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FORMULĂRI STILISTICE ÎN ARHITECTURA TIMIȘOAREI ȘI VÂRȘEȚULUI (SEC. XVIII-XX). STUDIU DE CAZ: PALATELE PRELAȚILOR ORTODOCȘI SÂRBI

Author(s): Mihaela Vlăsceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2021

Being monuments endowed with ideological dimension, the Orthodox Bishopric Serbijan palaces from Vârșeț and Timișoara present interesting stylistical evolutions, from 18th century’s late Baroque to 20th Century Viennese Secession. Symbolizing the power of Orthodox Church rulers, these constructions adopted the Catholic Baroque style, crossed through the Romantic period with the rebirth of neoclassical values and ended in what was configured at the beginning of the 20th century as the closure with the academic dimension and the introduction of the Secession style. The hypothesis of the paper states the importance of European artistic values in defining identity, as the case of these two palaces with their evolution, an evolution that culminated in synthesis. Art patronage from this perspective has implications for the evolution, as such, the two monuments illustrate Serbian religious authority and its reaction to the modern art. In this case the palaces stand as hallmarks for the ecclesiastical architecture of the Banat, a focal point in the general phenomenon.

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PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ESKI ZAĞRA (STARA ZAGORA)

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Protestant religious mission in nineteenth-century Eski Zağra was carried out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, whose station in the town functioned between 1859 and 1877. The mission objective was spiritual reformation of the Bulgarians and the means used by the missionaries in the town included, together with preaching, educational and publication activities. Very important initiative was the organization of a girls’ school, which generated some interest among town people. But most of the missionaries’ efforts met opposition or at least indifference. Although the Americans did not achieve any considerable religious success, they had some wider cultural influence in nineteenth-century Eski Zağra.

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Imaginea fraților misionari Chiril și Metodie în publicațiile și manualele de istorie publicate între 1830 și 1900

Author(s): Armand Guţă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2013

During the 19th and 20th century in Romania were discovered many historic documents about Cyril and Methodius missionary activity which were translated, adapted and published by several Romanians scholars like: B. P. Hașdeu, A. D. Xenopol, M. Ștefănescu, I. Bărbulescu , Ioan Bogdan, P. P. Panaitescu, P. Olteanu și Damian P. Bogdan. Romanian Scholars working within the different scientific field must have recognized the importance of these Slavic-Romanian documents, for that they were in a position to offer much importance according to a national scale and were therefore able to attract other specialists who have considerable expertise in their field. In spite of all linguistics and historic studies about the apostle Cyril and Methodius and their missionary activity among Central and East European Slavs and even Romanian population there are several other scientific sources. But, all these studies were based upon old theological, historic documents and books so that in this short essay we intend to underline some aspects of a particular issue of the image/personality of the two byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius and how they were also mentioned into Romanian historic and school manuals published between 1830 and 1900. During our researching work into Romanian Academy Library we have found several books in which were mentioned the two missionary brothers. These books are especially about Romanian early medieval history but there we found some very interesting information about our researching aims. For actual researching field, few things are more important than reevaluating old researching studies, but we can choose to have rather a different approach about this very interesting domain. In this essay, the information is refined and reinterpreted because its various structure, but before deciding where to interfere, we need to examine the differences between the two types of documents, particularly as regards the old linguist interpretation and scientific achievement. It is clear, therefore, that there are significant differences between the old theological and Slavic-Romanian documents and the schools manuals which may offer some pale advantages. The benefits of interpretation from so very different range of information presented in this type of modern documents must be great by the researching method itself. Despite some similarities, there are a number of marked differences in the way that linguist and historic researching methods operate. The range of subjects concerning into these school books and manuals is largely limited by the demands of the 19th century national curricula. In contrast, the old Slavic-Romanian documents can offer a greater choice of subjects, because they generally have more information, than schools manuals have. We intend to extract proper historic information that achieves somewhat higher academic standards.

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Sfinții Metodiu și Chiril și creștinătatea slavă

Author(s): Vasile Raduca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2013

It is the merit of the two Saints, Methodius and Cyril, to have introduced Slavonic peoples into the European cultural space, nourished throughout the centuries by the Greek-Roman thinking and then by the Gospel of Christ. Given the European scope of their mission, Pope John Paul II rightly termed them ,,totius Europae apud Deum caelestes compatronos”. The two brothers created an alphabet and a literary language through which they promptly integrated Slavonic language into the Byzantine culture, via the sacred terminology. The 9th and the 10th century witnessed the Christianization of the greatest migratory people, the Slavs who at the time amounted to one third of the total population of Europe. While Saints Methodius and Cyril were not the first ,,Apostles” to all the Slavs, they were certainly true ,,Apostles” to a part of them. However they were the ones who paved the way for the integration of all Slavs into the great European culture, which Christianity stood for. By receiving the mission of the two saints, the Slavs received not only a religion (which in itself is a major achievement), but they also opted for the Christian culture expressed through the spoken and written word, in their own language.

