Nieznane świadectwa święceń Stanisława z Kowala w diecezji kujawskiej

Author(s): Krzysztof Kaczmarek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article analyzes two accounts of the holy orders received by Stanisław of Kowal, a priest from the Włocławek diocese, at the end of the 15th century. The original documents including the content of the accounts have not been preserved – we are familiar only with their copies, which were recorded in the files of the General Consistory of Włocławek. The first account was prepared in Cracow on 29 September 1493. It includes the information about Stanisław being ordained to acolyte by the suffragan bishop of Cracow Paweł. The other account was written in the chancery of the bishop of Chełm Maciej. It reads that in 1494 the bishop Maciej granted Stanisław of Kowal all higher holy orders. The “source annex” enclosed to the main part of the work constitutes the edition of both sources discussed in the article.

XIV Polsko-Niemieckie Seminarium Wrocław – Halle – Siegen, Mazury – wędrówka szlakiem dziedzictwa kulturowego pierwszego protestanckiego państwa w Europie, Mikołajki 5 –10 VI 2017 roku

Author(s): Emilia Jeziorowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

Dwa posoborowe projekty reorganizacji struktur kościelnych w Polsce z drugiej połowy lat sześćdziesiątych XX wieku

Author(s): Michał Białkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The geopolitical situation of Poland after the end of WWII had a major influence on the situation of the Catholic Church, particularly its administrative structures. The new shape of the borders entailed the loss of a significant part of the Lviv and Vilnius archbishoprics. On the other hand, the incorporation of the eastern provinces of Germany – the Western and Northern Territories – involved the construction of new church structures. Polish bishops headed by Primate August Hlond, and later Stefan Wyszyński, embarked on the long-term endeavour to regulate the canonic status of the Church in the so called Recovered Territories. However, the complicated legal-international situation was becoming even more complex owing to frequent interference from the communist authorities. It was not until the October breakthrough of 1956 that a state of relative stability began in the Western and Northern territories for the church structures. Upon the post-council restoration of the Church – directly after the closure of the Second Vatican Council – the church structures began to be reorganized in Poland. Two projects were run, encompassing the complex proposals regarding the whole territory of the Polish People’s Republic. The first project constituted the comprehensive study of 1967, which was probably generated by the Wrocław entourage under the auspices of Archbishop Bolesław Kominek. The document stipulated that the borders of the dioceses should be adjusted to the current administrative division of the state. Seven provinces were to be established: the provinces of Gdansk, Gniezno, Katowice, Cracow, Lublin, Warsaw and Wrocław. The 1967 project broke away from the former administrative divisions of the Catholic Church in Poland. Nevertheless, such revolutionary solutions were rejected by the members of the Main Council of the Polish Episcopate headed by Primate Stefan Wyszyński. Three years later in 1970, a new project was designed. This also stipulated the creation of seven provinces, the names of which were taken from geographical regions. Like the former one, this project also did not go beyond preliminary preparations owing to the radical solutions it proposed (e.g. the liquidation of the archbishopric of Gniezno) and the current international situation – the unsettled question of the Polish western frontier. Both documents allow us to appreciate the significant extent of the Church’s involvement in the process of the post-council reorganization of administrative structures in Poland.

Die Visitation als Mittel traditioneller Ordensstruktur nach 1466

Author(s): Udo Arnold / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2017

The loss of the significant part of the territory by the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order after 1466 entailed structural changes in the state. Inspections constituted an important scrutinizing factor in various fields of life. They were a permanent element of the reforms undertaken in the Teutonic Order. The expertise of the inspectors originally was not precisely defined. However, with time they became more and precise. In the times of the rule of Grand Master Heinrich Reuß von Plauen we know only about one inspection from the Austrian bailiff in 1469. During the rule of the subsequent Grand Master Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg (1470-1477) no inspection was recorded. During the times of Martin Truchsess von Wetzhausen (1477-1489) problems connected with the reform of the monastic life in Prussia were addressed. The discussion concerned the problem of poverty among Teutonic brothers. The great inspection was planned to take place in 1481 prior to the General Chapter. However, the General Chapter did not take place. The inspection of Livonia was postponed for 1488. In the times of Johann von Tiefen (1489-1497) the forms of inspection applied so far were discussed. One of the evidences of this discussion was a letter written by the secretary of the Grand Master’s chancery Dr Michale Sculteti, which included forms intended for the inspection. Friedrich von Sachsen-Meißen (1498-1510) at the turn of 1498/1499 issued a regulation concerning inspections and appointed inspectors. In 1502 a detailed catalogue of questions was compiled in the Teutonic chancellery as it had been earlier done by Sculteti. In the times when the Grand Commander was Simon von Drahe (1507-1510) inspections became an important tool of the internal policy of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen. The decision of the General Chapter saying that an inspection should take place every year in the Teutonic Order was enforced. However, in the times of the Grand Master Albrecht von Brandenburg0Ansbach (1511-1525) inspections ceased to play an essential role in the internal policy. Only one inspection from this period is recorded – in 1519.

