Recenzia: Hrady na Slovensku: Život, kultúra, spoločnosť
The review of: DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Daniela a kol. STREDOVEKÉ HRADY NA SLOVENSKU: Život, kultúra, spoločnosť. Bratislava: VEDA, 2017, 512 s. ISBN 9788022416085.
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The review of: DVOŘÁKOVÁ, Daniela a kol. STREDOVEKÉ HRADY NA SLOVENSKU: Život, kultúra, spoločnosť. Bratislava: VEDA, 2017, 512 s. ISBN 9788022416085.
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Review of: «MONUMENTET» 1/1982 (23) dhe 2/1982 (24), Tiranë, 1982, përkatësisht 177 dhe 160 faqe. Botim i Institutit të Monumenteve. Review by: Ali Muka
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The aim of this study is to identify the cultural perception of the city walls during the period of the Roman Empire (1st – 5th century) in the Latin West regions. In the observed period, city fortifications had different specifics in comparison with other periods and regions in the east. The first two centuries were characterized by confident imperial politics within their own colonies and the barbaric world. Thanks to their enormous military power, the Roman emperors were able to ensure peace and stability in all the provinces, and therefore the construction and maintenance of city walls did not have much of a defensive function. A special element in the Latin West region was the sacred perception of the walls, which formed a pomerium. In the 3rd to 5th century the defensive function of the walls increased, but at the same time a lot of resources were invested in their decoration, especially in Gaul. In this study, the cultural perception of defensive architecture in the Latin West region of the Roman Empire will be evaluated on the basis of an analysis of historical, artistic and material sources. The research is based on the assumption that the defensive function of the city walls may not have been the most important or the only one in some cases, and a symbolic function can be clearly identified, which could have been given priority in some cases. According to the preserved literary, archeological and artistic sources, it is possible to organize the perception of the city walls in the observed period into thematic groups. These groups are named according to the symbolism that the city walls may have implied: sanctity, beauty, monumentality, walls as a synonym of a city.
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The arrival of mendicant orders into the environment of medieval towns is a complex issue compounded by a lack of relevant written sources in the Kingdom of Hungary. Solving hypotheses is therefore challenging. What cities did the mendicants choose? What was important when choosing the location for a new monastery? However, even fragments of information can be of use when solving some problems related to the establishment of mendicant monasteries. Both the direct and the comparative method will be used to look into the issue of choosing locations for the monasteries. The goal will be to attempt to clarify the strategy and ways of introducing mendicant orders into the environment of the medieval towns of the Kingdom of Hungary, with special focus on the territory of contemporary Slovakia, using all available sources. In the Middle Ages, the territory of contemporary Slovakia hosted five Dominican, about seventeen Franciscan, four Augustinian and two Carmelite monasteries. Franciscan dominance is clearly visible. They also established two convents (The Order of Saint Clare) in Trnava and Bratislava. Was this predominance coincidental or did it reflect the situation in all of the Kingdom of Hungary? A mendicant order with a certain peculiarity was the Augustinians, who were originally formed by merging hermit orders, which probably manifested itself in the establishment of the monastery in Veľký Šariš, where the original order of Williamites settled after 1256. It is also illustrated by the location of the monastery in Sátoraljaújhely. A point of interest is also the issue of mendicant monasteries in village environments, such as Hrabkov or Slovenská Ľupča. The strategy of mendicants penetrating into already established cities was a relatively complicated issue. In commercial and mining towns, pastoral activity played an important role, disrupting the usual culture with the dominant position of the town priest. But there were also attempts at civic activity, for example being involved in city hospitals.