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Activitatea parohială și consângenitatea familiei preoțești Pop-Bociat din Clopotiva secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Cosmin Panturu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 12/2021

The township of Clopotiva from Hațeg County benefited from two complex studies on village life, completed in the first half of the 20th Century, under the auspice of the Romanian Academy, titled: Clopotiva: a village from Hațeg, two volumes published in 1940, in Bucharest, under the supervision of Ion Conea; together with: Anthropological Research in Hațeg Country: Clopotiva, A Monography, published in Bucharest, 1958, under advisement from Șt. M. Milcu and Horia Dumitrescu. These are references to places, habits, traditions, and family genealogies during that period, also recalling some particulars of the religious life up to that point in time.In that community there was a traditional medieval stone church. At the middle of the 16th Century, the edifice was taken over by the reformist church. However, disputes between Calvinist “Magyar Nemeși” [refers to Hungarian (Magyar) nobility] and the orthodox village congregation (latterly, The United Church) were avoided by switching ownership back and forth until the year 1759, when there was a canonic visit by bishop Petru Pavel Aron. The edifice no longer served its religious function, and was demolished in 1860, while a Calvinist church was built the same year, which was transferred to the Orthodox Church in 1957, under the protection of Pious Saint Paraskeva. Romanians were compensated for the donated edifice through a land donation from the reformed vice-chairman Pogány Iános. On that land, the present-day church was built between 1768-1770, dedicated to St. John The Baptizer, under the shepherding of united priest Ioan Popa. The church turned orthodox after 1948.This paper aims to face readers with the parochial activity in the same location - this time during the 19th Century - focusing on the Pop-Bociat religious family, which managed to leave a significant imprint (spiritual and material) on the shepherded religious community. Using novel published documents from various national archives, it was possible to recreate the blood relationship between clerics Mihail and Avel Pop-Bociat, the latter promoted parish priest in Grădiște (Sarmizegetusa) and dean of Ulpia Traiana.Of course, this presented study can be continued with dates lost in other archives, patiently waiting to be of a use which can be an enhancement - either by confirming, or contradicting hereby presentation.

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A Historical Perspective on the Work and Rest Dynamic in the Romanian Ethos

Author(s): Anda-Maria Mogos / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

For Romanians the work-rest dynamic is a product of historical forces unique to this population. Therefore, the factors that have influenced the relation of Romanians to the work and rest dynamic and fatigue were examined. The factors are the turbulent medieval history of the Romanian people, the Orthodox Church, whose teachings have played an essential part in the development of the Romanians’ relation to work and rest, as well as the communist regime and the social and economical dynamics specific to the post-1989 era.

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ZABYTKOWE TEKSTYLIA W MUZEUM DIECEZJALNYM W SIEDLCACH W ŚWIETLE BADAŃ REINWENTARYZACYJNYCH

Author(s): Dorota PIKULA-KUZIAK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 118/2022

Reinventory works at the Diocesan Museum in Siedlce in 2020, subsidised by the National Centre for Culture as part of the programme ‘Kultura w sieci’ [‘Culture on the Web’], included historic textiles sewn from 15th- through 20th-century fabrics that had been stored in a warehouse for many years. They revealed more than 140 objects (chasubles, capes, mitres, dalmatics, stoles, maniples, palls and burses), only a fraction of which had been catalogued. Other items are of largely unknown provenance, often damaged and having been repaired and re-stitched many times. Only a few of them can be found in the catalogues of art monuments in Poland or on inventory cards in the office of the Provincial Office for Monument Protection. As part of the reinventory work, all the historical paraments gathered in the collection of the Diocesan Museum were carefully documented in terms of content and visual records, and more than 150 of them were added to the online exhibition ‘Splendor Podlasia’ [‘Splendour of Podlasie’] (www.splendorpodlasia.pl) so as to bring this interesting resource to a larger audience. The article also deals with research into the history of the two oldest, late-Gothic fabrics from which the chasubles were sewn and the reuniting of the ceremonial set (sacra paramenta and sacra indumenta) of Bishop Franciszek Kobielski (1679–1755), which had been scattered for many years.