Procesy o czary przed sądem sołtysim Kowalewa (Pomorskiego) w XVII–XVIII wieku

Author(s): Jacek Wijaczka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The article discusses witch trials in the court of the village head [sołtys] in Kowalewo Pomorskie in the Early Modern period. It is the first scientific study referring to the subject matter. The description of witch trials in the court in Kowalewo was possible thanks to the preserved books of the town council, which included the information concerning trials, accusations or sometimes only sentences. The course of the trials indicates that in Kowalewo and the vicinities it was strongly believed that witches serving the devil existed. The belief increased in the times of economic and social crises, which were quite abundant in Poland in the 16th-18th centuries.

Ksiądz Feliks Ożga i jego zmagania z komunistycznym aparatem represji

Author(s): Arkadiusz Czwołek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

The article presents the repressions of the communist apparatus against the clergyman of the Chełmno diocese – priest Feliks Ożga. The problems of the priest started at the end of the 1940s, when in his sermons he criticized the political system of the time. In 1951 he was sentenced for the first time for his anti-Polish activity and imprisoned for 8 months. The real problems of the priest commenced when he started to cooperate with activists of the youth independence organization of the Home Army “Orlęta”. During the attempt to arrest the priest, officers of the Security Bureau beat him up and abducted him. The Curia of the Bishop of Chełmno set up a committee, the aim of which was to explain all the circumstances of the nightly events in Konarzyny. Eventually, the Military Regional Court in Gdańsk sentenced the priest Feliks Ożga for 8 years in prison for his anti-Polish activity. After he was released from jail, the priest did not give up his activity, which entailed further repressions.

O nieudanej syntezie średniowiecznych dziejów obecnych obszarów archidiecezji gdańskiej i nierzetelności badawczej jej autora

Author(s): Radosław Krajniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2016

Listy Piotra Hiacynta Śliwickiego do nuncjusza Alberica Archinto z lat 1754–1757 w zbiorach Archiwum Watykańskiego

Author(s): Joanna Orzeł,Stanisław Roszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

The article presents the hitherto unknown correspondence of the inspector of the general assembly of missionaries Piotr Hiacynt (Jacek) Śliwicki to the papal nuncio in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Alberic Archinto, which is now preserved in the Vatican Archive. It includes three letters – two letters of 1754 and one of 1757, which are the evidence of the cooperation between the Church dignitaries. In the first letter Śliwicki referred to the conflict concerning the tithe, which lasted in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1752–1753. In both letters of 1754 he described to the papal nuncio the situation at the court of the bishop of Poznań Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski, who was surrounded by Lutherans. In the letter of 1757 Śliwicki characterized the situation of Lazarists in Krasław, requesting some support (including financial help) from the Pope. The article was complemented by the source edition of the above-mentioned correspondence in the original language – French.

Łukasz Myszka, Dominikanie w Toruniu od XVI do XIX wieku. Katolicki zakon w protestanckim mieście

Author(s): Sławomir Kościelak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

Chrystianizacja „Młodszej Europy”, red. J. Dobosz, J. Strzelczyk, M. Matla

Author(s): Anna Maleszka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Eugeniusz Pryczkowski, Swiónowskô nasza Matinkò. Dzieje parafii i sanktuarium oraz cuda Królowej Kaszub

Author(s): Zygmunt Szultka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Hansische Kaufleute und deren Religiosität außerhalb ihrer Heimat

