Odvlečenie maďarského obyvateľstva z územia Podkarpatskej Rusi

Author(s): Erzsébet Molnár D. / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

At the end of the World War II took place the most tragic events of the Transcarpathian Hungarians. According to the Doctrine of Collective Guilt the consequences of the lost World War for ten thousands of people belonging to these ethnics there were deportations and forced labour. The Soviet will to punish the Hungarian and German nations was also obvious in the case of Transcarpathia, as Stalin decided to attach this territory to the Soviet Union. According to professional opinions the biggest ethnical clean up in the territory of Hungary at the time took place in Transcarpathia in order to annex the area to the Soviet Union smoothly. Systematic, ruthless imposition of the Soviet regime began in Transcarpathia in October 1944, when the soldiers of the Soviet Army, exactly the 4th Ukrainian Front appeared in the region. The aim of the paper is to present the main aspects of the deportations of Hungarian civilian population from Trasncarpathia.

Турци у нашем огледалу. "Ропче моје, змијо од Турака"!

Author(s): Olga Zirojević / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Identification of the Turks and a snake is stressed in this work. Folk singer equals the Turks with the animal with such a demonic character. He glorifies them both into the same mythological sphere, and at the same time gives them certain mythical character. Connection between a snake and water brings to another mythical animal - the dragon. There is no permanence in using the term a snake - a dragon. But, snakes are mostly the Turks, and dragons are mostly the Serbs.

Етнички састав становништва Бањалуке крајем XIX века и почеком XX века

Author(s): Miroslav Niškanović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

During the forty years of Austrian - Hungarian rule, ethnic composition of the inhabitants of Banja Luka changed a lot. Muslim community became smaller, and in the end of the period it had 40% of total population. Serbian community still had 20% of the population. Planned emigration caused the number of Catholics to be larger, and in the end of period it had 25% of entire population. Considering social - economic and political relations, complex social structure of the inhabitants was made. Inside it we can notice existence of heterogeneous social groups. They can be formed according to ethnic, religious, cultural, class, social background.

Отвореност, мултикултуралност, толеранција, сигурност. Нова српска урбана емиграција у Онтарију (Канада)

Author(s): Mirjana Prošić-Dvornić / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to focus attention on the latest flow of Serbian emigration, caused by occurrences following disintegration of Yugoslav State at the beginning of the nineties of the twentieth century. Research has been made in the period between 1995 and 1997 among emigrants of the Canadian province Ontario, primarily in the capital Toronto. That latest flow of emigrants varies according to its composition. A very important component is represented by a number of highly qualified experts belonging to the young and middle-aged. They came mostly from developed urban areas. Mostly the whole families came to Canada in a few years, either with strong intentions to change their residence for good or for long time. According to socio - demographic features and dense concentration of emigrants in the urban centres of Canada, this flow can be placed in the very rare category, even unique type of migrations of Serbian inhabitants to North America.

KNOWING YOUR RIGHTS AND FIGHTING FOR THEM. A Guide for Romani Activists (English Version)

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

UPOZNAJTE SVOJA PRAVA I BORITE SE ZA NJIH. Vodič za Romske aktiviste.

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

ЗАПОЗНАЈТЕ ГИ ВАШИТЕ ПРАВА И БОРЕТЕ СЕ ЗА НИВ. Водич за ромските активисти

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Macedonian Publication Year: 0

CUM SĂ ÎȚI CUNOŞTI DREPTURILE °I SĂ LUPȚI PENTRU ELE. Ghid pentru activiștii romi

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

ЗНАТЬ СВОИ ПРАВА И БОРОТЬСЯ ЗА НИХ. Руководство для цыганских активистов

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

HAKLARINIZI BİLMEK VE ONLAR İÇİN MÜCADELE ETMEK. Roman/Çingene Aktivistler İçin Bir Rehber

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Climate Change, Endangered Environment and Vulnerable Aboriginals of India – A Critical Study

Author(s): Gouri Sankar Bandyopadhyay / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

ABSTRACT: The severe effects of unprecedented climate change are justifiably considered a serious threat to human civilization in general and tribal-rural or aboriginal population in particular. The crisis has been identified globally but its consistently negative effects on indigenous people of the developing countries are not properly measured. In India such effects are projected to impact the millions of lives in folk-tribal heartland. It is historically proved that various effects of climate change such as sea level rise, recurrent floods, draughts, evaporation, increased cyclonic activities like tsunami, rising temperature have badly affected the downtrodden backward people like ‘adivasis’ (Indian tribal) and their tradition-bound livelihood in this subcontinent. Due to changed weather pattern agricultural production has been rapidly declined in the last few decades in India. The present study needs to state that if climate change occurs in such way, India will lose land especially in the coastline and the rural economy will be affected drastically. In fact, climate change is a scary prospect especially for these rural populations whose culture is predominantly subsistence-based and non-urbanized in basic nature. The paper also tries to focus on the age-old indigenous awareness of ills of global warming and ongoing climatic change. The forested tribes have raised again and again their voices against the abrupt tree-falling and the timber merchant-contractors-politicians nexus that lies behind it. Growing social awareness of climate change and balanced sustainable development can minimize the vulnerability of these marginal populations.

