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Отново за Абу Хамид ал-Газали (поч. 1111), класификацията на науките и мюсюлманското религиозно образование

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Отново за Абу Хамид ал-Газали (поч. 1111), класификацията на науките и мюсюлманското религиозно образование

Author(s): Atanas Shinikov / Language(s): Bulgarian,Arabic Issue: 21/2015

Predilections for classification of sciences in Muslim civilization tend to be seen as rooted in the classical antiquity heritage, as Franz Rosenthal goes. Yet the Sunni mainstream produced classifications significantly differing from the Greek antiquity ones, such as the one of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111) in his influential ―Revival of Religious Sciences‖ (Ihyā’ ‘ulūm al-dīn). Proceeding out of a Muslim concept of knowledge (‘ilm), as differing from the Greek ἐπιστήμη, each of the ―branches of knowledge‖ (‘ulūm) acquires value according to its ability to lead Muslims to the rewards of the afterlife (ākhira). The primary division outlines two large categories: duties incumbent upon individual Muslims (farḍ ‘ayn), and ―collective duties‖ (farḍ kifāya) upon the Muslim community. Al-Ghazali does not build a comprehensive framework of sciences, as some indicative and value charged disproportions are observed: sciences like mathematics and medicine find little place. ―Speculative theology‖ (kalām) and philosophy (falsafa) are subordinate, with philosophy not given a status of a separate ―science‖. Among the highest of sciences formally stands the ―science of the unveiling‖ (mukāshafa) and the esoteric (bāṭin), described in terms reminding of the Sufi tradition. Yet what emerges as immediate importance for this world (dunyā), as means for preparation for the afterlife, is Muslim law (fiqh) which has for its subject the external (ẓāhir) dimensions of the life of the umma that can be observed and regulated. Thus we cannot say that the purpose of this classification is the provision of the educational field with a ready-made curriculum. Yet, on the basis of the text of the Ihyā’ we can infer that it provided a framework for a Sunni value positioning of the subjects that could outline the focus areas within the Sunni educational institutions of the Abbasid 11th century, with fiqh occupying a pivotal role.

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Temporal, mystic and religious love: the poetry of the Taliban

Author(s): Mateusz Kłagisz / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Mina, Mohabbat and ishq are three pashto words used to name two kinds of love. The first is more human while the second is divine or mystical. In this paper I have tried to analyse the poetry of the Taliban, paying special attention to the question of the aforementioned kinds of love: human, di‑vine and religous. I decided to do that because until now most of the re‑searchers working on the Talibanʼs songs have focussed more on their po‑litical, propaganda and religious message, with very little work dedicated to its ‘human’ character. This is why I have presented several poems se‑lected from the collection Poetry of the Taliban by Alex Strick van Lin‑schoten and Felix Kuehn (Gurgaon 2012) and enhanced my study with some comments.

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РАЗВИТИЕ ГЕОКАРТОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИДЕЙ ПТОЛЕМЕЯ В СРЕДНЕВЕКОВОЙ ИСЛАМСКОЙ ГЕОГРАФИИ

Author(s): Irina Genadijevna Konovalova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2016

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of perception and the development of scientific ideas in a particular society. This problem is considered on the example of geocartographical ideas of Ptolemy, formed in the late Hellenistic period, in the Middle Ages experienced a rebirth in the context of a completely different cultural traditions, namely in the Islamic society, and then in the early Modern period continued to develop in different historical conditions — in Europe. The article shows that in the Islamic world two directions of the perception of Ptolemaic ideas have been formed. The first one can be called a proper continuity, which provided the development of scientific ideas as such; the results achieved by the scientists of the Caliphate in this direction have become known to the world science and subsequently received further development in the works of European cartographers. At the same time the development of another direction, that adapted the Ptolemaic ideas to the needs of the educated classes of the Islamic society, can be traced; results of these activities, which facilitated the absorption of scientific tradition in terms of the Islamic culture, has not gone beyond the Islamic cultural circle.

