GEORGE BACOVIA – INFLUENŢE ŞI AFINITĂŢI

Author(s): Andrada CHIŞAMERA / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

In this article, I shall point out the way in which poets from a certain cultural area – and by this I mean Charles Baudelaire, Maurice Rollinat, Arthur Rimbaud, and Paul Verlaine – have managed to influence a poet belonging to a different culture, referring strictly to George Bacovia.Baudelaire and Bacovia share the neuroses caused by a certain season. Spleen: „Pluviôse, irrité contre la vie entière, / De son urne à grands flots verse un froid ténébreux / Aux pȃles habitants du voisin cimetière / Et la mortalité sur les fauborgs brumeaux.” Verlaine is another French poet who displays a wide array of Bacovian scenes, particularly in the pluvious pastel: Ariettes oubliées: „Il pleut dans mon coeur / Comme il pleut sur la ville; …. / C’est bien la pire peine / De ne savoir pourquoi / Sans amour et sans haine / Mon coeur a tant de peine!” Both authors tend to create an obsession with rain. Rollinat is another mirror reflection of Bacovia’s.I shall analyse the works of these poets in order to note the influence of French symbolism on Bacovian poetry but also to set the frontier elements that need to be identified in order not to suppress George Bacovia’s originality and individuality. Moreover, using the comparative method, I shall identify the common elements in these poets’ works but also what differentiates them and helps us outline their own poetic style.

MUTAŢIILE INTERIOARE ALE GENERAŢIEI ’80 ÎN POSTCOMUNISM REFLECTATE ÎN PUBLICISTICA ANILOR ’90

Author(s): Iulia STOICHIŢ / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

It has been extensively written and talked about the generation of the 80s of Romania as a well-formed group during the communist regime, when their members started gaining notoriety, but also in the post-communist period. The starting point of the present essay is that the generation of the 80s ends as a literary phenomenon in December 1989, after the fall of communism. Because of this, it is inadequate to evaluate these writers’ impact on the forming democracy depending on their post-communist group projects. Instead, they should be evaluated and analysed depending on their personal projects such as the founding of new publishing houses, new magazines, be them literary or cultural,associations, even institutions (like the case of what will be known as the Faculty of Letters of Braşov). Ideas and projects are not missing, but they do not take the form of grandiose projects anymore, as it happened in the communist period, turning the expectations that other intellectuals or the rest of the population had from these writers at least inadequate.

O kalamburach w arcydramacie Mickiewicza

Author(s): Jerzy Paszek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This text is a continuation of my considerations included in the essay “Puns in Pan Tadeusz” (jubilee book dedicated to Prof. Ireneusz Opacki entitled Fabric. Studies, sketches, interpretations, Katowice 2003). I describe not only the puns directly referenced by Senator Novosilcov, but also a variety of stylistic games, including chiasms, poetic etymologizing, homophones (such as “wietrzna” vs. “wieczna”), zeugmas, syllepses, polyptotons, onomatopoeic words (“brdem,” “dbrum,” etc.), alliterations, gigantism (the clash between the microcosm and the macrocosm), polysemous games based on French, German and Polish words, orthographic puns (like “nie ma” vs. “niema”), polysyllabic sound correspondences in rhyme (“from an open watering can” + “from an open pan”), homonyms (pary z kominów + domy szykowane w pary), rhyming parallelisms (“ciągano,” “trzepano,” “spadano,” “winszowano”). In short: I show a range of linguistic tricks belonging to phoneme-based games (i.e. phonostylistics).

Elegia na śmierć idylli. Żywioł metapoezji w twórczości Juliusza Słowackiego (uwagi o poemacie „W Szwajcarii”)

Author(s): Agnieszka Ziołowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article concerns the metapoetic thread in Juliusz Słowacki’s poem In Switzerland. This issue is considered in the context of the author’s travel experience (expedition to the Alps in 1834), as well as the aesthetic thought of Friedrich Schiller and the classical philosophy of beauty by Plato and Plotinus. The issues of the subject of the work come to the fore (autobiographical allusions, poetic activities, selected aspects of internal life and the human condition), as well as its way of perceiving the Alpine landscape through the prism of the oppositions: pastoral ‒ elegiac, naive poetry ‒ sentimental poetry, which is an aesthetic dominant of the work, a cognitive schema to which Słowacki intentionally refers. In the light of detailed analyses, the poem In Switzerland turns out to be a work about the sources and mechanisms of creativity, a multi-faceted self-presentation of the Romantic creative self. The culmination of this process is the creation of the poet’s personal myth as Endymion, which finds an analogy in the works of John Keats.