Role of Indigenous Women in Securing Sustainable Livelihoods in Western Himalayan Region, India

Author(s): Jaimini Luharia,Haresh Sharma / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The ecology in the Western Himalayan region transforms with the change in altitude. The current study focuses on women of indigenous communities of Pangi Valley which is located in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India. The valley is bifurcated into three different areas – Saichu, Hudan Bhatori, and Sural Bhatori valleys, and the altitude of the valley ranges from 2,000 m to 6,000 m above sea level. The Pangi valley is inhabited by ‘Pangwals’ and ‘Bhots’ tribes of the Himalayas who speak their local tribal language called’ Pangwali’. Due to the difficult geographical location, the daily lives of these people are constantly challenged and they are most of the time-deprived of benefits targeted through government programs. However, the indigenous communities earn their livelihood through livestock and forest-based produce while some of them migrate to nearby places for better work. The current study involves snowball sampling methodology for data collection along with in-depth interviews of women members of Self-Help Groups and women farmers. The findings reveal that the lives of these indigenous communities largely depend on forest-based products. So, it creates all the more significance of enhancing, maintaining and consuming natural resources sustainably. Under such circumstances, the women of the community play a significant role of guardians in the conservation and protection of the forests. They are into cultivation of products like ‘Hazelnut’, ‘Gucchi’ rare quality mushroom, medicinal plants exclusively found in the region thereby promoting long term sustainable conservation of agro-biodiversity of the Western Himalayan region (Sharma, 2019).

Polska mniejszość narodowa a prehistoria nauczania języków i kultur rodzimych we Francji (1919–1939)

Author(s): Jean-Luc Sochacki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In 1919, France and Poland signed a Convention on emigration/immigration in order to expedite the sending of Polish workers to France. No clause in this document provided for the schooling of Polish children. French employers and Polish workers then set up a Polish-speaking education programme. With a view to possible and soon returning to their homeland, maintaining Polish identity was necessary for people and entailed learning not only their native language, but also all about Poland’s history and geography. Faced with the creation of these “Polish classes”, several government circulars were published in the 1920s to regulate these teachings and authorise foreign instructors, thus infringing the principle of non-differentiation of children educated under the French Republican school system. When studying this issue of Polish lessons taught in France between 1919 and 1939, it is interesting to see how the Polish minority held a vital (and enduring) role in the establishment of the Native Languages and Cultures education programme in France (the ELCO, still currently at the heart of a debate).

Jak Polak widzi Innego? Wpływ mowy nienawiści skierowanej do osób odmiennych kulturowo na społeczną percepcję Innych

Author(s): Julita Woźniak,Monika Kopytowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article explores the problem of hate speech targeted at various minority groups in Poland, along with the motivations behind it and the implications it has for the social perception of the Other. Adopting a sociological perspective on intercultural relations in the globalized world and mediatized public sphere, and examining Poland’s national and ethnic composition over the centuries, the authors identify the causes of hostility towards culturally different groups. They also discuss the role of the Internet in facilitating the spread of hateful and radical messages, in particular those exploiting religious, ethnic and cultural differences, as well as definitions and legal provisions concerning hate speech and its particular instances in the Polish context. Some of the findings presented here are based on the analyses conducted within the European project C.O.N.T.A.C.T. exploring various aspects of hate speech and hate crime in ten EU countries.

Minorities in Turkey I: Law and Reform

Author(s): Baskın Oran / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Here I uncover the relationship between the term “Turk” (an ethno-religious term that, in some usages covertly, in some overtly, avers that Turkey is the land of ethnic Turks, and that only Muslims are considered Turk), and the concepts of race and religion. A critical period for the advancement of human rights and minority rights in Turkey occurred in the early 2000s, when the parliament adopted a series of reform packages in order to harmonize the country’s laws with those of the European Union (EU). I propose to examine a case of these most radical democratic reforms carried out since the establishment of the republic, in order to understand how these reforms have been put into practice. I also trace the deviation from these reforms after 2005, by examining the subsequent laws and practices that undo or undermine them, and discuss their implications, particularly for Kurds in case of the deterioration under the state of emergency (Olağanüstü Hal, or OHAL), declared in response to the July 15, 2016 coup attempt.

