Ratovi, kolonizacije i nacionalna struktura Slavonije u dvadesetom stoljeću

Author(s): Ivan Lajić,Mario Bara / Language(s): Croatian

Due to favourable terrain, hydrographic, climatic and traffic characteristics, the territory of Slavonia was from ancient times an attractive settlement zone and therefore had a dynamic demographic development. In the first half of the 20th century, the national character of migration was strongly determined by: territorial affiliation of the region to various political entities during recent history (the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Kingdom of SHS/Yugoslavia, the Independent State of Croatia /NDH/, socialist Yugoslavia), political-social systems that organized colonizations of the area, and economic factors. War events by their meaning encompass the characteristics of ethnic conflict as well, making the consequences particularly obvious through selective war mortality, forced migrations and changes in the ethnic composition of certain areas (this was especially obvious in the Second World War and the Homeland War). On the other hand, colonizations after the First and Second World War, which were also ethnically based as a reflection of relations of power among various political and social elites, had an almost equally strong impact. Peacetime periods brought other forms of mechanical, unforced population movements (mostly rural-urban migrations). The post-war development of Slavonia, along with increased deruralization and industrialization, attracted not only the surrounding rural population but also labour force from other parts of the former state thus causing change in the ethnic structure. Recent demographic trends have been determined by the dissolution of Yugoslavia and the armed conflict following the entire process. The consequences of war and post-war events are most apparent in the field of mechanical movement (forced and mandatory migrations). Comparative demographic analysis of two last censuses in 1991 and 2001 proved that during this decade the following took place: a significant depopulation of most cities and municipalities, a change in the ethnic/national structure, an absolute and relative decrease of the Serb population, an absolute and relative decrease of other minority populations, a relative and absolute increase in the proportion and number of Croats, and aging of the entire population of Slavonia with more intense aging in the areas where the Serbs constituted a relative and absolute majority in the Homeland War.The result of these long-term processes - colonizations, war and ethnic conflicts, war and post-war mechanical population movements with selective forced and involuntary migrations - had an effect on a significant increase in the number of the majority population followed by the reduction or almost disappearance of certain minorities.

Those Who Count. Expert Practices of Roma Classification

Author(s): Mihai Surdu / Language(s): English

Those Who Count scrutinizes the scientific and expert practices of Roma classification and counting, and the politics of Roma-related knowledge production. The book takes a historical perspective on Roma group construction, both as an epistemic object and a policy target, with a focus on the expert discourse of the last two decades. The book argues that knowledge production on Roma is neither objective nor disinterested but rather is co-produced by political and academic actors driven by organizational interests with rather narrow disciplinary research traditions, as well as by political manifestos. The result of such co-production is a negative Roma public image circulating well beyond the expert discourse which reinforces stereotypes held by society at large. The case studies and examples presented in the book show that the state-led population census, policy related surveys, as well as academic and scientific research, together craft an essentialized Roma identity. The recently reemerged Roma-related genetic research imports assumptions, classifications, and narrations from the social sciences and contributes through sampling strategies, interpretation of data, and generalization to reify and pathologize Roma ethnicity. Roma are relegated by experts to several types of determinism: to a social category, to a frozen culture, and to a homogenous biologized entity.

Postavenie ukrajinskej menšiny na Slovensku v poststalinskom období

Author(s): Stanislav Konečný / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

V Československu sa už od začiatku šesťdesiatych rokov minulého storočia, ale hlavne v období pokusu o reformu socializmu, a tým viac po roku 1989, nielen v kuloároch, no občas aj vo vedeckých kruhoch i v širšej verejnosti, pomerne často vyskytovali náznaky, ba niekedy aj priamo tvrdenia o nadštandardnom postavení či privilegovaní ukrajinskej menšiny za socializmu. Aj keď isté indície v tomto smere nepochybne existovali, tým skôr považujeme za potrebné ukázať ich v objektívnom svetle a dať záležitosť na pravú mieru.

Poznámky k problematike vojnových zajatcov v súvislosti s výmenou obyvateľstva medzi Československom a Mašdarskom

Author(s): Štefan Šutaj,Barbara Kacerová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The question of war prisoners on the negotiations about population exchange, while in Agreement of Czechoclovak-Hungarian population exchange it was not mentioned. The interest of the Czechoslovak authorities was focused mainly on Slovaks who, as members of the Hungarian army, were in Soviet prison camps. The Czechoslovak-Hungarian Mixed Commission was one of the realization instrument of population exchange and it made decisions about its mechanism realization. The Mixed Commission for population exchange and it made decisions about its mechanism realization. The Mixed Commission for population exchange was dealing with the war prisoners issues in proposal for a decision of Mixed Commission from October 3, 1947. In the proposal was specified conditions for registration and resettlement war prisoners and their family members. The rise of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1948 created conditions for changes in Czechoslovak-Hungarian relations, what was reflected also in the solution of Hungarian war prisoner's issue. The Czechoslovak-Hungarian Mixed Commission accepted in October 1948 decision no. 56 about resettlement of war prisoners, associating and exclusion and backward resettlement, in which was setting out the conditions for resettlement of war prisoners and their family members. Thanks to accepting the decision there were created formal conditions for the repatriation of war prisoners from USSR in the context of population exchange.