„Dwubarwny światła […] promień”, czyli o barokowych żywiołach w romantycznym świecie „Lambra”

Author(s): Karolina Kaiser / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The guiding principle of the study consists in tracing the signs of baroqueness understood as a set of literary techniques derived from 17th century imagery. Such elemental baroqueness has pervaded the entirety of Juliusz Słowacki’s work even since his earliest poetic attempts, which are first freed from any Byronic or sentimental influences in his verse novel Lambro, written after the November Uprising. One’s attention is drawn to picturesque portrayals with sparse use of colour and contrasting lighting effects emphasizing the vertical axis of the word-painted image. What comes to the foreground is the consistently repeated visual antithesis of clear radiance and misty twilight; its associated meaning remains constant throughout the piece. Consistency in the use of colour integrated into an antithesis – a device undoubtedly appreciated in the Baroque period – and assignment thereto of contradictory meanings enables the creation of a dynamic space within the novel, one which is based on conflicting values (both sensual and semantic), but also subject to intense theatralization – a Baroque space, which, once identified, transforms into an interpretative key for the analyzed work.

Żywioł światła w twórczości Juliusza Słowackiego

Author(s): Lucyna Nawarecka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes selected examples of an eruption of the element of light in the works of Juliusz Słowacki. Already his first poem “The Moon” reveals the fascination with light. In Słowacki’s later works one can observe how often the poet depicts the rays of light flickering in crystals, precious Stones and gold. In Beniowski, adorned with “fireworks,” these images also constitute the poem’s ironic dimension. In the mystical period, in turn, the light completely embraces the whole universe.

Debiut romantyka: Józef Bohdan Zaleski

Author(s): Henryk Gradkowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the most important facts concerning Józef Bohdan Zaleski’s childhood and youth, accentuating his part in the November Uprising along with his creative interests rooted in his regional identity. The author enumerates the poet’s first literary attempts, subsequently quoting, analyzing and interpreting some of them. The study recalls also literary criticism of the debuting writer’s works, including especially Maurycy Mochnacki’s comments. Some extra attention is devoted to Adam Mickiewicz’s patronage, i.e. his enthusiastic opinions concerning the worth of Zaleski’s poetry, which the author of Pan Tadeusz expressed during his lectures in Paris. The aim of the article is to remind the public of the forgotten poet who used to be famous and who, along with Antoni Malczewski and Seweryn Goszczewski, was one of the greatest creators of the so called Ukrainian trend in Polish Romanticism.

Literacka magia żywiołu. Oblicza ognia i wody w „Sobótce” Seweryna Goszczyńskiego

Author(s): Agnieszka Suchy / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to analyze the ways of picturing selected elements in Seweryn Goszczyński’s Midsummer Eve. In the first part of the article, the author introduces Goszczyński’s inspirations based on Romantic tendencies, including an interest in the Tatra Mountains and folklore. Subsequently, she focuses on the imagery of fire and water in Midsummer Eve, referring to pre-Christian beliefs and folk tradition. Moreover, the author describes the elements of Slavic demonology and draws attention to the interpenetration of two worlds in the discussed text: the Christian and the pre-Christian. In the paper, the game of contrasts is also exposed. The author notes Goszczyński’s ability to combine seamlessly elements representing different cultures and embed the discussed topic in folk symbolism.

Żywioł XIX-wiecznego naśladowania

Author(s): Wiesław Rzońca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an attempt to trace the way in which in the literature of the nineteenth century, emotionality as well as the category of the Absolute Spirit were artistically expressed and which subsequently gave way to a returning interest in the Greek principles of imitation. The author calls this tendency “the element of mimesis” and justifies it with the use of the artistic work of Cyprian Norwid, referring also to interesting studies on this issue in the contemporary literature on the subject.

O żywiole romantyzmu w „Ale z naszymi umarłymi” Jacka Dehnela

Author(s): Lidia Romaniszyn-Ziomek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the essay, I explore a recently published Polish novel, But With Our Dead by Jacek Dehnel, in the context of Romanticism. The novel can be construed as part of a long debate about the presence of Romanticism in contemporary Polish literature and culture. It explores the most recognizable Romantic ideas existent in the present socio-cultural context. Also, it does not steer clear of the less obvious tropes associated with Romanticism, like frenzy or irony.

Słowa przydrożne, czyli o greckich inskrypcjach nagrobnych

Author(s): Anna Szczepaniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author discusses Greek funeral inscriptions written in a form of a dialogue with a passer-by.

Poetyckie odsłony żywiołu bachicznego w „Erotykach” Franciszka Dionizego Kniaźnina

Author(s): Bożena Mazurkowa / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author situates the topic discussed in the paper in the context of scholars’ remarks concerning literary testimonies of the native festive culture, particularly the love of alcohol. She shows the theme presented in the title as a cultural and folk phenomenon interestingly articulated in numerous lyrical variants, which in the festive scenery is connected with music, singing, dance, and furthermore is the source of creative powers. The author presents this issue primarily as an important element of the artistic shaping of Kniaznin’s early lyric poetry. The ways in which the theme of drinking alcohol manifests itself in Erotic Poems (1779) enables us to observe that related elements of imagery, considered together with creative inspirations from foreign cultures (primarily ancient and modern European), were subject to adaptation and acquired native features due to the influence of culture and manners common for Polish-Lithuanian nobility, as well as thanks to the combination of these references with biographical allusions and current affairs of that time (places and people).

