ESKİ TÜRK DEVRİ’NDEN ORTA TÜRK DEVRİ’NE GEÇİŞ: TÜRKLERDE DİNİ-MİTOLOJİK SİSTEM

Author(s): Yadigar Aliyev / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2009

After the ancient Turkic period Oguz people have settled in Azerbaijan at the west of the Caspian Sea and from the east side in the Western Turkestan. Uygur and karluk people have taken places at the east of Turkestan, Kypchaks at the north of Turkestan. At the XI century the ethno-geographical parameters have extended to the Eastern Europe and the Asia Minor, and to the X-XI centuries the process of definition of geographical borders of Turkic ethnos comes to the end. The generated Moslem doctrine have been incorporated in the syncretic form with the national colour and perceived as the Turkic-ethnic thinking. The concepts and the gnoseological representations existing before the Moslem period were forgotten. As a result of it, the basic propagation of Islamic ideas passes from Arabs to Turkic.

Obnovljena muafnama Novog Jajca/Varcar Vakufa iz 1734. godine i ehalija

Author(s): Azra Gadžo-Kasumović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 37/2016

The paper deals with the renewed muafiyet of ahali in the kasaba and of re-establishment of a market day as an important need by all of its inhabitants. In addition to being intensively credited by Krzlaraga Mustafa-aga, muafiyet was the second important factor of the development of the kasaba. According to the renewed muafname, as well as according to the manner in which authorities produced documents to solve the issues of tax exemptions and benefits to certain categories of persons, it can be concluded that muafiyet referred to the ahali of the kasaba. It also explains the term ahali that, as related to the mentioned muafiyet, referred to persons who were eligible for and capable of initiating and maintaining the agricultural development of a certain kasaba. The privileges of tax exemption awarded through the first muafname of 1591 to inhabitants of newly established kasaba referred to the inhabitants personally, providing they “revive and urbanize the place”, i.e. the kasaba. However, after the issuance of a renewed muafname, it can be seen that the authorities such as vali and kadi, based on the text of muafiyet, approved privileges to ahali of the kasaba not only for use of wakf land within the limits of stipulations of the first hududname of 1590, but also for their own land out of wakf. For urban development of the kasaba of that time, it was not enough to just establish the center of the town. Because of agriculture as a prevailing industry of the time, cultivation of land was essential regardless of the fact whether it belonged to wakf or not. Muafiyet awarded to the ahali at the time of the establishment of the kasaba, which after expiry of muafname in 1697 and its renewal in 1734, was valid all until 1844. The paper explains another significant decision of 1590 connected with Varcar Vakuf. Although it was determined that the regular market day be set, there was no market day after 1697. After the attack by Austrian army and after displacement of the kasaba population, the market day was not established before 1805 although it was not on Friday as before but on Sunday.

Novopazarska “Kolo” džamija

Author(s): Redžep Škrijelj / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71-72/2016

Graditelj „Kolo“ džamije je Hadži Mehmed Кapudžibaši Hamza-aga koga ubrajamo u red najistaknutijih graditelja Novog Pazara. U osmanlijskim izvorima je poznat s kraja XV i početka XVI vijeka, kada je u istoimenoj mahali podigao džamiju i 25 dućana, zbog čega se uz osnivača grada Isa-bega Ishakbegovića, smatra jednim od najvećih vakifa svoga doba. U ovom radu je obrađena prošlost Кapudžibašine džamije, izgrađene u istoimenoj Кapudžibaši Hamza mahali, poznatije kao “Кolo” džamija, koja se u istorijskim izvorima pominje kao najveća novopazarska džamija. Džamija je zbog oštećenja u bombardovanju 7. novembra 1944. godine postala neupotrebljiva, a njeni ostaci uklonjeni 1957. godine.

Булгарский улус Золотой Орды во второй половине XIII — начале XV века: историко-археологический очерк

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

The author employs archaeological evidence and 13th — 14th centuries written accounts to analyze the history of the Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde from its formation in the beginning of the thirteenth century to its disintegration in the beginning of the fifteenth century. Pursuing his research, he also recurs to numismatic and epigraphic data. Materials from hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises allowed tracking the changes in settlement structures and urban development. Also, he offers a reconstruction of administrative areas within the Bulgar Ulus with centers in big cities like Bulgar, Dzhuketau and Kazan. Besides, there was a special territory with nomadic population. The author considers distribution of various religions and nationalities living in this territory. Generalization of studies in material culture of the population of the Bulgar Ulus has allowed to present versatile lifestyles of the contemporary people — from trades to games and food. The Bulgar art of the Golden Horde time is characterized. Special attention is paid to the history of the capital of the Bulgar Ulus — the Bulgar City. The author comes to conclusion that coexistence of nomadic and settled societies was typical for the Bulgar Ulus, just like for a considerable part of the Golden Horde territory.

