie poziomu szczegółowości wywód jest prowadzony na dwóch zasadniczych poziomach – regulacji prawnych wprowadzonych w okresie pandemii i realnych problemów zarządczych w obszarze ambulatoryjnej opieki i lecznictwa zamkniętego. Wielość problemów pojawiających się na poszczególnych etapach analizy spowodowała, że pracę ograniczono jedynie do zarysowania zagadnień, ukazując konieczność zmian.

Rolul Curţii Constituţionale şi al Înaltei Curţi de Casaţie şi Justiţie în configurarea dreptului românesc după intrarea în vigoare a noilor coduri

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian