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Kwestia migracji w kampanii referendalnej dotyczącej brytyjskiego członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Małgorzata Kułakowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2017

The aim of the paper is to analyse the significance of the issue of migration in the context of the Brexit referendum campaign. The analysis would focus on government documents and political parties’ campaign materials, referring also to the public debate. The statistical data concerning migration and its perception in the British society would also be presented. The article covers the institutional context of the decision to hold the referendum, the referendum campaign including the government documents and the campaign materials presented by the Vote Leave, and the data on social trends and public opinion polls referring to migration and the referendum.

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Odnos prema nacionalnoj politici i odluka o pristupanju EU na referendumu 2012. godine

Author(s): Andrija Henjak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 13/2016

The article analyses impact of national politics on vote for EU accession in 2012 referendum in Croatia. Croatian EU accession process was characterized by political conditionality related to legacy of the war and the relations with neighbours, Croatian political elites’ absence of vision about the role of Croatia in the EU and future direction of the EU, perception that economic crisis is caused by domestic factors, and pro-EU position of political elites and the media. Combined with low articulation of economic interests in Croatian politics, this created conditions where attitudes towards national political actors and institutions primarily shape citizens’ views of the EU. The article tests this hypothesis using survey data collected immediately before the Croatian accession referendum. Multinomial logistic regression shows that trust in political institutions and political efficacy have the strongest impact on support for EU accession. The analysis also shows that socioeconomic factors and economic evaluations do not have significant impact on views about EU accession.

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Evaluation of innovation economies of the central and eastern Europe compared to other EU countries

Author(s): Grażyna Karmowska,Mirosława Marciniak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The purpose of this article is the evaluation of innovation economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) compared to other countries of the European Union, based on the aggregate indexes (Global Innovation Index, Innovation Union Scoreboard) and their components. It was found that the CEE countries are still a sizable distance from the “old members” of the European Union. The exceptions are Estonia, Slovenia and the Czech Republic, that owe their position to the effectiveness of the deployment of innovative and relative high expenditure on the development of innovation finance. The weakest proved to be Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia and Poland.

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German fiscal austerity effects on investments and exports in the central and eastern European countries

Author(s): Victor Shevchuk,Roman Kopych / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Fiscal austerity in Germany used to be blamed for a stagnant growth in the European countries. However, it seems not to be the case for the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. As it is established on the basis of vector error-correction model (VECM) estimates for quarterly series over the 2002-2015 period, a positive non-Keynesian spillover from the fiscal austerity in Germany to output in the CEE countries is realized mainly through an increase in investments, with the export channel being rather ambiguous across countries. Following an improvement in the German budget balance, there is a decrease in exports measured as percent of GDP in 6 out of 10 CEE countries. Depreciation of the real exchange rate (RER) is found for countries with exchange rate flexibility, while the opposite effect of RER appreciation is observed in countries with a fixed exchange rate arrangement. It is possible to argue that spillover effects of German austerity on the CEE countries are dominated by capital flows or confidence measures while foreign demand or relative price channels are rather weak.

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Transformacja Europejskiego kompleksu bezpieczeñstwa

Author(s): Wojciech Kostecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2016

The main goal of the article is an attempt to outline an analytical tool that would systematize considerations of the possible variants of the development of the European Union as a result of a coincidence of internal and external circumstances. Prospects of further progress, stop, and fall of integration, impacts of the proceedings of Russia and changes in the broader international environment are taken into account. For this purpose an approach developed by the influential mainstream research, called the Copenhagen school, has been implemented: the theory of security complexes.

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Budowanie zdolności Unii Europejskiej na rzecz bezpieczeństwa i rozwoju. Analiza instytucjonalna w świetle teorii wymiany

Author(s): Zbigniew D. Czachór / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The link between security and development is a key underlying principle of the EU’s comprehensive approach to external conﬂicts and crises and complementary to the internal security policies. As stated in the treaties, the EU’s external action objectives are to preserve peace, prevent conﬂicts and strengthen international security and also to foster the sustainable economic, social and environmental development of developing countries, with the primary aim of eradicating poverty. The primary objective of the EU’s development policy is the reduction and, in the long term, the eradication of poverty, but development policy also addresses sustainable development, inequalities, social injustice and human rights violations. This is essential in addressing the root causes of insecurity and conﬂict. The EU may use the Common Foreign and Security Policy and the Common Security and Defense Policy missions outside its territory for peacekeeping, conﬂict prevention and strengthening international security. The need for mutually reinforcing interventions in the areas of security and development is clear. The EU has consistently underlined that security is a precondition for development and that without development and poverty eradication there will be no sustainable peace. Creating and fostering the political, social and economic conditions for stability is essential for a country’s security and a prerequisite for its development. This security development nexus is central to maximizing the effectiveness of the EU’s external action. Current security capacity building efforts in partner countries span across a number of policy areas. They call on different instruments and focus on building effective, legitimate and sustainable institutions, including effective justice and security sectors, border control and coast guards. Capacity building activities include access to international instruments, political dialogue, technical cooperation (including joint research and innovation), training (knowledge transfer and skills development) and the provision of essential equipment and material. Training in the security sector seeks to improve a partner’s ability to ensure stability and the protection of citizens.