Арабският свят и ислямът в културно-историческа перспектива. Изследвания в чест на проф. д.и.н. Йордан Пеев. Състав., [предг.] Павел Павлович, Симеон Евстатиев. София, Изток-Запад, 2017. 255 с.

Author(s): Nadya Filipova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

Book Review

Хамзевийская и хуруфитская ересь в Босни как реакция на политический кризис Оттоманской империи во второй половине XVI столетия

Author(s): Slobodan Ilić / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1-2/2000

STO GODINA SAMOĆE: MUSLIMANI ENDELUSA 1492.-1614. GODINE

Author(s): Ahmet Alibašić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2011

This article discusses the last chapter of nine centuries-long Muslim history on the Iberian Peninsula, which ended by the expulsion of some three hundred thousand Muslims 1609-1614. In the time of renewed debates about which religion is 'domestic' in Europe and which one is the 'guest', the research in this episode of failed coexistence of Christians and Muslims on European soil has not only historical but also a cultural significance for our time.

MUSLIMANSKA ŠPANIJA NA TRISTOTRIDESET STRANICA

Author(s): Asim Zubčević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 15/2011

Review of: Asim Zubčević - Clot, Andre. Muslimanska Španija: 800 godina islamske civilizacije u El-Endeluzu. Preveo Vahidin Preljević, Sarajevo: Libris, 2009./1430., str. 327.

Tahrir Defterlerine Göre XVI. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Anadolu Eyaleti’nde Şehirli Gayrimüslim Nüfus Hakkında İstatistiksel Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Gülcan Avşin Güneş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

This study aims to determine the demographic status of urban nonmuslims of Anatolia in the first half of the sixteenth century. It surveys urban nonmuslims either sharing the same quarters with Muslims or having social and economic relations with the Muslim population. This study's primary sources are the tax registers giving information on socio-demographic aspects like the number of nonmuslim settlements and inhabitants. The article also investigates entitlements and names recorded in the registers to analyze some tendencies towards nonmuslim populations. Thus, it presents that nonmuslim groups had lived in harmony in the Ottoman Empire until the nationalism movements of the nineteenth century.

Revizyonist Tarihçi Patricia Crone’un Mevâlî Anlayışı

Author(s): Öznur Özdemir,Saim Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2021

Regarded as a revisionist historian in the West, Patricia Crone (1945-2015), who wrote many books and articles on various subjects of early Islamic history, was a prolific researcher. The place and role of mawālī, in the Umayyad and Abbāsid society, has been one of the special topics she has been interested in since the very beginning of her academic life. Her works with a revisionist perspective have been faced many criticisms by colleagues, especially the western ones, because of her biased view of the sources written by Muslim authors, her methodology, and her results. However, it is obvious that Crone’s studies on mawālī have positively or negatively affected the Eastern and Western academics in Islamic studies. This article’s main purpose is to reveal Crone’s views on mawālī in Islamic society and draw an outline without comment as much as possible. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, Crone’s revisionist perspective and her works on mawālī have been explained. In the second part, her distinctive views on the mawālī and its origin have been discussed. Finally, in the third part, her findings of the position of mawālī in social, political, military, and economic life during the Rāshidun Caliphs (11-41 / 632-661), the Umayyads (41-132 / 661-750), and the Abbāsids (132-656 / 750-1258) have been introduced. This study, which tackles Crone’s views on mawālī, aims to encourage the further studies on this subject.