Minorities in Turkey II: Ideology and Discrimination

Author(s): Baskın Oran / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the ideological roots of the repressive and discriminatory mentality/philosophy that has shaped democracy and minority policies in Turkey. My aim is to analyze the consequences of this mentality, with an emphasis on hate speech and discrimination. To this end, I summarize the consequences of the issues and policies discussed in the previous article, and discuss their future implications for both the state and the people of Turkey. I conclude that it is necessary to refer to citizens not through the ethno-religious term Turk, and still less as Muslims, but through the thoroughly territorial term Türkiyeli (of Turkey), and to do all that is necessary to ensure such a transformation in mentality.

On the Collateral Impact of Turkey’s Authoritarian Turn: Re-securitization of the Kurdish Issue and the Kurds’ Struggle for Minority Recognition and Self -Determination

Author(s): Emre Turkut / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the collapse of the peace process in 2015, the Turkish Government has sought to turn every move towards Kurdish rights into an existential threat – a process led to the re-securitization of the Kurdish question. Ever since the descent of Turkey into an authoritarian polity has begun in the aftermath of the June 2015 elections, the Kurdish minority has suffered a brutal crackdown marked by high of political imprisonment and greater restrictions on freedom of assembly and association and on electoral aspects of self-determination. This commentary will take a closer look at the dire consequences of the collateral impact of Turkey’s authoritarian turn on the Kurdish political movement from the perspectives of minority rights and selfdetermination.

Discrimination of the Roma in European Union Countries

Author(s): Ioana Emilia Milanovici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Discrimination is a widespread phenomenon throughout the world, representing a constant concern for various authorities in the field in order to combat it, especially starting with the 20th century, particularly after WWII. Sanctioning of discrimination is an effort of state authorities with attributions in the field, but also of non-governmental organizations actively involved in combating discrimination of any kind. Most often, discrimination remains unsanctioned for reasons related to the group or the person subject to discrimination. Ignorance of the law, lack of access to information, the bureaucratic procedure in the courts, lack of knowledge upon competent authorities whom the persons or groups targeted by discrimination should address, but also the ignorance of the forms of discrimination leading to the assimilation of acts of discrimination as a normality of society are some of the most common reasons why the phenomenon of discrimination is widespread, difficult to identify, prove and sanction.

Identitáspolitikai diskurzusok a szlovákiai magyar kulturális mezőn

Author(s): Zsófia Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The topic of this paper is the examination of the discourses of the Hungarian cultural field in Slovakia, the role of linguistic-cultural representations in identity politics: i.e., how cultural products, texts and institutions mediate or construct minority identity-related contents. The issues of minority identity content are phenomena that constantly arise in the Hungarian scene in Slovakia, and these acts of identification are manifested in the discourses and representations of the cultural field, among other things. This text argues, first of all, that in order to understand the minority identity project, it is necessary to examine these discourses and representations from an identity politics perspective: on the one hand, this can provide valuable information for understanding minority identification processes and for raising awareness of the processual and situational character of identity, and on the other hand, such an examination of the cultural field can serve as an interesting addition to purely aesthetic and professional approaches. The aim of the text is to outline an interdisciplinary conceptual network and approach that can be used to analyse discourses and representations from an identity politics perspective. From the point of view of identity policy analysis, it is crucial that the Hungarian scene in Slovakia is seen as a nation-building minority, and thus patterns of nation-building (i.e. attempts to define national identity) can be revealed in discourses and representations. The paper summarizes relevant theories of nationalism research and the role of cultural references in nation-building, thus placing such phenomena in the Hungarian scene in Slovakia in a theoretical and regional historical context.

A szlovákiai magyar kultúra állami támogatása

Author(s): András Morauszki / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The Minority Culture Fund (KULT MINOR) was established in 2017 and has been supporting cultural activities of national minorities in Slovakia since 2018. The Fund is the central institution of the Slovak state's support for minorities and the main means by which the state fulfils its obligations as a signatory to international treaties on the protection of national minorities. Minority grants have been available in Slovakia through the Fund since 2018, earlier they had been awarded by the Ministry of Culture and the Government Office. The current system differs from the previous ones in several important respects: minorities have more influence on the functioning of the grant system in general and on decision-making within it than before, the yearly minimum contribution of the state to the Fund is set by law at a significantly higher level than before, and the proportions of the distribution of grants between national minorities are also fixed. However, there is more continuity in terms of the objectives supported, the applicants and the decision-making criteria. The study compares the composition of applicants, application activity and the distribution of grants during the period when grants were awarded by the Government Office and by the Minority Culture Fund, pointing out the changes brought about by the restructuring of the application system and the relative unchangedness of the awarding priorities. Based on the data published by the Minority Culture Fund, the study also examines the participation of Hungarian cultural institutions and individuals in the application process: the distribution of applicants and their applications, as well as the distribution of the requested and received support in terms of the purpose of the projects, the type of applicants, and the territorial distribution of all these. It then attempts to identify and characterise different, well-defined groups of applicants, again on the basis of the data available and the behaviour of applicants that can be inferred from this.