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Ekonomia polityczna jako interdyscyplinarne podejście do studiów nad integracją europejską

Author(s): Rafał Riedel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The objective of the article is to see the studies on European integration from the perspective of the political economy, which allows to capture the two most important dimensions of the European Union, that is the economic and political one. It also stimulates the dialog between the two ways of theorizing the European integration. The proposed text reconstructs the economic discourse in the European studies (in a way which is friendly for non-economists’) and helps to better understand the processes, phenomena and mechanics of international integration.

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Unia Europejska dziś i jej niepewna przyszłość. Część II

Author(s): Józef M. Fiszer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

There is no doubt that the European Union, which is the result of European integration is unprecedented subject in the history of international relations. It is a symbol of a new, united Europe, which after negative experiences decided to become a safe continent, and therefore eliminate once and for all war of life of its states and nations. Unfortunately, the idea of “eternal peace”, which many politicians and philosophers dreamed about failed to fully materialize to this day. Moreover, the recent war in the Balkans and the current Russian-Ukrainian war still make this idea impossible to impose into the international relations in Europe.The purpose of this article is to present the European Union today, ten years after its enlargement of further ten countries, including eight from the former Eastern bloc in 2004. This article shows the strengths and weaknesses of the EU, which, although through far enlarge to the East strengthened itself, still cannot cope with many economic, political, social and international problems. I try to answer in this text on many questions relating today’s EU: why is this happening, what are the reasons for it and what are the prospects for the EU in the XXI century.The thesis main assertion here is that the EU needs overhauling, so it can continue to grow and be an engine of European integration. But if this does not happen, the EU will begin to crumble and eventually disintegrate or become no more than a free trade zone.

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Wybrane implikacje wzrostu międzynarodowej roli Niemiec dla współpracy z Rosją i Polską w dobie globalizacji i kryzysów Unii Europejskiej w XXI wieku

Author(s): Erhard Cziomer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The paper focuses on synthetic and comprehensive presentation of the implications of the increasing international role of Germany for cooperation between Poland and Russia, in times of globalization and EU’s crises. The first part of the paper showcases the theoretical and practical aspects of the concept formation of Germany’s new international role, the so-called design concept (Gestaltungs konzept) of the foreign and security policies. The second part provides an overall assessment of Germany’s role in the attempts to resolve chosen EU’s crises – the European debt crisis of 2010, the Russian-Ukrainian conﬂict of 2014 as well as the large influx of illegal immigrants to the EU ever since the turn of August and September 2015. The third part concentrates on the analysis of the implications of the new role in the international arena assumed by Germany for the Polish and Russian cooperation. The conclusion of the paper is following: the growing international role of Germany in the second decade of the 21st century has had both positive and negative impact on the cooperation between Poland and Russia.

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Polityka Unii Europejskiej a rozwój odnawialnych źródeł energii w Niemczech

Author(s): Beata Molo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The article raises the problem of the development of the renewable energy sources in Germany in the context of the energy policy of the European Union and one of its principal targets– the build-up of the renewable energy sources. The study describes potential of the renewable energy sources of the EU as well as the origin and evolution of the significant of the renewable energy sources in the energy policy of the EU. The article contains the balance sheet of there new able energy sources’ usage in Germany as well as it presents their role in the process of the energy transformation (Energiewende) and mechanisms for support of their development.

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Unia Europejska, Niemcy i problem uchodźców (2014–2016)

Author(s): Bogdan Koszel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The article analyzes the European Union’s policy towards refugees and asylum seekers, focusing primarily on 2014–2016. The author shows that a key role in the crisis related to refugees played by Germany, accepting on its territory without any preconditions thousands of people.In connection with the difficulties that have occurred for this reason, Germany tried to impose mandatory allocation of refugees on the individual Member States of the European Union,which has triggered an internal crisis in the organization. Only through cooperation with Turkey refugee crisis it was brought under control, but the European Union needs a strong policy in this regard, because the old solutions existing solutions do not appear.

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Przezwyciężenie kryzysu uchodźczego w UE z punktu widzenia niemieckiej polityki rozwojowej

Author(s): Anna Paterek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The refugee crisis has become one of the most important topics on the EU’s and also Germany’s domestic political agenda. This paper analyses the contribution of the German development policy to deal with the growing inﬂux of refugees from war zones and crisis areas into Europe.It deals with the question of the role of the development policy to forestall displacement. The German activities address three areas of intervention: tackling the root causes of displacement,supporting of refugees and stabilizing host regions. The analysis take look at – among others– an initiative launched by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) to Tackling the root causes of displacement, reintegrating refugees.