Between “millet” and self-determination: the Ottoman-Armenian case

Author(s): Remus Tanasă / Language(s): English Issue: 67/2021

The “millet” was an ethno-religious community within the Ottoman political system, created in order to facilitate the act of government and the relationships between the numerous religions and ethnicities ruled by the Sultans and Ottoman authorities. The Armenian “millet” was defined by three dimensions that shaped for better or worse the “Armenian question”. Firstly, the geopolitical characteristic of the Empire: the center of power where most important decisions were made was Istanbul, while the powder keg of the matter in discussion was Eastern Anatolia. Secondly, the daily cohabitation of Armenians and Kurds at the eastern border of the Empire, where they needed to share and fight for the same land and resources. Last but not least, the diplomatic interests that transformed the Ottoman Empire into an open field of battle for influence. All this elements shifted the commitments of the Armenian leaders and the decisions of the Ottoman government in such a way that the path from “millet” to “self-determination” blended together gradual reform and secessionist activity.

MEVLÂNÂ CELÂLEDDÎN-İ RÛMÎ’NİN EZOTERİZMİ BAĞLAMINDA SİMYACI

Author(s): Ersin Çetinkaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 77/2022

Since human beings are in a structure that questions the purpose of their existence in the world since the day they exist, they resort to various ways in order to realize themselves. As a result of his efforts, he proceeds by finding his source in an esoteric context from ancient times. Mevlânâ Celaleddin-i Rumi, one of the most competent names of Anatolian Sufism, goes on his inner journey in this context and creates his Islamic-based teaching. Mevlânâ, who appears as an important component of our culture and is one of the most important people who ensured the understanding of Islam in the Anatolian geography, deeply affects the world in this context. Mevlânâ, who went on this journey to find himself, continues his action until the last moment of his life, trying to reach the level of a perfect human being. Esotericism, whether it is western or Islamic-based, is essentially a long and arduous road/journey that the individual takes to realize himself. Since the paths passed in the two esoteric contexts are similar to each other, the individual depicted by Mevlânâ and the Santiago character of Paulo Coelho are similar. Since literary works place the human and the factors surrounding him in the center, the works created with this mentality contain more or less esotericism. The works that construct their message in the image of the person who is on the way and moving take the point of finding the purpose of life as its principle. A person's "personal legend" is the only thing that guides him on this path. Paulo Coelho, who creates works that usually contain esoteric features by describing the inner world of man, also acts in the desire to reveal the richness in the west by considering the esoteric thought system with the understanding of "alchemy". In this context, it is the author's originality to see the characters that he takes on a journey with the characteristics that exist in every monotheistic religion. The aim of our study is to deal with "The Alchemist", one of the most competent works of Western esotericism written in literary form, in the context of Mevlânâ's thought system / Sufism.

Dokumentacija Arhiva IZ u BiH o uništavanju vakufskih objekata u Bosni i Hercegovini u Drugom svjetskom ratu

Author(s): Edin Lepenica / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 43/2022

The Archives of the Islamic Community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as one of the library stocks of Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library in Sarajevo, contain original material for scientific research into the phenomenon of the destruction of waqf buildings during the Second World War (1941-1945). Based on this material, as reliable answers as possible can be given to the question of the extent of the destruction, and who destroyed these buildings, to what extent and with what goals. The Islamic Religious Community (Islamska vjerska zajednica- IVZ), in the absence of national institutions for Bosniaks and as a consequence of their being reduced to a religious group within the political framework of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929 the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), was the only institution for the Bosniak Muslims that in an organized and systematic way collected data on their immense suffering during the Second World War. The Bosniaks’ material losses, which in addition to other forms of losses were also manifested in the destruction of waqf buildings, were determined by the Islamic Religious Community (IVZ) according to commission reports from the afflicted areas by occasionally taking photographs of the destroyed/damaged buildings, by sending questionnaires to district commissions on the prescribed form about the damage caused to the Muslim settlements and population, by taking statements from witnesses of war crimes, by making statistical reviews at the request of the authorities, etc. From the collected material, the collections of documents were formed and stored in the library stocks of Gazi Husrev-beg’s Library in Sarajevo, which had been already partly used in the works on the genocide committed against the Bosniak Muslims during the Second World War. This paper makes use of segments of several collections of documents so as to prove, through statistical processing of the data they contain, the claim from an archival document of the Ulama Majlis in Sarajevo that more than half of the waqf buildings were destroyed during the Second World War, and to show the structure of military formations that participated in their destruction. The massive destruction of waqf buildings, a symbol of the Bosniak Muslim identity, was linked to destructive ideologies and other conditions contributing to it, which provided a theoretical framework for explaining why the Bosniak Muslims had such losses and why the presented archival material of the Islamic Religious Community (IVZ) on documented war crimes against the Bosniak Muslims during the Second World War was never disclosed in socialist Yugoslavia (1945-1992).