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As archaeological researches increase about Early Medieval burial sites around Altai and Tengri (t’ien shan) mountains, our information about early Turkic tribes becomes more reliable. One of the cases that will help to enhance our understanding is the burial mounds found recently in Mongolia, named as Shoroon Dov and Ulaan Khermiin Shoroon Bumbagar. Kurgans were excavated by joint archaeological teams in 2009 and 2011. They are close in proximity on both site of the river Tola. Also the artifacts of kurgans constitute an important source for the history of Tola valley around 630 CE. even for Orhon Uighur Khaganate (Ötüken/Great Uyghur Khaganate) established after 744 CE. It must be admitted that every archaeologist studying the objects of the Gök Türks 1 has a cherished dream to find the grave of one of the great steppe rulers. Sometimes this seemingly innocent vanity prevents the archaeologist from truly interpreting the archaeological artifacts. Thus, after the discovery of the Ulaan Khermiin Shoroon Bumbagar kurgan, some archaeologists claimed the idea that it should belong to one of the rulers of the Gök Türks. In this article, based on the archaeological materials of this kurgans and comparing it with the artifacts of other burials dated to the same period, we try clarify to whom and the which civilization these burials might have belonged to.
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In ancient civilizations, it was considered that the deities reside on the thrones under the ciborium. The flourish of art activities, inspired with the recognition of Christianity by emperor Constantine in the 4th century, was not devoid of antique heritage and influence. In the light of this, the place of Christian ciborium can be found. In this paper, author briefly discusses the origin, the history and the place of ciborium in church architecture.
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In this paper I’m trying to emphasize the crucial significance of Liturgy in church architecture. The inner area of the church should, in the first place, respond to the liturgical needs for which it was designed. By general overview of the development of church architecture, given in the introductory section, it is easy to come to a conclusion that in the history Liturgy had crucial impact on the inner architecture of the church. The overall objective of this paper is to underline the necessity that, even today, when new churches are being designed, one should always start from Liturgy and its needs. That is the way that leaves no room from mistakes.
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This paper presents the post-disaster reconstruction of the Tōhoku region. Although Japan has always been one of the most prepared countries because of its long history with natural disasters, the 2011 Great East Japanese Earthquake and tsunami might be one of the most significant disasters recorded in the country’s modern history. This unprecedented disaster that has shaken Japan is a decisive turning point for the entire society as well as for architects and urban planners. Almost ten years later, reconstruction work is still ongoing. This paper introduces specifically Japanese architects’ involvement during the three phases of recovery: emergency shelter, temporary accommodation and permanent housing. After the first stage of perplexity and doubt, architects gradually stepped up and started initiatives to resolve the disaster victims’ precarious situation. This article outlines some of the architects’ actions through the three phases of recovery since the 3.11 disaster. Each of these temporalities has its issues and challenges which the urban planners, architects and designers tried to solve using their know-how to help rebuild devastated communities.
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Monasteries of the Roman Catholic order of the Carmelites were well-represented in the historic cities of Volhynia (e.g. Berdychiv, Dubno, Vyshnivets, Kisilin, Lutsk, etc.). One of them was built in the Mali Dorohostai village, which currently is a part of the Mlyniv district in Rivne Oblast of Ukraine. This monastery, built in the mid-18th century, was closed in the 1830s, and then adapted by the Russian Tsar for the use of Orthodox Church. During the first World War, it was completely destroyed. The architecture of this monastery is almost forgotten in modern historiography. The recently discovered archival drawings from the first half of the 19th century give a good idea of the stylistic and structural characteristics of the no longer existing monastery.