Етнички односи Срба са другим народима и етничким заједницама

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Slovenian,Serbian

Етнички и етнокултурни контакти у панонско-карпатском простору

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Serbian

The Incomprehensible Flow of Roma Asylum-Seekers from the Czech Republic and Hungary to Canada

Author(s): Judit Tóth / Language(s): English

This working paper analyses the flow of Roma migrants, in particular asylum-seekers, from the Czech Republic and Hungary to Canada in 1996–2010. Although the fate of the Roma is at the centre of events, statistics on asylum applications along with an interpretation of the history of migration issues, from the perspectives of both international relations and EU policy, illustrate the classical debate on state sovereignty versus universal or at least European solidarity. They reflect the debate on the binding human rights of fragile groups versus security preconditions and prejudices. This amalgam of migration, visa and asylum policies has affected the lives of Roma and their efforts to achieve equal treatment, integration and citizenship in their country of residence as well as their homeland.

ISKOLAVÁLASZTÁS ÉS KÉTNYELVŰSÉG. KOLOZS MEGYEI NYOLCADIKOS DIÁKOK TOVÁBBTANULÁSI TERVEI

Author(s): Erzsébet Gergely / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Minority existence involves bilingualism or multilingualism, which permeates everyday life and its numerous decisions. This time, we examine the motivations in school choice of the eighth-grade students and their parents from Cluj County, especially form a linguistic point of view. How is bilingualism reflected in school choice? Whose decision is that where and in what language children continue their studies? In what manner does the linguistic factor influence the decisions of the students and those of their parents? What impact does this have on the functioning and possible decline of the Hungarian educational network in Cluj? These questions are very important every year in terms of school enrolment plans (and not only): for how many Hungarian classes is there demand in certain settlements of the county; what “flows” are taking place during the move from secondary school to high school?

TÖBBNYELVŰSÉG A VAJDASÁGI MAGYAR SAJTÓBAN

Author(s): Julianna Ispánovics Csapó / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The beginning of publishing Hungarian newspapers goes back to 1848. The turbulent historical, political, and social changes have not been able to hinder the continuity of the local periodicals. The characteristic feature of the period in the history of the press, which started in 1945, was the bilingual (Hungarian–Serbo–Croat) periodicals. The slowly developing privatization in the 1990s encouraged the founding of newspapers/periodicals. Next to the bilingual papers, some multilingual editions became also published. However, newspapers/periodicals do not always present Hungarian culture in satisfactory proportion; they do not provide satisfactorily detailed information to the Hungarian population in the minority, or even sometimes in the majority, in their mother tongue as it would be adequate to their proportion in the town/village. In the reverse situation, when the Serbian population is in the minority, the picture is much more satisfactory.

Religious and De-extremization Regulations and Their Dissemination in the XUAR

Author(s): Martin Lavička / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current situation of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) is considered by many as one of the most pressing human rights violations of the last few decades. The Uyghurs, being an ethnic minority in China, are voiceless under the current political leadership, which suppresses anything deviating from the official course set up by the Party leaders in Beijing. The legal guarantees, stipulated by Chinese law, are nothing more than a pretend world in which the Uyghurs are only second-class citizens. This chapter looks at one of the Chinese government channels employed to raise public awareness among Uyghurs about the new laws and regulations. It discusses the content of an officially published Uyghur-written booklet Din esebiyliki ademni nabut qilidu (Religious extremism kills/destroys people) and analyses in what way legal regulations are explained to the “common” Uyghurs. This chapter also identifies various propaganda strategies within the official narrative of the Chinese government.

Personalized Propaganda: The Politics and Economy of Young, Pro-government Minority Vloggers from the XUAR

Author(s): Rune Steenberg,Tenha Seher / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper introduces a new genre of Chinese online propaganda about the Xin­jiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) that we call personalized propaganda. It takes the shape of personal vlogs and short videos by young minority people showing their lives and debating political topics in line with the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The paper describes and contextualizes this phenomenon and argues that, unlike what the videos seek to portray, these political influencers are supported and coordinated by the government while also deriving much incentive from the private market of media platforms that help turn such videos into business opportunities. We see the phenomenon of personalized propaganda as a synthesis of state propaganda, social media, the gig economy, and the commercialization of personal space. The videos analyzed for this paper are similar to those of other young vloggers and influencers using social media platforms to earn money in China and elsewhere. What is special about them is their explicit political content and close alignment with CCP narratives and that they are produced by young minority people in Xinjiang at a time when the region is under massive pressure from the government and security apparatus. Based on an analysis of seven ethnic minority vlogger accounts with a total of over 2,000 videos, their videos and the personal interconnectedness of the vloggers in question, we argue that these schemes of personalized propaganda are likely to have been started by state-sponsored programs that subsequently help facilitate commercial success on social media platforms. We also hope to make a contribution to the establishment of an epistemological frame and an analytical set of tools for the online ethnography of places with limited access, high surveillance and securitization.