O vjerodostojnosti narodnog predanja o sarajevskom šejhu Ajni-dedeu

Author(s): Nedim Zahirović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 43/2022

Oral tradition marks the year 866 A.H. (1461/62 A.D.) as the year of death of two dervishes from Sarajevo, Ayni Dede and Şemsi Dede. Based on the quotations from the work Silsiletü ʼl-muḳarrebīn ve menāḳıbu ʼl-mütteḳīn by Muniri- effendi, the Mufti of Belgrade, it can be ascertained that Ayni Dede passed away a whole century later, between 1563 and 1565. In his youth Ayni Dede worked as a tailor. From Sarajevo he went to Istanbul where he started to specialize in Sufism with the sheikh of dervishes Erdebili Sinan- effendi. During his stay in Istanbul, he had the opportunity to get close to the powerful Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha. After his return to Sarajevo, he probably became the sheikh of Gazijska tekija (tekke). The latter dervish mentioned in oral tradition, Şemsi Dede, most likely did not exist.

EL YAZMASI ESERLER

Author(s): Tuba SU / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 57/2023

Manuscript, writing, mahtut (plural mahtutat), handwriting, handschrift, etc. it takes names such as. It means that books or treatises are reproduced by hand and not in a printing press. Each of these written works, which are identical to each other and formed as a result of the reproduction of a work by hand-written in this way, is called “nüsha” (a copy). Manuscripts can be found in the form of a book, as well as in the form of a scroll, roll and cönk, although it is rare. The reason why manuscripts are valuable is because they usually have a historical qualification. In order to observe the Mushaf calligraphy of development and to move the calligraphy to the advanced stages, it is necessary to see and study previously written works. We must preserve the ancient works that contain our values of science, art and culture and ensure that they are passed on to future generations.

Namık Kemal’in Şiirlerinde Ehl-i Beyt Sevgisi

Author(s): Ali Polat / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

Namık Kemal is a writer, poet, critic, journalist, historian and statesman who lived in the 19th century and influenced many people who came after him. In classical Turkish literatüre Ehl-i Beyt was valued and many works related to them were created. Namık Kemal is one of those who deal with the concept of Ehl-i Beyt and the people and elements included in this concept in his poems, as was the case with many artists before him and in his own period. In his divan the poet following the old tradition, values them and loves them at the level of love. In his poems, it is possible to come across many elements related to Ehl-i Beyt. In his poems, Hz. Mevlana, Although there are praiseworthy words about Shah-ı Nakşibend and Alevism Bektashism, there is no evidence that the artist joined any sect. However, in his poems, Hz. Matters related to his love for Ali and his children, that is the Ehl-i Beyt are used extensively. In this study, known as Al-i Aba or Ehl-i Beyt, Hz. Mohammed, Hz. Ali, Hz. Fatma, Hz. Hasan and he will be tried to examine how Hz. Hüseyin is handled in Namık Kemal‟s poems by giving examples from his poems.

المنهج النقدي عند المحدثين من منظور علم النفس المعرف

Author(s): Asmaa AL BOGHA / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 2/2022

This research deals with reading the psychological states through Islamic knowledge that includes the method of hadith criticism. Because, in the hadith studies, we understand that the critic makes evaluations in the field of cognitive psychology even though he or she doesn’t use psychological terms. The implementations of these scientific rules related to the science of cognitive psychology, which is used to accept or reject hadiths, reveals that there is a similarity between these two sciences because their subject is human knowledge. Scholars of both sciences were compared in terms of cognitive processes such as attention, memorization, memory and measurement tests, and some subjects related to human psychology, which are the focus of these processes, such as their abilities, motivations and the imbalances that affect them. After that, examples from the studies of the hadith scholars and researchers in the science of psychology were presented in the method of criticism in order to determine the points where they converged and diverged. As a result, although they differ in terms of starting point and result, it was concluded that there is a partial similarity between the two sciences in terms of subjects related to mental actions. The condition for the Zabt of the Thiqa definition of hadith critics includes the meaning of attention that psychologists talk about. However, the hadith scholars were more selective in this regard due to the Shari’a reasons such as good deeds and sins. In cognitive psychology, researchers have proven that people’s mental abilities play a role in attention and focus. The attention of hadith critics, who made comparisons among the narrators, concentrated on this point in order to distinguish the acceptable one from the others.