Author(s): Carsten Jahnke / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

Medieval Hanseatic merchants travelled to many places around Europe. It sounds trivial, but the fact that they were foreigners outside their own city-walls, caused many problems, i.a. in regard to their integration in the religious landscape abroad. To begin with, the following article shortly outlines the conditions of the pratique réligieuse of foreigners in the Orbis Catholicus. It shows what rules governed the life and death of foreigners in the religious sense, how and where Hanseatic merchants were allowed to attend masses, to confess and to take the holy communion; it also reveals what laws applied in the case of death in regard to the last unction and the burial. Secondly, the ways Hanseatic merchants handled different situations abroad were analysed. One may indicate their own chronological and geographical dimensions; the questions of power are also touched upon. It was stated that the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215 constituted a turning point, because it made the parish become a stable institution. Prior to 1215, merchants had been able to take their own priest with them or to establish their own churches abroad, as they were also later able to do this outside of the Orbis Catholicus. Nevertheless, after 1215 they had to adjust to the conditions inside the Catholic world, which made them adopt different approaches. If they were powerful enough, they could get their own parish churches or parish rights, like it was in the case of Visby, Riga, Bergen or the Scanian Fairs. Yet, it created new problems. If they were not powerful enough to have their own standing, they were integrated into the existing parishes abroad. There they tried to distinguish themselves by creating their own symbols or chapels inside the parish churches. However, it also caused complications, e.g. in the case of confession. How to confess and to get the absolution when the confessor did not understand the penitent? Mendicant orders could fill the gap, but this solution created even more problems. By taking a closer look at various areas of the Hanseatic trade, from Novgorod and Polotsk to London and Bruges, this article shows, in a more systematic manner, different solutions of the problems caused by ecclesiastical law and practical life. In the end, it can be shown that Hanseatic merchants abroad constituted an integral part of the sacred landscape of these foreign places, not only by using it, but also by actively shaping it. In this way, they were no longer foreigners abroad, but fratres Christiana.

Kadri-Rutt Hahn, Revaler Testamente im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert

Author(s): Rafał Kubicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2019

Środowisko kapłańskie na Pomorzu Zachodnim w latach 1945–1956

Author(s): Marta Cichocka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

After the Second World War, the region of Western Pomerania changed its religious face from Protestant to Catholic as a result of political decisions. As the Polish territory was moved to the west, the influence of the Roman Catholic Church also shifted. Not only secular settlers but also priests had to adjust to those exceptional circumstances. Usually treated as part of the institution they created, they have not yet been fully described as one of the groups of migrants. However, their role was crucial for the settlement and land development by believers, the Church and the Polish state. The aim of the article is to answer the questions who those clergymen were and how they dealt with this unusual challenge. In the literature on the subject, such issues as settlement processes in the Western and Northern Territories, the creation of the church administration, and relations between the state and the church have been widely described. Relations between priests and believers or relations among clergymen themselves are still less known. The documents available in the archives of state and church provenance allow to examine the priestly environment, which also underwent the stage of adaptation and integration with the foreign material and social environment. The historical and comparative method of research led to the establishment of several conclusions, including the most important one that the priests who came to Western Pomerania in the first decade after the war were not homogeneous. Their diversity concerned origin, education, customs or age, but also their attitude towards the so-called Regained Territories, their duties, church discipline or the new authority in Poland. This disintegration, often accompanied by prejudices and stereotypes, constituted the specificity of the religious life of the region and from this point of view is worth examining.

Wspólnota jezuitów w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów

Author(s): Andrea Mariani / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2019

When discussing the composition of the Polish and Lithuanian provinces of the Society of Jesus, this article is part of the trend of prosopographic and socio-historical research devoted to the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church. The aim of the research is to grasp both permanent elements and changes that took place in the structure of the Jesuit community in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author not only presents similarities and differences in the development of the Polish and Lithuanian provinces, but also discusses the trends occurring in their area in a wide pan-European context, comparing the situation of Polish and Lithuanian Jesuits with other administrative units of the order. The chronological scope of the work covers the years 1608–1773, i.e. from the creation of the Lithuanian province as a result of the division of the Polish administrative unit of the order to the dissolution of the Society. The base of primary sources consists of annual and three-year catalogues kept in the Roman Archives of the Society of Jesus, which were analyzed in the form of survey using statistical methods. Against the background of the development of the institution’s network and its financial situation, the author focuses on four issues: the number of Jesuits, their religious vows, their geographical distribution and regions of origin. The conducted research above all shows the influence of the political and military situation of the state on the size of the Jesuit community: the wars of the mid-17th century and, albeit to a lesser extent, the first decade of the 18th century brought serious consequences. The structure of the community in terms of religious vows evolved in a similar way to other European provinces of the Society, as indicated by the increase in the number of professes of four religious vows, who constituted the elite of the order. This phenomenon testifies to the fact that, despite the crises that affected the Commonwealth, the order provided its members with better and better education. The geographical distribution and regions of origin of the Jesuits are closely related, since the recruitment of candidates for the order took place mostly among graduates of Jesuit schools. The most important change in this respect was the increase in the significance of the eastern territories of the Commonwealth both in terms of the number of friars residing there and the participation of representatives of local society in the Jesuit community. As a result of this tendency, in the 18th century the role of the inhabitants of the ethnically Polish territories of the Commonwealth weakened; in the previous century they had constituted, due to their geographical mobility, a substantial part of the Jesuit community in the eastern regions of the Polish-Lithuanian state. This phenomenon clearly indicates the process of cultural integration that took place in the eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and changes in the social mechanism of recruiting friars, manifested in the increase in the number of Jesuits of noble origin.