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Turkish towers, no matter how poorly they have been preserved, are part of our culture, heritage and history, a part of our reality. Their poor preservation is a consequence of negligence, which still goes back to the days of the liberation from the Turkish – Ottoman rule, as part of the national and political indifference over more than 160 years of government and rooted hostility. From the developed mediaeval Croatian regions the Turkish wars brought life to the edge of existence and left a wasted land. These 160 and more years of Ottoman rule and the fears of their protagonists are also testified to by the numerous towers of various aghas and beys of Croatian and Slavic names (!). However, these towers should have been protection for them from the surrounding Muslim population: it seems that at the end of the 17th century it did not help them. These towers also bear witness to how little the Ottoman government cared about this, for them, a remote part of a Sanjak in the Empire. And so Lika developed its own customs and varieties in construction, which were a combination of provincial, local architecture and the same such of the Turks. It was somewhat different from the previous, mediaeval Croatian, but also from those in the mainstream, in neighbouring Bosnia, and even further from those more important, closer to Istanbul. It could be said that the Turkish towers are actually a type of specific rural architecture of these regions – Lika and Krbava.After the liberation of these regions, there followed a gap in construction and design because the previous variant of architecture was abandoned, and the search for new ways was felt, and even a movement towards Croatian mediaeval architecture upon the building of new and the renovation of old sacral structures. Unfortunately, Lika and Krbava were not important for the new authorities in Vienna and Graz, besides militarily. Only a series of new structures and fortifications for the defence of the new borders between the two empires remained. The old, Turkish towers are forgotten…
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This attempt to enter into the history of the Turkish time in Lika and Krbava, is really just the start of an investigation of many questions; political and social conditions, economic and religious circumstances, in a time span longer than one and a half centuries. We have tried to enter into these questions exploring the building testimonies of the time, thanks mostly to the knowledge from our historical studies so far, the secular and ecclesiastical architecture in the areas of the mediaeval parish of Krbava and Lika. This work really is just an attempt, and the results say just enough, that the historical period of Turkish rule in Lika and Krbava must not be neglected. Only a better understanding of this historical period could better explain many later events as well as the current condition, and the state of the architectural heritage and the current way of life. There are many difficulties to reach the desired investigatory results. Firstly the ignorance and difficult access of the Turkish archival historical sources, and then the insignificant remains of material remnants of Lika’s and Krbava’s historical heritage. Also drawing attention to this neglected heritage are also the numerous forts and churches of Lika, and the many topographic names which speak of their historical source and origin. The research into the very toponomastics of these regions has already pointed us to many unknown historical facts. Lika and Krbava still await the further investigations of their histories and historical, monumental values, by historians and archaeologists, demographers and sociologists. Many questions from these areas are still not yet satisfactory clear and it is still necessary for them to be answered.
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In addition to its geographical location, the city of Ankara has the desire to be the model city of the new country. For this purpose, museum, concert, theater and exhibition halls are planned and opened. Today in Ankara, there are museums exhibiting ethnography, archeology, painting and sculpture art before and after the republic. While art is being exhibited in Ankara yesterday and today, it is not possible to exhibit it for tomorrow. Contemporary art has a limited place in the rotating exhibitions of private museums and exhibition halls. For this reason, Ankara needs a contemporary art museum where the fixed collection will be exhibited, just like other major brand cities in the world. On the other hand, transforming the Anafartalar Bazaar, which has an uncertain future, artistic, architectural and memorable value, into a museum can meet this need. The gains of such a museum will be huge.
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Culture which is the whole of material and spiritual values adopted by a community in the historical process consists of various social identities. Architecture showing the most characteristic features of cultural identity in a residential area has the houses that take the daily life. Throughout history, as long as the cultures change, they undergone a change in form and function with residential spaces and ensure their continuity with community, social, economic and technological developments. It is aimed to examine the effect of the cultural change / continuity of the cultural change / continuity of the spatial and structural change processes in the houses where non-Muslims living in Sille settlement of Konya province were subjected to the population exchange and the Muslim people who settled in the vacant houses after the exchange. For this reason, spatial and structural change processes have been revealed by examining the physical and functional change graphs of ten rows of houses located on Hacı Ali Ağa Street, which is an important residential settlement in Sille.
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There is a transitive relationship between many of the production methods of architecture and graphic design. In architecture, the outcomes obtained in the creative process leading to the construction of a building may sometimes turn into a graphical means of expression. Graphic design, on the other hand, is also a means of communication used in architecture. Representation methods, thinking and application tools of especially graphic design and architecture fields are the medium of expression that they started to have after the Industrial Revolution and continue today. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the common expression tools used by architects and graphic designers, who have similar responsibilities especially in terms of the visualization of ideas, and to provide a source for interdisciplinary design by supporting these common visual expression tools with examples.