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Królestwo Belgii wobec kryzysu imigracyjnego (2015–2016)

Author(s): Malwina Księżniakiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

Belgium was not in a difficult situation during heavy inﬂux of immigrants but on the other hand, in some areas, Belgium has failed in spite of past experience with immigrants. This article presents the colonial past of Belgium, the evolution of international migration since the year 2000–2014 as well as more broadly discussed the situation of migrants on the Belgian labor market in the years 2015–2016.

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The politicization of Europe – Polish media coverage of the EU presidency

Author(s): Agnieszka Stępińska / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2016

This paper aims to present the findings of the quantitative analysis of the content of selected Polish print media regarding the coverage of the Polish EU presidency. The study concentrates on the relation between political bias of selected Polish daily newspapers and weekly magazines and their evaluation of Poland’s presidency in the European Union Council with regard to two concepts: Europeanization of public sphere and politicization of Europe. The findings showed that national political perspective was used not only by political actors, but also by the journalists while covering European issues. However, the study provides arguments supporting the assumption on not only an instrumentation of Europe during the parliamentary elections in Poland, but also on a politicization of Europe as inter-related with a vertical Europeanization of public sphere and democratization.

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Procedury kontroli przestrzegania praworządności i zasad demokracji przez Unię Europejską na przykładzie Węgier i Polski

Author(s): Adam Jaskulski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The aim of the article is an analysis of procedures to protect the rule of law in the European Union, which is applied to the Member States. First of all, it should be emphasized that, although the procedure is legal, it is in fact the application is based on purely political grounds. In the article are analysed the actions taken by the European Commission in relation to the changes made in constitutional system of Poland and Hungary.

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Udział nowych państw członkowskich (UE-10) w globalnych łańcuchach wartości w pierwszych latach po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Ewa Cieślik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The aim of this article is to analyse changes in foreign trade in the so-called new member states (EU-10) and the role these states play in global value chains (GVCs) as a result of liberalisation and integration with the EU. The hypothesis of this article is: the position in GVCs of analyzed states has improved signifcantly since the EU accession. The study focuses on trade linkages among countries before and after the accession. The article focuses on the country-level and sectoral-level value-added analysis. To ensure consistency and comparability of results,the data sources were databases kept by international organisations, mainly OECD-WTO Trade in Value Added and World Input-Output Database.

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Unia Europejska na rzecz demokratyzacji państw Azji Centralnej – działania i efekty

Author(s): Radosław Fiedler / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

European Union after years of relatively small activity, in 2007 offered a strategy to Central Asia. In that strategy were addressed many issues, including democratic deficit or human rights violations. EU in its activity is overshadowed by the US and has small capacity for pursuing its own policy to the Central Asia. Another problem is a fact that after accomplishing EU strategy to Central Asia there are no new initiatives which will contribute for more visible European activity in that region.

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W kierunku nowej Europejskiej Polityki Sąsiedztwa Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Agnieszka Anna Nitszke / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

After over 12 years of implementation of the European Neighborhood Policy and the two political upheavals – Ukrainian crisis and the Arab Spring, it is time for its comprehensive assessment and review of certain assumptions. In 2015 began consultations on a new shape of the ENP, so that the policy on the one hand might continue to fulfill its essential function of supporting and promoting human rights and democracy in neighboring countries, but on the other hand,the EU can effectively inﬂuence their external security. After more than six months of consultations, which was attended by the EU institutions, Member States and non-governmental organizations, in November 2015, the European Commission presented the principles of the reform of the ENP, which can be described as the new European Neighborhood Policy. The paper presents the current model of the ENP, including evidence to establish policy in 2004., then is shown the evolution of the policy and in the next part of the article is discussed the establishment of a new ENP based on analysis of documents of the EU institutions.

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Przyszłość polityki ekspedycyjnej Unii Europejskiej w ramach Wspólnej Polityki Bezpieczeństwa i Obrony

Author(s): Luiza Wojnicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

Import dangerous phenomena to the European Union causes a main threat to its internal security and in a very painful way affects for the Member States, causing chaos on the decision making levels, which in turn weakens the whole of the EU. This in turn affects the perception of the European Union as weak, not deal with problems. Therefore, the author analyzed the role of policy expeditionary CSDP to internal and external security EU.

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Pięć lat europejskich aspiracji Islandii – od wniosku o członkostwo do zawieszenia procesu akcesyjnego

Author(s): Monika Szynol / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

In view of the consequences of the crisis that erupted in Iceland in early October 2008, the most effective solution – according to the new social democratic government elected in 2009– leading to economic recovery, had become the membership in the European Union. The article analyzes the causes of Reykjavik’s interest in accession, the strengths and weaknesses of the Iceland’s candidacy (including comparison with the other candidate countries and potential candidates) as well as the reasons for which the accession process was firstly suspended and then – terminated. An attempt to summarize the Iceland’s integration with the EU was made primarily on the basis of the legal and institutional framework, which sets out the accession procedure, the level of the existing cooperation between Iceland and the EU and the actions taken by them since 2009.

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