Az 1837-es kolozsvári énekeskönyv

Author(s): Otília Valéria Orosz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

For centuries, our hymnbooks bring to the fore not only the issue of musical literacy but also tradition. The Reformed church singing in Transylvania and the Partium was determined by traditions rather than by the sheet music itself. From the beginning of the 19th century the Transylvanian hymnbooks were created under the influence of the spirit of the time. A typical example of this is the hymnbook edited under the influence of theological rationalism in 1837. The hymnbook, edited by Seprődi János in 1908, only partially corrected the melody deterioration while the edition of 1923 further preserved the sorting of cut and leveled melodies, which lacked psalms and old Hungarian songs. If we compare the 1837 hymnbook with the one published in 1921 in Debrecen, which also provides balanced melodies, we can see that melodies enriched with melisma remain in practice in Transylvania and this tradition is still preserved in many places to this day.

Székely József: Hivatás a hivatal árnyékában. Az igehirdetés helye az erdélyi magyar református lelkipásztori hivatáskép alakulásában. Igehirdetői önképünk és öntudatunk változása az 1990–2014 közötti időszakban

Author(s): Ferenc Málnási / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

Székely József: Hivatás a hivatal árnyékában. Az igehirdetés helye az erdélyi magyar református lelkipásztori hivatáskép alakulásában. Igehirdetői önképünk és öntudatunk változása az 1990–2014 közötti időszakban. Exit Kiadó, Kolozsvár 2019, ISBN 978-973-7803-91-7, 262 old. (Málnási Ferenc)

JOSIP BARBARIĆ - FRA MILJENKO HOLZLEITNER, PISMA FRA IBRIŠIMOVIĆA ZAGREBAČKIM BISKUPIMA (1672.-1697.)

Author(s): Vijoleta Herman Kaurić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2000

Review of: Vijoleta Herman - Josip BARBARIĆ - fra Miljenko HOLZLEITNER, Pisma fra lbrišimovića zagrebačkim biskupima (1672.-1697.), Naklada Jastrebarsko, 2000., 364 str.

Duszpasterstwo wojskowe na obszarze diecezji warmińskiej w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku

Author(s): Marek Jodkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

The historiography of the Diocese of Warmia has so far lacked a study on military chaplaincy in the first half of the nineteenth century. In order to investigate this issue, an analysis of the documentation stored at the Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin has been conducted. The results of the study demonstrated that the Catholic military chaplaincy began to recover after the Napoleonic campaign of 1806–1807. In 1810, Catholic priests performed regular ministerial service in four cities. However, in 18 garrisons services were not performed. As a result, soldiers could receive their sacraments in Catholic churches only if they obtained passes. The first legal solutions of 1811 did not provide for the existence of a Catholic chaplaincy during peacetime. Some significant changes occurred in 1832. In the absence of a military chaplain, a clergyman working in a civil parish was to take over his function. By the end of that year, priests from Warmia served regularly in garrisons in Braniewo, Elblag, Klaipeda, Konigsberg, Malbork and Tilsit. Another 15 garrisons were to receive a chaplain. Some of them served in several garrisons. The issue of financing military chaplains remained unresolved for quite a long time. In February 1835, the Minister of War, Job von Witzleben, informed that chaplains recruited from the diocesan clergy received allowances, reimbursement for travel expenses and four thalers for their chaplaincy. However, some military places of worship suffered from a shortage of liturgical equipment.

D. Tóth Judit – Papp György (szerk.): Az egyházatyák a reformáció és az ellenreformáció korában

Author(s): Levente Pap / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

D. Tóth Judit – Papp György (szerk.): Az egyházatyák a reformáció és az ellenreformáció korában. Válogatás a Magyar Patrisztikai Társaság XVIII. konferenciáján elhangzott előadások szerkesztett változataiból. Studia Patrum VIII. A Magyar Patrisztikai Társaság kiadványai. Hernád Sárospatak 2019. ISBN 978-615-5787-08-9, 193 old. (Pap Levente)