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RUH SAĞLIĞI BAĞLAMINDA NAMAZ VE BENLİK SAYGISI İLİŞKİSİ

Author(s): Nurten Kimter / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 27/2015

Prayer is one of the fundamental worships in the religion of Islam and it has many physical as well as spiritual benefits. In this regard, The study was carried out on 410 people between the ages of 15 and 66 or above during which the relationship between prayer and self-esteem was examined with regard to Religion Psychology via psychosocial methods. The study was carried out via survey and random sampling methods in which “Personal Data Form” and “Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale” were used as data acquisition tools. Whereas SPSS 18.0 package software and SPPS Amos program were used for the analysis of the study data while frequency tables, factor analysis, person correlation, one-way variance analysis and Turkey HSD were also used to put forth the relationships between the variables. As a result of the study, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the frequency of obligatory (fard) and optional (nafl) prayers and self-esteem score averages of the study group.

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NİĞDE HALK MÜZİĞİ KÜLTÜRÜNDE ALİ ERCAN VE MÜZİĞE KATKILARI

Author(s): Serenat Istanbullu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 21/2014

In this study, Ali Ercan, a living representative of Traditional Turkish folk music the composer of which is known ,has been analyzed in terms of his life, works , effects on the music and cultural heritage which is not tangible in Nigde, his contributions to folk music repertoire,his tendency to religious music, his hymns,his films based on religion and his perception of music which has changed lately. The changes in lyrics and form in Ali Ercan’s music, his heading towards sufism from traditional and ‘Asık’ style, his contributions to music and THM (Turkish folk music) culture through his works in both fields have been emphasized.This study in which the representatives of Nigde folk music who haven’t been subject to scientific publications much is also important in that it serves to make Ali Ercan, one of Nigde’s poets, and other local poets who were once his student known.

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KUTADGU BİLİG’İN ÜÇ BOYUTU VE TOPLUM SINIFLANDIRMASI

Author(s): Ali Çavuşoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 13/2012

One of the first literary books given knowledge about the structures of culture, ethic and thought is Kutadgu Bilig in Turkish Islamic literature. Most important features of the book is being constructed around a hero called Gündoğdu and being a systematic work both for internal and external features. It shows also cultural level that Turcs reached contextually and formally. Yusuf Has Hacib is one of the important men of the era in sociology, political sciences, ethics and religion as it had been understood in his work. He had seen himself responsible about society, state government and had given advise how a good administrator and administration must be. He prepared his work to lead the society as many men of letters and thinker had done. Taking place global values in the work and opinions and judgements overlap with the indications of modern sciences increase the importance of work in addition. Works, experimentals, observations, evidences being made beforehand has a contribution in the healthy progress in every field today. Especially on culture which never will be mentioned as old this contribution grows more. Kutadgu Bilig the headstone of Turkish Islamic culture stand in front of us a concrete example that culture never will be named as old and in every culture there are portions to be benefitted.

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KÖK TÜRKLERDE MÜZĠK

Author(s): Feyzan Göher Vural / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 11/2011

Ġslamiyet‟ten önce Orta Asya‟da kurulan en önemli Türk devletlerinden birisi, adında Türk kelimesinin geçtiği ilk siyasal örgütlenme olan Kök Türklerdir. Kök Türkler, sağlam bir devlet ve toplum yapısı kurmanın yanı sıra, sanatın çeĢitli dallarında ve müzikte de önemli geliĢmeler göstermiĢlerdir. Literatür taramasına dayalı betimsel nitelikli bu çalıĢmada, Kök Türklerin müzik hayatları üzerine bilgiler verilmiĢtir.

