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Wartości jako przedmiot ochrony policji budowlanej

Author(s): Sławomir Zwolak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

This paper concerns the protection of fundamental values such as security, as well as public, architectural, and spatial order. These values can already be seen through the prism of restrictions on freedom of the construction. The protection of these values is particularly valuable for society and is one of the characteristics attributed to the construction police. Important role in this area is entrusted to the construction police, an institution associated with identifying and preventing threats affecting the overall safety and order in the construction industry.

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Cтроительная плита 1454 года из Белгородской крепости и герб пана Станчула

Author(s): Lilia V. Dergaciova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2016

This article discusses V. P. Kirilko’s thesis that the epigraphic plate of 1454 found in the Belgorod fortress reproduces a coat of arms of the Moldovan ruler Alexander II.Our investigations tell that this plate shows Pan Stancuil’s coat of arms, who was an important statesman from 1432—1479. His personal emblem, engraved on a heraldic shield, can be identified as a schematic or geometric symbol in the shape of a tamga composed of two elements, a “Λ” on the top and a “Δ” on the bottom. The same symbol can be found on a sigillum of Pan Stanciul dated by 1436 and on some subtypes of Moldovan coins of the “cross with bars of equal length” type. These symbols seem to be motivated by the Tartars’s influence on the Carpathian Dniester region in the period predating formation of the Moldovan state.Pan Stanciul paid, probably from his private funds, the mounting of the commemorative plate of 1454 (and 1452), as well as the construction of the two towers the plates were mounted on.

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Аккерманская крепость в контексте франко-османско-русских международных отношений в 1790-х гг.

Author(s): Andrew V. Krasnozhon,Aleksei A. Dragomiretskiy / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2015

This article introduces and analyzes a French document called “Mémoire sur la fortresse d’Akermann remis au Directoire en Nivose de l’an 6” (“Report about the fortress of Akkerman submitted to the Directory in Nivose month, 6”). The author of the report is not mentioned, but the date of the French revolutionary calendar in the title dates it to 1797/1798. The study has shown that the document was created in the spring of 1794 by the French engineer at the Ottoman service, Fr. Kauffer. It was a basic analytical report on the defense issues of the Akkerman fortress on the Dniester and perspectives of its modernization, meant for the government of the Ottoman Empire. The project proposed by the engineer was partially implemented by the Ottoman administration in the period from 1797 to 1806 (probably closer to the later date). The Turks were in no hurry to implement full-scale defensive work in the fortresses on the right bank of the Dniester, preferring the Danubian Chilia and Ismail. Aggravation of the political situation in the Black Sea region at the turn of 1797/1798 years, due to the coalition wars, aroused the interest of the French Directory to this faraway object as was the Akkerman fortress, a frontier outpost of the Turks on the Lower Dniester.

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Iconology, visual culture and media aesthetics

Author(s): William J. Thomas Mitchell / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2017

The article contains fragments of three chapters form the book Image Science. Iconology, Visual Culture and Media Aesthetics (Chicago 2015), titled The are no Visual Media, Back to the Drawing Board and Foundational Sites and Occupied Spaces. W.J.T. Mitchell created in his previous works the key concepts which imply an approach to images as true objects of investigation – an “image science”. Author, continuing with his influential line of thoughts, amplifies interdisciplinary studies of visual media. The chapters also delve into such topics as connections between new media and architecture or the occupation of space in contemporary popular uprisings. Image science is a call for a method of studying images that overcomes the “two-culture split” between the natural and human sciences.

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ГЕНЕЗИС УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ ХРИСТИЯНСЬКОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРИ

Author(s): Polina Herchanivsʹka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2013

The article is dedicated to the problem of the genesis of the wooden temple architecture. The consideration is focused on the study nature of this phenomenon and the specific of its development.

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Архітектура Львова в мистецькому сегменті культурної політики Австро-Угорщини: кінець XIX - початок XX століття

Author(s): Artem Barandiy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2016

The purpose of the work is to study the cultural policy of Austria-Hungary in the artistic segment through the example of architecture of Lviv of late XIX – early XX century. The methodology consists in applying scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, and specific cultural axiological and comparative methods, namely the knowledge of values of a certain cultural community and its connection with the subject reality and study of changes in the culture as a result of cross-cultural contacts. Scientific novelty of the work is the use of systematic approach for the selection of criteria of cultural policy evaluation. As a criterion we suggested an efficiency of cultural policies. The criterion of efficiency of cultural policy in arts is: 1) the availability of art works and 2) the possibility of active creative work. Conclusions. Cultural policy of official Vienna in the artistic segment – architecture through state and public institutions such as the architectural department of the Lviv Polytechnic, ministries and private firms, exhibitions, and publications – promoted cultural exchange, dissemination of new knowledge and technologies that formed the social conditions for important social transformations. Lviv developed in line with the Europe, enriched thanks to the mobility in Austria-Hungary and on this basis has created its own unique architectural environment.