Das ethnische »Engineering«

Author(s): Karl Kaser / Language(s): German Publication Year: 0

25.1. Migrations and ethnic fantasies 25.2. Ethnic »cleansing«: the delusion of the nationally pure 25.3. Planning, strategy and tactics of ethnic cleansing policy 19911995 25.4. Mass rape 25.5. epilogue

“A Gypsy is just different from any cultured man”. A discourse on the criminalisation of Gypsies with special reference to criminologist Hans Gross’s racist views

Author(s): Andrej Studen / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author discusses attitudes regarding Gipsy problem, since they constantly (because of their nomadic style of life) had various disputes with local authorities. They were often regarded as “vermin”, “thieves and crooks”, who use their crafts mainly as an excuse for thefts and beggary. For a long time misfits Gypsies lived on the margins of society; even at the turn of the nineteenth to twentieth century they refused to live according standards of a modern state. Thus, they predominantly lived out of any statehood or law system, usually perceived as stateless, jobless vagabonds and criminals. Such a criminal image / identity of Gypsies resulted with frequent criminal prosecution of this “provincial pest”. Consequently, their nomadic style of life became their “Achilles heel”, since they were frequently arrested, intimidated and put on forced labor exactly because of their way of life. Public opinion towards Gypsies as criminals was modeled according the contemporary newspapers. Moreover, even some scientists considered Roma people as a type of criminals. Namely, Hans Gross, father of modern criminology, in his study Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter (1893), have shifted analysis of moral characteristics of a criminal – almost in racists manner - in a specter of “ethnically defined group of Gypsies”. Consequently, Gross morally stigmatizes Gypsies in his detail analysis of their criminal characteristics.

Reciprocal Minorities in Greece and Turkey: Α century of adversity

Author(s): Konstantinos Tsitselikis / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Muslims in Greece and non-Muslims in Turkey have historically found themselves in an ambivalent, mirrored status of legal protection, one which has often been undermined for political and ideological reasons. Their religious, educational, and other institutions have been subject to distinct legal norms based on a communal perception resembling the autonomy that the Ottoman Empire had reserved for the non-Muslim millets. The pre-modern Ottoman millet divisions partly found their final expression in the formation of the nation-states of the Balkans during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Christian states that seceded from the Ottoman Empire (Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia) borrowed from the millet system to lay out the institutional and legal framework of Muslim communities that remained within their borders. This model prevailed in Turkey also, and was used to govern the same non-Muslim minorities that the empire had recognized as millets – namely, Greek-Orthodox (Rum Ortodoks/Romioi), Armenians, and Jews. In Greece and Turkey, the notion of citizenship was strongly influenced by a post-Ottoman perception of ethnicity and turned into a theory of racial belonging (and non-belonging) continuity of both nations based on the ‘Greek genos’ and the ‘Turkish ırk’.

El discurso político en España sobre los menores extranjeros no acompañados africanos y la infancia ucraniana

Author(s): Adrián Neubauer / Language(s): Spanish Publication Year: 0

Mucho antes de que el mundo se parcelara y se establecieran fronteras entre los diferentes territorios, las migraciones humanas ya eran una realidad. De hecho, al comienzo de los tiempos el ser humano era nómada, por lo que explorar distintos lugares era parte intrínseca de su vida, puesto que sin ella su supervivencia se veía expuesta. Sin embargo, el descubrimiento de la agricultura permitió a las personas asentarse en un lugar concreto.

Social and Economic Standing of National Minorities in Georgia

Author(s): Diana Bogishvili,Irine Osepashvili / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

According to Article 31 of the Constitution of Georgia, the state shall ensure the equal socio-economic development of the country’s whole territory. Article 2.3 of the Labour Code of Georgia prohibits any kind of discrimination in labour relations based on race, skin colour, language or ethnic and national affiliation. Discrimination is qualified as a direct or indirect oppression of a person with the goal of creating a hostile, degrading or humiliating environment or else creating conditions that would make the standing of the person inferior to that of other persons in similar conditions (Article 2.4), with the exception of cases when inequality of treatment is conditioned by the essence of the performed duty and is serving the lawful goal (Article 2.5). According to the OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities Ljubljana Guidelines for successful societal integration, it is essential that all members of the society equally participate in social and economic life. OSCE member states shall provide every individual, regardless of their ethnic origin, with the means to enjoy equal opportunities to participate and contribute to the economy and benefit from the resources and shared wealth of the country.