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SEYYIT AHMET ARVASI

Author(s): Gökhan Gökçek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 5/2010

Bir hareketin büyük mütefekkirlerinden Yüksek Türk yetisine, kurtuluşun tek yolu İslâm ahlâk ve fâziletini yerleştiren bir münevver. Kendi deyimiyle "İslâm imân ve ahlâkına göre yaşamayı en büyük saadet bilen, büyük Türk milletini iki cihanda aziz ve mesut görmek isteyen ve böylece İslâm'ı gaye edinen Türk milliyetçiliği şuuruna sahip" birisi. Seyyit Ahmet Arvasi... Türkiye'nin en yüksek noktası ünvanına sahip Ağrı Dağı'nın adını aldığı il olan Ağrı şehrinin, Doğubeyazıt ilçesinde; 15 Şubat 1932'de dünyaya gelir. Köyü, soy isimlerine ithafen “Arvas” adını taşır. Babası Anadolu'da ki büyük âlimlerden ve peygamber soyundan gelen Seyyit Abdulhâkim Arvasi'dir. -Abdulhâkim Arvasi, Üstat Necip Fazıl'ın İslâmlaşmasına ve fikriyatının oluşmasına vesile olarak bilinir.- Altı çocuklu bir ailenin ferdi olan Ahmet Arvasi, ilk ve ortaöğretimini Van-Doğubeyazıt- Erzurum arasında tamamlar. Liseye Erzurum Erkek Okulu'nda adım atar. Erciş Öğretmen Okulu'ndan mezun olur. 1952 yılında Konya'nın Doğanbeyli nahiyesinde öğretmenlik hayatına başlar.

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Antagonizam okcidentalnog određenja umjetnosti i karakterizacije modaliteta diskursa Qadar/Sinaʿata - treći dio

Author(s): Mehmed A. Akšamija / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 2/2024

The paper analyzes the relationship between Occidental-Westernized understanding of art and a possible status of art within an integrated discourse – al-thawābit al-islāmiyyah, as well as the aesthetic-metaphysical experience of the traditional Islamic systematization of knowledge – ṣināʿat al-ʿilm, and the action of making a visual form beautiful – ṣināʿat al-taṣwīr. Particular attention attention is attached to the concept of qadar/ṣināʿat, where it is possible to distinguish between homo islamicus’s ornamental activity of recognitive type and the cognitive productive-reflective representation of collaborative disposition. Due to the simultaneous existence of unity and difference within the aestheticized activity/ṣināʿat of recognitive type (ornamental form) – al-ṣināʿat al-zukhrufiyyah, the paper strives to show that the traditional systematization of knowledge provides the most complete expression to the aesthetic meaning of the unity-difference dialectic, which is in turn manifested in the qadar/ṣināʿat discourse under the umbrella of ṣināʿat al-taḥsīn – the issue of the modalities of discourse in the context of pictorial activity/ṣināʿat rather than fann al-taḥsīn. Still, a particular emphasis is placed on the parallel existence of a kind of informative initiation of applied form – al-ṣināʿat al-taṭbīqiyah aimed at achieving a distinctive content-related goal of aestheticized activity/ṣināʿat of homo islamicus, where he is not involved in imitation or figural representation with a special importance of the pure figural phantasm (miniature visual representation/books of Arabic and Persian manuscript). The paper also analyzes and substantiates meanings of the Arabic word al-fann, and raises the question as to why the word al-fann has been selected to refer to the phenomenon of art in modern Arabic, rather than the word al-ṣināʿah (skill, practical knowledge). To articulate the answer, the paper studies the words in Arabic lexicographic, non-lexical, i.e. semantic tradition, and substantiates and defines the reason for the established use of the word al-ṣināʿah within qadar/ṣināʿat, i.e. the science of the pictorial – ʿilm al-taṣāwīr.