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In contrast to the visual arts with their individual authorship, we often know little about the creators of buildings, which is not surprising in the case of an art that serves society such as architecture. The present lexicon was originally intended as an appendix to the documentation published by Gerhild Rudolf and Hermann Fabini on the thought and work of the architect Fritz Balthes and is now available in an expanded form as a separate representation. It includes a selection of 40 architects, master builders and construction companies who worked in Transylvania in the German environment or at least have their roots here. After originally only protagonists of the “Art Nouveau generation” were intended, but it soon became apparent that this limitation did not adequately reflect the architectural reality due to the style pluralism at the time, the time stamp “around 1900” was extended to the previous and subsequent style epochs and movements (historicism with its neo-styles and subsequent currents such as reform and homeland security architecture, new building, etc.). The compilation of the information is based on extensive research in contemporary press and specialist publications, address books and private correspondence. In addition to biographical data, professional activity and further literature, each entry also contains works by the respective architects. In addition to the historical addresses, the current addresses of the locations (place and street names) are also given. The "house search" led, partly with Google StreetView, to some rediscovery, such as the mansions of Dr. Carl Wolff or Erika Paulas-Schuller, the “first female architect in Hungary”; even an almost forgotten synagogue was there (see Ernst Stenzel). Incorrect information in the existing literature was checked and corrected (even in the case of well-known buildings, incorrect dates are often given, for example in Albert Schuller's National Bank building in Kronstadt, which was not built in 1906-1908, but as early as 1905-1906.
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Archaeological research at the Dămăroaia-Pod site from 2019 revealed new archaeological features as a waste pit from the La Téne period, IVth-IIIrd centuries B.C. and two rectangular-shaped dwellings from the VI-VIIth centuries A.D. respectively. Both dwellings had an oven located in the northeast corner of the house, typical for this period. The filling in ovens consists of potsherds and clay-baked rolls which were probably used for long-term storage of heat inside the house.
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Flat Roofs [Dam], an element of traditional architecture, are used in regions such as the Mediterranean, Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, as a functional space that responds to needs in the especially summer when houses are inadequate. Today, the use of the flat roof of the house has become an intermediate phase and interface in the transition from the garden houses to the apartments in city life. The purpose of this study is to reveal and record the history of the flat roof culture in Kilis region, how it was used according to the season and the gender roles in the society, to interpret the present state, and to reflect on the needs and ways of meeting them by revealing some functional features. Research; It consists of five stages: data collection, observation, analysis, evaluation and result from the field. The field has been observed at various intervals from 2018-2019. Ninety people were interviewed, the location and functions of the flat roof before the people of Kilis were analyzed according to functional theory using concrete examples. People need places to maintain certain basic needs. They organize these spaces in the most functional way. In the folk culture of Kilis, drips are an element of traditional architecture that meets the needs such as food preparation, drying, stocking, cleaning, sitting, sleeping, having fun, children's playground, caring for animals and growing plants. In terms of gender roles, it provided the opportunity for women to be outside without leaving the private area, to do imam-style jobs, to socialize and contribute to the home economy, to do seasonal jobs more comfortably. Today, rapidly growing cities, high-rise apartments and the change of needs eliminate this cultural phenomenon.
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Review of: Beste Çırak - Tschumi’de Olay, Mimaride Kopma, Sinemada Benlik
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The location of the school building, having adequate learning and resting areas, its lightness, acoustic features, ventilation, spaciousness and so on., such features must be suitable for the conditions of the day. Also, School-specific, healthy and aesthetic building features are needed. In this study, "teacher perceptions according to some characteristics of teachers and their schools” on the adequacy of school buildings” were examined. In the research, quantitative research method was used and the sample of the study was chosen through stratified and random sampling. “Quality School Building Scale” was used as data collection tool and 225 valid scales were obtained from teachers. In data analysis, t and f tests were used together with basic statistics. According to the results of the study, the teachers are perceived more positive in terms of old-style schools total scale, general characteristics of the school and acoustics. According to the school level, primary schools than middle schools and middle schools than high schools were perceived more positively by teachers. While male teachers evaluated the light quality more positively according to gender, there was no difference between the perceptions of teachers according to age.
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