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Romanian Modernity – Historical, Cultural and Theological Paradigms

Author(s): Florin Dobrei / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Romanian Modernity – Historical, Cultural and Theological Paradigms, Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies, Supllement no. 1 of “Transylvanian Review”, Cluj-Napoca, year XXX, 2021, 314 p.

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Jedność prawosławno‑greckokatolicka? Konsekwencje watykańskiej polityki wschodniej

Author(s): Sebastian Duda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 688/2022

Greckokatoliccy hierarchowie ukraińscy bronią jedności z papieżem. Ale wśród szeregowych grekokatolików coraz mocniej dochodzi do głosu zwątpienie w dobrą wolę i sprawiedliwość Watykanu. Pytają, czy nie lepiej szukać pogłębienia wspólnoty z innymi rodakami chrześcijanami w ramach ukraińskiej prawosławnej autokefalii.

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Przynależność metropolitalna diecezji łuckiej w okresie nowożytnym

Author(s): Bogumił Szady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article is a voice in a discussion among historians on the issue of the administrative affiliation of the Diocese of Łuck in the Modern Era. Drawing on the primary sources from the late Middle Ages and the modern period, we can find the roots of the complex formal-legal situation of the Lutsk diocese. Equally crucial are the various sources on the authority of the archbishops of Gniezno over the diocese of Lutsk. Since the 15th c. when the office of a Primate was established, the archbishops of Gniezno had also ruled over the Lviv ecclesiastical province (Pol. Metropolia) and since then it had been difficult to clearly state what powers the archbishop of Gniezno held over Lviv suffragan dioceses, particularly, which rights stemmed from the role of a Primate and which from the affiliation to the ecclesiastical province. Combining the two legal roles is best illustrated by the fact that the Gniezno Provincial Synods were tantamount with Primate and Country Synods, the decrees of which were implemented in both Gniezno and Lviv ecclesiastical provinces. Also, the court procedures since the beginning of the 16th c., granted the Primate a right to rule over the suffragan dioceses in the first instance. The author stands on a position that due to lack of Papal document granting the jurisdiction over Łuck diocese to Gniezno ecclesiastical province, it remained a Lviv’s suffragan diocese throughout the entire Modern Era.

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В коя година патриарх Калист отговаря на въпроса на българските монаси? 1355 или 1361?

Author(s): Bistra Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The second half of the 14th century marked events that intertwined the interests and actions of the Bulgarian and Constantinople Patriarchates in the field of interchurch relations in the East. Two of these events disrupted the good relationship between the two ecclesiastical institutes. The first was the recognition of the patriarchal title of the Serbian church head by the Bulgarian patriarch, the second was the intervention of the Bulgarian church in the Russian-Lithuanian church dispute in the middle of the 14th century. It is in the light of these events that the question of the date of Patriarch Kallist‘s letter to two unnamed Old Bulgarian monks is raised. When tracing the Russian-Lithuanian dispute over the dominant in the election of the metropolitan of Kyiv and all Russia and the location of his throne, the events related to the election of monk Theoctistus come to the fore. Constantinople refused to place Theoctistus on this throne. However, when he sought assistance from Tarnovo, he was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia, and this happened before the summer of 1354. The event provoked the reaction of Patriarch Philoteus (1253-1355), who rejected it as illegal. The reason was that his ordination, carried out by the Tarnovo patriarch Theodosius, was in violation of the order established by the Eastern churches. This had a negative impact on Bulgarian-Byzantine church relations for a short period. In this case, Constantinople qualified as illegal the actions of the Patriarchate of Tarnovo. In the light of this incident, the article examines the reaction of Patriarch Callistus (1350–1353, 1355–1363) to the letter of two Bulgarian monks, from which it is clear that the Constantinople Patriarch questioned the complete independence of the Turnovo Patriarchate. In order to make the explanation of his reaction more thorough, evidence is used, which illustrates the personal, disapproving attitude of Callistus towards Theodosius of Turnovo. In the context of the events of the 1340s – 1350s, concerning the politics of the Church of Tarnovo and the reaction of Constantinople, expressed through the attitude of two of its church leaders, the article expresses the opinion that the letter of Callistus is from 1355, and not from 1361, a date deduced by codicological means.

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CULTELE RELIGIOASE DIN ORAȘUL VATRA DORNEI (I)

Author(s): Nicu Popa / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The following article is a transcription of a manuscript belonging to a teacher and school manager from Vatra Dornei, Nicolae A. Popa. It begins with a short history of Christianity in Moldavia and Bukovina and continues with a presentation of the religious (orthodox, catholic, protestant, Jewish) cults, churches and monasteries from this region and from the town between the early 1800’s and the first half of the 20th century. The text itself has documentary value, as it depicts a part of the religious life in Bukovina based on historical information and also from a personal, not less important point of view.