The Genocide against the Roma in Former Yugoslavia: From Antigypsyism to Antigypsyism?

Author(s): Milovan Pisarri / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The history of the Roma genocide in Yugoslavia remains under-researched, with most scholarly attention focused on areas where persecution was most severe, such as Croatia and Serbia. Research is hindered by both subjective factors, like a general lack of interest among historians, and objective ones, such as the difficulty of identifying the Roma population before and during WWII due to their exclusion from official records. Despite widespread racism and persecution in the 1930s, some Roma intellectuals and communities initiated self-organized efforts to improve education, representation, and social standing, marking early acts of resistance and attempts at emancipation.

Turncoats: Dervish Magic, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Unstable Religious Compounds in a Roma Neighborhood, North Macedonia

Author(s): Galina Oustinova-Stjepanovic / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper briefly explores how Roma citizens of Skopje oscillate between different religiosities that have been increasingly siloed into distinct ethno-religious ‘identities’ in the Balkan nation-state of North Macedonia. Not limited to examples of religious pluralism or syncretism, the oscillation involves the use of religious services regardless of one’s denomination and harnessing the indiscriminatory potency of magical healing and amulets. Alternatively, the oscillation is manifested in serial and back-and-forth conversion from Orthodox Christianity to various Islamic movements, to evangelical congregations such as Jehovah’s Witnesses, and back to Islam. Instead of mere multiplicity of Roma religious affiliations, this is a case of religious promiscuity which contributes to maintaining ethno-religious group boundaries by performatively crossing them and, simultaneously, offers an insight into a ‘turncoat’ model for thinking about religious (and civic) participation. A really difficult question is what do turncoat, promiscuous religiosities tell us about prevalent toxic reliance on politico-racialised and ethno-national metaphor of humankind as naturalised taxonomies of species, be it ethnic or religious.

Intersectional Theory and Roma Women´s Activism: Exploring Empowerment, Resistance and Social Change

Author(s): Gwendolyn Albert,Selma Muhić Dizdarević / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Roma women, a marginalized and often silenced community, have historically engaged in persistent struggles to assert their rights and amplify their voices through various forms of activism. This article adopts a qualitative approach, drawing on semi-structured interviews, to provide a nuanced understanding of the experiences and strategies employed by Roma women activists. The theoretical framework guiding this research encompasses theories of social movements, theories of social change, and theories of intersectionality, collectively contributing to a comprehensive exploration of Roma women’s activism. These theories explore factors such as resource mobilization, political opportunity structures, and framing processes that shape the formation and development of social movements (Della Porta, Diani 2006). As mentioned, this article utilizes theories of social movements to examine the collective action and mobilization strategies employed by Roma women activists. Building on the work of della Porta and Diani (2006), this framework explores factors that influence the formation and development of social movements. Resource mobilization, political opportunity structures, and framing processes are integral components considered within this framework.

From Roma to Muslim and Back: Anti-Roma and Anti-Muslim Prejudice in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Zora Hesová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

If anti-Roma prejudice was a hallmark of the 1990s in Central Europe, anti-Muslim prejudice marked the second half of the 2010s. The change of political and social order in 1989 led to the emergence of political radicalism and open racism. Many Roma became targets of neo-Nazi violence and far right rhetoric. Gradually, the courts, the media and the state have recognized anti-Roma discrimination as a problem and have slowly taken measures to implement anti-racist laws and policies towards a social re-integration of the Roma. Yet in early 2010s, anti-Roma protests erupted again in dozens of peripheral cities in the Czech Republic. There was a feeling that racism was back. It ran against the assumption that anti- Roma prejudice and discrimination was being tackled in the consolidated democratic order. Then, in 2015, along with its Central European neighbors, the Czech Republic was gripped by widespread expressions of anti-Muslim prejudice. The so-called refugee crisis was framed not as a humanitarian challenge but as a threat by Islam to the European tradition and caused large anti-Islam mobilizations. For a while, it seemed that a sort of an extremist rage turned from the Roma against another minority, and that the Muslim refugee replaced the Roma as a target of social frustration and political extremism, driven by the media (Romea 2016). But several years later, openly discriminatory discourse and sometimes violent acts gradually ceased to target perceived Muslims and began targeting LBGTQ persons and as well as the Roma again (Hesová 2022). It confirmed that anti-Roma prejudice remains a constant in the Czech public and that public enmity takes fluid forms.