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Refleksija o mileniju Maturidijske teologije (944-2024)

Author(s): Mustafa Cerić / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 2/2024

This paper is marking the more than one millennium since Imām Abū Manṣūr Māturīdī’s death anniversary by highlighting his pivotal role in shaping the main stream of Sunni orthodox theology. It seeks to draw attention to a significant revival of Māturīdism in terms of promoting a rational approach in Islamic theology while holding fast to authentic tradition. Although the geographical distance from Samarkand may keep us apart, al-Māturīdī’s emphasis on God’s wisdom draws us close (the main theme of the Muʿtazila is “God’s justice”, whereas for the Ashʿarites it is “God’s Will”). This is especially true nowadays as the rediscovery of his philosophical theology is becoming more and more a remedy to an apparent spread of literalism, extremism, exclusivism and obscurantism in religious thought. A few decades ago, religious scholars both in the Muslim world and the West complained about the scarcity and negligence of the study of al-Māturīdī’s theology despite the fact that he is considered to be one of the most important founders of Sunni orthodox theology. This state of affairs is changing now as many studies on al-Māturīdī’s theology are being conducted both in the Muslim world and the West.

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VRAŽIJI ILI BLAGOSLOVLJENI NAPITAK: Fetva o kahvi šejhul-islama Bostanzade Mehmed-ef.

Author(s): Dženan Hasić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 98/2024

Coffee consumption has been the focus of many Christian and Muslim theological debates regarding its permissibility in religious views. When it first appeared in the Ottoman state, coffee stirred differing reactions of ullama, since it was something new and not discussed in traditional sources of Islam. Numerous fatwas were issued on the subject, however, the lengthiest fatwa of this kind was the one issued by Bostanzade Mehmed effendi. It was written in rhyme (64 couplets or bayts). Mehmed effendi, who was also a poet and a translator of Al-Gazali’s Ihya, here argues that coffee is not haram giving evidence to its beneficent properties, proving that there is nothing in coffee that would suggest its harmful effect on human health or the need to prohibit its consumption.

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NURIJA-EF. DUHANDŽIĆ – OBNOVITELJ VJERSKOG ŽIVOTA U PROZORU

Author(s): Meho Manjgo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 99/2024

This article presents the life and work of Nurija-ef. Duhandžić (1927-1993), a student of Fojnica madrasa, imam and muallim who spent most of his working life in Prozor where he left a memorable trace in the field of development of teaching religion and revival of waqf property during the second half of the 20th century. The first part of the article offers a brief biography of Nurija-ef. Duhandžić. From his personal records, the author here gathered his activity in the Second World War and his imprisonment in Jasenovac concentration camp. Further he presents the contribution of Nurija efendi Duhandžić in his service as an imam, hateeb, and muallim in jamaats of Voljevac, Vrse and Prozor. However, most of his working time he spent in Prozor as main imam. In the last part of the article, the author presents a list of the published articles wherein Nurija efendi Duhandžić tried to record all the major events that took place in the community he lived in.

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IMOVINSKI STATUS ŽENE U ISLAMU U DJELIMA JOSEPHA F. SCHACHTA

Author(s): Amina SVRAKA / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 99/2024

Joseph F. Schacht was one of the most significant orientalists of the last century and a leading expert among the orientalists in the field of Sharia law. His works still are the basis for studying Sharia law in the West. His research includes analyses of the position of women in Islam in which regard his position reflects the opinion that in the pre-Islamic society, women had lesser rights and that Islam brought significant changes and improved their status. This article aims to analyse his understanding and interpretation of women’s property rights in Islam. The research focuses on two Schacht’s works: The Origin of Muhammedan Jurisprudence and An Introduction to Islamic Law. Schacht’s selection and interpretation of the Qur’anic ayahs regarding women’s property rights, his understanding of the woman’s right to a wedding gift, her right to financial support and her inheritance rights are also presented here.

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ULEMA VAREŠA U OSMANSKOM I AUSTROUGARSKOM PERIODU

Author(s): Elvir Duranović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 99/2024

This text presents ‘alims, imams and mu’allims of Vareš and its surroundings during the periods of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rules respectively. The Author for this purpose used published works as well as some unpublished sources. The first part of the article relates about the ulama from the medieval forts of Dubrovnik, near Ilijaš, and Bobovac. The second part thematizes ‘alims who worked as imams and mu’allims in Čaršijska džamija mosque in Vareš in the period between the ending of the 18th century until the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. The third part of the article presents those ‘alims who worked in Vareš mosque during the AustroHungarian rule, and the final part brings some data on some ‘alims who worked in the areas in the surroundings of Vareš until the First World War.