W żywiole obcego słowa. Poliglotyzm i jego implikacje w świetle „Podróży” Jana Potockiego

Author(s): Maria Janoszka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article dwells on Jan Potocki’s polyglotism and his remarks included in his Voyages on the interlingual and intercultural dialogue, translation as well as the possibility of understanding foreign cultures. Born in a Polish aristocratic family, raised in a French-speaking environment, an excellent example of 18th-century cosmopolitan and a savant with an insatiable desire for knowledge, Potocki seems to live in multiple cultures and times at once, using his speaking skills and vast erudition as means to a better cognizance of foreign civilizations (European as well as Eastern), their history and everyday existence. He also reflects upon the conditions facilitating communication between varied languages and traditions (not to mention epochs), as well as the alienation or a sense of non-familiarity experienced by a voyager not only in contact with radical otherness but sometimes also in the surroundings seemingly well-known, yet profoundly changed in times of revolution.

Żywioły poezji polskiej w latach 1930–1939

Author(s): Teresa Wilkoń / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Poetry by the writers of Generation 1910 was poetry aware of its possibilities, its nature and the function of its devices, but also – through imagination – poetry evoking the world of cosmic, concealed, secret and unknown things. Its language opened a world of phenomena and real things, and at the same time, an inner world of metaphysical and ethical experiences. The poets of the “Generation 1910” group could access possibilities other than those open to their predecessors: on the one hand, there was frequent reference to classical poetics and style, and on the other, to the poetic experiences of the Kraków avant-garde and the futurists (in the style of Adam Ważyk, Anatol Stern and Bruno Jasieński). When it comes to language, substantial changes were implemented among this group. Here, we can mention strong oppositions: the language of lyrics – the language of prose, the language of classicist poetry – the language of avant-garde poetry; echoes of the styles and artistic trends of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as: symbolism, expressionism, impressionism (Stanisław Wyspiański, Bolesław Leśmian) were also present. The ambiguity of certain words and phrases (and even whole sentences) in different contexts allowed a text to be interpreted in multiple ways and opened a way for a variety of meanings, often unclear and enigmatic to the poets themselves. Classical elements played a significant role among those components of semantics.

Żywioły przeszłości w kustodii pamięci. Uobecnianie odeszłego i przemilczanego

Author(s): Jan Malicki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

War crimes leave an indelible mark in the memory of their witnesses, but, at the same time, they come to define their post-war existence. Securely locked in memory, they often remain untold. When materialised, they may take one of the three forms: a historical source document; a memory of the witness, and a focused literary image. These three areas create a specific custody of the past, of the memory of war times. The inhabitants of this already destroyed world find themselves in the worst situation, as they are forced to live and create their reality anew. This was what happened in the space between Lvov in 1941 and Katowice in 1945: the epic quality of the human existence.

Asz o (bez)sensie ofiary w historii. Rekonesans

Author(s): Andrzej Fabianowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the works of Sholem Asch, which have been written almost exclusively in Yiddish, we can observe numerous literary and cultural examples of the influence coming from the Western European and Polish tradition, the assimilation of Romantic and realist discourse, as well as Parnassianism and the cult of beauty, characteristic of modernism. In the historical narratives (Kiddush Hashem, The Witch of Castile, The Man from Nazareth), Asch reflects on the meaning of history and its cruelty in the perspective of the theological meaning of sacrifice. He asks whether the sacrifice made by an individual or a nation has real redemptive potential, whether it restores the lost bond between man and God. The writer answers this question in the negative. Only beauty has the power to save the divine element on earth. Beauty as a human product sanctifies God, the other way round.

„Zapisać się wierszem na śmierć”. Poezja Jana Pawła Krasnodębskiego w żywiołach egzystencji

Author(s): Paweł Majerski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of the study is interested in the work of Jan Paweł Krasnodębski, which for years has been created in the border zones of life and literature, facts and auto-creative games, facing the elements of a “torn” existence. The scope of the study includes, first of all, poetic records from all the volumes published so far, but they are subjected to a reading that does not give up narrative statements (novels and journals, often depriving us of comfortable participation in their realistic immediacy). Krasnodębski’s literary forms constitute a record of not only successive acts of self-immolation, self-destruction, but also stages of rebuilding the mental structure and effective self-defence. The presented analyses are aimed at verifying the image of a “monochrome” writer preserved in texts that still process and thematically model the same image of the elements of existence, trying – in the art. of words woven with strong threads of biography – to simply “bear witness.”

Indo-European Verb Morphology

Author(s): Nikola Krastev,Bilyana Mihaylova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Aspect and Aspectuality

Author(s): Hristina G. Markou / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Correlation between the Simple and the Complex Preterites

Author(s): Petya Asenova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0