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Kaplica biskupa Krzysztofa Andrzeja Jana Szembeka we Fromborku i jej dekoracja malarska z pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku

Author(s): Szymon Tracz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2020

A chapel under the invocation of the Most Holy Saviour and St. Theodore the Martyr (Theodor of Amasea), known as Szembek Chapel was founded by the Bishop of Warmia, Krzysztof Andrzej Jan Szembek of Słupów (1680 – 1740), a bishop of Warmia in 1724 – 1740. The oratory is an example of a central dome structure. It was established as a reliquary chapel and a burial place for its founder. The central point of the chapel is the reliquary reredos,placed in the southern arcade in 1734. On the altar mensa there is a sarcophagus with visors and silver applications with the relics of St. Theodore of Amasea. It is accompanied by numerous relics of various saints and Agnus Dei of wax placed in black, wooden, glass reliquaries, richly decorated with trimmed silver applications. Their silver fittings and decorations were made in the years 1730 – 1743 by a goldsmith from Olsztyn – Jan Krzysztof Geese (†1761) and Samuel Grewe (1712 – 1750), a goldsmith from Królewiec. The entire interior of the chapel is covered with frescoes made around 1735 by Maciej Jan Meyer (Matthias Johann Meyer) from Lidzbark Warmiński. The artist decorated the pilasters, friezes and panelsof the chapel’s walls with forms of marbling and regency ornamentation. In the corners of the chapel there are four pairs of pilasters. For every pair, between the pilasters, there are medallions with busts of saints. Additionally, in the arcade above the entrance to the oratory, Meyer portrayed a monumental Vision of St. Theodore of Amasea. In the arches of the arcades, hepresented personifications of eight blessings, painted in the en grisaille technique. Finally, in the the dome of the chapel one can admire adoration of the Holy Trinity and the Holy Cross by the inhabitants of Heaven, led by the Assumed Virgin Mary. The painting decoration of Szembek Chapel, rich in ideological content, is an early example of Polish quadrature illusionist painting that draws abundantly from the Italian painting tradition inspired by Andrea Pozzo (1642 – 1709). Educated in Italy, Meyer, while composing the dome decorations, drew inspiration from frescoes from the years 1664 – 1665 by Pietro Berrettini da Cortona in the dome of Santa Maria in Valicella in Rome. In case of the arragmenet of the painted medallions with busts that can be found in the lower part of the chapel, Meyer was influenced bya solution used in the side axes of the main altar from the years 1699 – 1700 in the Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw funded by Meyer’s patron, Bishop Teodor Potocki, a direct predecessor of Bishop Szembek of Warmia.

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Budowa kościoła ewangelickiego w Rogiedlach na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

Author(s): Marek Jodkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

In the 1890s, Evangelical services in Regerteln/Rogiedle were celebrated at the local school. The appointment of a priest, Rev Carl Richard Hilbrandt, in 1894, was viewed as an opportunity to change this situation. At that time, it was planned that a church in Rogiedle would be built. In 1897, the 900th anniversary of the martyrdom of St. Adalbert, the Apostle of Prussia, was celebrated. Considering this, the construction of the said building would become a lasting remembrance of this anniversary. However, it was not possible to implement the project at that time. The project of a temple with 236 seats was prepared by Klehmet, the district construction inspector. Ebeling, a builder, was commissioned to perform the construction works commenced in the first half of 1900. The church was blessed on 13 December 1900, in the presence of Church authorities and state authorities of the East Prussia province. A large part of the construction expenses was covered by the Gustav-AdolfVerein, which supported Evangelical religious institutions situated in the diaspora areas.

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Ikonografia nastawy ołtarza głównego [1693 – 1694] w poprotestanckim kościele pw. św. Piotra w Młynarach

Author(s): Grzegorz Wąsowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

The Lutheran community living at the end of the 17th century in Młynary (germ. Mühlhausen), inspired by the pillars of Protestant spirituality, ordered a new altar which was built between 1693 – 1694. The aim of this article is to describe the setting of the altar as a piece of art and its placement in the spirit of the epoch in which it was created and to present its content. „Delectare et movere” – „rejoice and move” – that is what was expected from a successful speech as well as from successful piece of art. Authors from the entire Baroque period were engaged in explaining its content and this was what provided the concetto for the most touching pieces of art. The altar in Młynary presents the place of the Lord’s supper. The motif of the road – the path from death to life also appears. Two aspects of the road are presented – the vertical one such as the vertical arm of the Cross – toward God the Father through the death of Christ to the Good Shepherd and the horizontal one such as the vertical beam of the tool of torment. The second aspect emphasizes the faith in earthly life through the word of God and baptism. The rhetoric of both ways, described in the language of art, has been clarified in the article.