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TERAVIH-IMAMI NA PODRUČJU VAREŠA

Author(s): Azmir Muftić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 99/2024

For centuries, Islamic religious life in remote villages and suburbs which did not have permanent imams, was intensified during the month of Ramdan with the arrival of taraweeh-imams. Prior to opening of new maktabs, masajeed and mosques, taraweeh salah was offered in private houses, often in the home of the imam. Before or after the prayer, imams would deliver a lecture, teaching the locals in rural areas about the basic teachings of Islam. The author here presents taraweeh-imams from Vareš of the 20th century, using the available materials from the Archives of the Majlis of the Islamic Community in Vareš and interviews. Along with brief biographies of the imams, the author also elaborates on the circumstances and organisation of taraweeh salah before and after the Second World War, when the communist government held absolute control over the religious affairs of Bosniaks.

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RIJEČ (IZ) TIŠINE

Author(s): Almir Fatić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 99/2024

Review of: Kemal Ljevaković, Riječ (iz) tišine. Tešanj: Opća biblioteka, 2023.

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Tasavvuf Klasiklerinin Değer Eğitimi ile Münâsebeti: er-Riʿâye li-ḥuḳūḳillâh’taki Riya Çözümlemeleri

Author(s): Selahattin Gölbaşı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2024

This study examines the connection between Sufi classics and value education. Value education is an important element that completes academic success from preschool to secondary education. The concept of value is closely related to behavior, and effective value education develops one’s ability to distinguish right from wrong and serves as a reference for attitudes and behaviors. However, it is difficult for a value that has not been studied in depth to influence the decision-making process and behavior. Literature, sociology, anthropology, moral philosophy, and Sufi literature can be sources to gain a deep understanding of value. As a “Muslim wisdom”, Sufism has contributed to the realm of ethics and values, along with language, culture, art, and architecture, in a geography stretching from Turkistan to the Balkans. Reading Sufi works from this perspective can create an intersection between Sufi literature and value education. The study aims to demonstrate that such a connection is possible and functional. Qualitative research methods, literature review, and comparison were used in the study. The text is limited to the analyses of riyā (hypocrisy) in the work titled Al-riʿāyah li-ḥuqūq Allah wa’l-ḳiyām bihā by Al-ḥarith Al-muḥāsibī (d. 243/857), one of the earliest written sources of Sufism. By examining the relevant section, a part of the network of relationships between Sufi classics and value education was determined. It is shown that this relationship can provide a theoretical basis for implementing approaches such as direct teaching of value, valuedeveloping approach, value analysis, and character education. Additionally, it is claimed that Sufi classics can provide qualified support for the search for methods to be applied in values education based on the sample. Especially the framework drawn by the author with the concept of “taḫlīṣ” (purification) in the discussion of riyā has the potential to transform into a method for value education. The study recommends that value educators benefit from Sufi thought based on these reasons. In conclusion, looking at the analyses of riyā in Al-ḥarith Al-muḥāsibī’s work titled Al-riʿāyah li-ḥuqūq Allah wa’l-ḳiyām bihā, it is possible to say that Sufi classics offer wide opportunities for theoretical and practical solutions in both the planning and implementation stages of value education.