Cuâle’nin Bir Finansman Vasıtası Olarak Kullanılması: Karz Temini İçin Yapılan Ödül Vaadi (Cuâle ale’l-iktiraz)

Author(s): Muhammed Usame ONUŞ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2022

According to Islamic law, there are rules and prohibitions that Muslims must follow in their actions and transactions. The prohibition of interest has been decisive in many actions, especially in debt. Accordingly, Muslims cannot put forward a condition of interest in their debt, nor can they take any transactions under this condition. Many jurists viewed interest not only as an excess of the debt but also as any benefit that the creditor would receive from the debtor other than the amount of the loan, and they evaluated it within the scope of interest. Since the lender of “qard”, which is generally used to define the debt, should not receive anything in return and should expect its reward from Allah, this was called “qard al-hasen”, quoting the relevant verses of the Qur’an, and Muslims tried to meet their credit needs through qard al-hasen. However, in some cases, people had difficulty obtaining the credit they needed, and especially in the modern period, the need for credit has increased both individually and institutionally. Therefore, Muslims tried to meet their need for qard by resorting to different ways within the limits of the Shariʽah. While applications based on transactions such as sukuk, mudaraba and murabaha and those based on intermediary transactions such as the purchase and sale of goods or partnerships were developed, applications based on direct debt without resorting to such transactions remained almost nonexistent. However, from the expressions in the books of classical fiqh, it is understood that the juʽalah, which is defined as “promising a reward in return for an action”, can be used for obtaining qard under certain conditions. In this type of juʽalah, which can be named as juʽalah ala al-iqtirad, a person in need of qard promises a certain reward from third parties to the person who provides him qard. Considering that there is a qard in question in this transaction and that the debtor pays more than the qard he has received, it is necessary to examine the opinions about this transaction's relationship with interest and its validity. The main focus of the research will be answers to questions such as the conditions that the aforementioned juʽalah transaction must meet to be valid, in what ways this transaction differs from interestbearing transactions, and within which limits.

Религия и идентичност (на примера на селища в района на Герлово)

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

In the paper, the author concentrates her attention upon two villages in the region – Ak dere yakasý (present-day Byala reka) and Alvanlar (present-day Yablanovo), which appear to be indicative for the religious identity of the Muslim population that inhabited them. The religious symbiosis was expressed in a local interlacement between the orthodox Islam and its heterodox variation within the boundaries of a given town or village. Nowadays they are an example of a typical orthodox Muslim centre, such as Byala Reka village, and of a heterodox centre – such as Yablanovo. These two villages were an original demonstration of a widespread religious phenomenon, which occurred in other towns and villages in the whole region during the 16th – 17th centuries. They broke up the traditional notion of the meeting of Christianity and orthodox Islam and posed the interesting problem about the religious identity of the people living in Gerlovo.

Causes and Military Implications of the Emigration of the Muslim Population from Romania to the Ottoman Empire / Republic of Türkiye (1878-1939)

Author(s): Metin Omer / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2023

This paper aims to analyse to what extent the emigration of Turks and Tatars from Romania to the Ottoman Empire / Republic of Türkiye had military causes. The chronological limits of the study are the year 1878, when Dobrogea entered the borders of the Romanian state, and the year 1939, when the Second World War started. The analysis is divided into two parts. The first part explains to what extent military service in a Christian army was a cause of emigration and discusses whether the authorities in Bucharest succeeded in integrating Muslims into the Romanian army. In the second part, the interwar period is examined. The study shows that performing military service in a Christian army was no longer the main cause of emigration, but there were local abuses by some representatives of military institutions. These were investigated and action from the central authorities was called for, but the phenomenon, which had complex causes, could not be stopped. This part also explains the attraction that the transformations in the Republic of Türkiye and the military and political skills of its founder, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, had on the Turks and Tatars of Dobruja. A final aspect analysed is the involvement of the Ministry of National Defence in the regulation of the emigration process. The main sources used in the study are unpublished archival documents from Romania and Türkiye, newspapers and magazines of the Turkish-Tatar community, and the national press.