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Głosy organowe w świetle traktatu „Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten” [1511]

Author(s): Piotr Towarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2017

From the postulates presented in Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten [1511] one can conclude that stops in Schlick’s organ were, in line with the end of the fourteenth century tendency, the solo registers imitating the timbre of certain aerophones [e.g. Gemshorn, Rauschpfeife, Zink]. They were a counterbalance to the mixture stops, consisting of quint and even tierce ranks, resulting in a less clear texture of polyphonic structures. The author of the treatise does not support the construction of a great number of stops in a single organ. In his opinion, eight or ten skilfully differentiated stops can provide the listener with enough aesthetic experiences. According to a suggestion of the Heidelberg organist, the stops could be used alone or in adequate combinations. The stop knobs should be placed in such a way that they do not disturb the player. The model stoplist of an organ proposed by the author of Spiegel seems to be particularly important for the organ literature. Schlick names here Hauptwerk, Rückpositiv and Pedal with their respective stops.

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Priesterverfolgungen in der Diözese Košice während der Zeit der Totalität

Author(s): Cyril Hišem / Language(s): German Issue: 18/2017

Since 1950, there has been a period of liquidation of all democratic structures in Czechoslovakia. There was a period of oppression for the Catholic Church. The most active priests were under constant control, and some of them were interned in Močenek, Pezinka or elsewhere. Many of the priests were accused of various crimes by the Communist regime, especially against the republic. Some were only in custody, others were unpunished for several yearS. Many have been „out pastoral”, „in production”. 64/5000 The removal of the priests into the interminable monasteries began in the summer of 1950. The most famous place of internation was the village of Močenok and city of Pezinok. Another way of reducing the number of clergy was to call them to perform basic military service. Auxiliary technical camps were one of the forms of persecution and restricted in both freedom and clergy. These people were initially included in the 4th Battalions (1948). Later, after 1950, the structure changed and auxiliary technical camps were divided into two types: light and heavy

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Geneza treści kwater Drzwi Gnieźnieńskich. Narracja źródeł pisanych czy interpretacja twórcy?

Author(s): Przemysław H. Dorszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2015

The narration of the scenes on the left side of the Gniezno Doors is based mainly on three primary sources: Sancti Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita prior (so-called Vita I, pol. Żywot I), Sancti Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita altera (so-called Vita II, pol. Żywot II) and De sancto Adalberto episcopo (so-called Tempore illo). Seven of the nine scenes of the left door refer to Vita I (six to Vita II and Tempore illo). The inspiration of thescenes number IV and VIII can not be identified. These two scenes do not refer to primary sources listed above. The origin of the scenes on the right side of the Gniezno Doors is more complicated. Four of them (from X to XIII) are consistent with little modifications with both St.Adalbert’s Vita’s and Tempore illo. But the next scenes (from XIV to XVIII) where inspired mainly by the primary source Passio Sancti Adalberti martyris (pol. Pasja z Tegernsee) and also Tempore illo.

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Prabuckie czasy księdza Carla Stalinskiego

Author(s): Marek Jodkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2014

Carl Stalinski (1835 – 1911) was the priest of Prabuty/Riesenburg in the years 1867 – 1890. An initiative of building a church was taken at that time. The works started on 21st June 1876 and the foundation stone was laid on 4th October 1876. The investment was planned to be finished by 1st November 1877. Its cost was estimated to be 57 000 marks. The new church was blessed on 1st January 1878 and consecrated on 22nd May 1878. It was built probably on the basis of the modified project of the Neogothic church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Efferen near Cologne. The tabernacle, the altar rail, the pulpit and the sidealtars were made by Heinrich Splieth the father from Elbląg/Elbing. The bells were ordered from Friedrich Schulz, a bell maker form Chełmno/Culm. In 1879, 897 Catholics lived in the parish area; in 1883 there were 1009, and in 1888 – 1351. The Sacred Heart of Jesus was particularly worshipped in this place. A private Catholic school in Prabuty was founded on 16th August 1869. At first, it had 12 pupils, but in 1872 there were already 25, and in 1883 – 45. The parish was supported by religious associations and organisations, particularly the Boniface and Adalbert Association in Frombork. The salary of the parish priest in 1880 was 1204.63 marks per year, and in 1888 – 2106 marks.

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