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Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat’ın Manzum İlmihal’indeki İman Bahsi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Hüseyin Şıra / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 4/2024

Literature has interacted with religion throughout history. This has sometimes been achieved by using religious arguments in literary texts and sometimes by explaining religious issues through literature. Religious themes also occupied a large place in the literature that developed with the Turks’ acceptance of Islam. Many religious literary genres such as tawhid, munacat, na’t, mawlid, hilya, qisas-i enbiya, and menaqibname have emerged based on Allah, the Prophet Muhammad, the Qur’ān and Sufism. Although the existence of independent works based on faith, worship and morality dates back to earlier times, it is known that verse texts written in the form of catechism date back to the 16th century. It has been seen that many poems have been written that deal with some of the subjects of Fiqh or Theology as well as basic religious information that needs to be known in general, such as 32 fard and 54 fard. In this study, the issues of faith in the Manzum İlmihal of Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat, who came to the fore as a general, statesman, linguist and playwright in a period when the innovation movements in the Ottoman Empire gained momentum in the second half of the 19th century, were discussed. The section of the poem, which consists of 22 chapters and 247 couplets in total, is the section where the first 114 couplets, which explain the condition of faith, are discussed together with the Introduction. It has been seen that this work, which does not aim to appeal to a wide audience, aims to enable students in primary schools to learn the principles of belief and worship of Islam in an easy and memorable way. As a matter of fact, it has been determined that this issue, which was mentioned at the beginning of the work, was realized by using simple and understandable language throughout the text. The issue of whether the style and style of this text can be used in today’s religious education activities has been discussed. In addition, a comparison is made with the relevant parts of Birgivî’s Vasiyetnâme, which was written before the text and is one of the most famous examples of its kind, and the similar and different aspects are generally emphasized.

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The Complex Roots of the Figures Modellate in Stucco inside the Khirbat al-Mafjar - Some Observations

Author(s): Siyana Georgieva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The paper refers to the decorative art made in stucco sculptures in the Umayyad palace at Khirbat al-Mafjar, a significant example of early Islamic cultural heritage in Palestine and worldwide. Khirbat al-Mafjar represents the Early Islamic architecture and decorative art as distinctive identity of Umayyad arts and architecture and as cultural interaction. For this reason, it is recommended to highlight the uniqueness of the representation of humans and animals in Umayyad decorative art as well as the identity of this art resulting from the synthesis of native Islamic elements and imported ones: Coptic, Roman and Sassanid.

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İSLAM HUKUKUNDA KADINLARIN ŞAHİTLİĞİ: TARİHSEL VE MODERN YAKLAŞIMLAR

Author(s): Feyzullah Feyyaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 65/2025

The issue of women's testimony in Islamic law continues to be a significant subject of debate, as it has been throughout history, due to differences in juridical interpretations (ijtihād). This study aims to elucidate the nature of the rulings concerning women's testimony in Islamic jurisprudence and to address prevalent misconceptions surrounding this topic. In this regard, it examines the legal foundations of women's testimony as established in the Qur’an and analyzes contemporary interpretations of its application. Misunderstandings regarding women's testimony often stem from an inadequate comprehension of the nature of Islamic law and its historical context. However, the Qur’an and Sunnah, which constitute the primary sources of Islamic legal discourse, explicitly address the issue of testimony, including that of women, by delineating shar‘ī (legal) principles governing this matter. Despite this, a common misconception persists that Islamic law universally assigns lesser weight to women's testimony compared to men's. In reality, Qur’anic injunctions and authentic hadiths adopt a nuanced and context-specific approach rather than a rigid, generalized principle. For instance, the requirement for two women to testify in certain financial transactions is frequently misinterpreted as a reflection of women's general reliability. However, this ruling must be understood within its specific socio-economic context and not as an inherent statement on the credibility of women. Contemporary Islamic jurists and legal scholars emphasize that the position of women's testimony in Islamic law has been shaped by historical and cultural factors rather than by any intrinsic legal inequality. Many scholars argue for a reassessment of classical fiqh interpretations to better align with modern legal perspectives while maintaining fidelity to Islamic legal principles. In summary, this study provides a jurisprudential and conceptual analysis of the rulings on women's testimony in Islamic law, offering a framework for a more precise understanding of its complexities. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of contextualizing shahāda (testimony) within its proper legal and historical framework to dispel misconceptions and foster a more accurate representation of Islamic legal doctrine.

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