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"Пластика" та "пластичність" як мистецтвознавчі категорії

Author(s): Rada Mykhailova / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 28/2015

Identification of the content of certain terms and concepts as раrt of categorical apparatus, is one of the important tasks of science. The basic terms of art history is "plastic" and "plasticity" related graphic, decorative, design, architectural, stage entertainment perspective. Disclosure of the nature of their content, the analysis of a specific interpretation of professional, scientific and general educational level show that both terms are widely used in different areas of artistic practice, but most of the wording of the explanation is schematic and superficial. The current level of science to clarify and deepen this scientific definition. The term "plastic" often associated with the visual arts, which include spatial, visual (apparent), based on the fact that their works are substantive in nature, there are material by treating the material and are thought to exist in space. Traditionally, visual arts include painting, sculpture, graphics that make up the complex visual arts, architecture and applied art that reflect the real world materialized in specific forms of artistic activity – utilitarian three-dimensional objects endowed with artistic features. The spatial forms of plastic volumes and lines are essential, as this quality is their basis is the fundamental difference from other art forms such as music, literature, theater, cinema, whose works were perceived by ear, "expanding" in time are synthesized with a variety of visual representations. However, plasticity is an important component of synthetic, entertainment arts – screen and stage, including ballet-dance. The main quality of plasticity is the ability to deform under mechanical stress. In visual and spatial arts – a specific processing of materials in different ways is to achieve spatial configurations, identify their sculpture and paintings, material and texture, imagery and stylistic properties of structuring work and so on.

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Жанрово-тематичний спектр живопису Василя Забашти

Author(s): Yaroslav Loginskiy / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 32/2017

The aim of the research is the classification and analysis of the work of one of the most influential Ukrainian artists and teachers of the second half of the XX - early XXI century Zabashta (1918 - 2016). Methodology. The research methodology is presented as a general scientific methods, art analysis, classification, summarization investigated problem. Basics constitute fundamental provisions typology of genre and subject, specific organizational structure, and typology of the image stylistic manners.

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Творча діяльність Миколи Самокиша в контексті культурно-мистецького життя Полтавщини та Харківщини кінця XIX - початку XX ст

Author(s): Olga Olegivna Petrenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 32/2017

The purpose of article is to understand the creative activity of Mykola Samokish in the light of socio-cultural interactions of the period of the national Ukrainian renaissance, determination of the artist's personal contribution to the development of the national style in art, as an outstanding phenomenon of Ukrainian artistic culture at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Methodology. The methodological basis o f the research is the general scientific principles on which the modern analysis of cultural-artistic heritage is based. Applied theoretical, cultural studies, analytical, art studies, comparative methods for achieving the stated purpose of the study. style and to position him as an adept at the idea of "national romanticism” in art.

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Твори монументально-декоративного мистецтва в дизайні інтер’єрів готелів Києва (до проблеми збереження мистецьких пам’яток 1960-х - 1980-х рр)

Author(s): Olena Smolyar / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 32/2017

The study reveals the status and the presence surviving works of monumental and decorative art in the hotels of Kyiv established in period 1960-1980 years.

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Соціокультурні аспекти архітектурних трансформацій житлового середовища

Author(s): Kateryna Maistrenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 34/2015

The article is devoted to the modern directions of cultural and sociological researches in Architecture for designing the individual housing. The relevance of the topic determined the growing influence of social structure of the population to criteria forming of comfortable living environment and architectural transformation, and which the author examines depending on lifestyle social groups in Urbanism. Highly important questions of sociological research for forming social order while projecting objects of architecture and architectural environment in general are raised nowadays. Scientific novelty of the research is to show the appropriate influence of urbanism and social structure of population on forming architectural environment and elaboration of methodological base for projecting modern residential space. The significant impact of socio-cultural and functional factors in-process of architectural design taking into current approaches in Post-modern architecture are indicated. Analyzing methodology of sociological research in architecture, it is necessary to take into consideration interaction of three correlated disciplines: Architecture, Sociology and History of culture. Sociology and history of culture are characterized by organic unity. As founders of sociology stated, the unity of history and sociology is in concrete historical facts without those it is impossible to realize the process of the development of the objects of sociological research. For defining architectural tasks, it is necessary to use theoretical level of sociological research that gives the opportunity to examine wide spectrum of social-architectural problems and direct project search for its strategic solution. Results of sociological method implementation are realization of socio-cultural matter of architectural object. One of the most important components in sociological approach is social function. From the point of view of sociology, social function exists in the base of social interpretation process. In architecture, social function is basic for architectural object defining its social matter and definite conditions of existence. Main social functions influencing architecture are protective, limited, regulative, socio-communicative, aesthetic, educational-training, ideological, outlook. Social functions of architecture are correlated closely and cover all spectrums of person feelings and outlooks. Analysis of social functions favors realization of interaction between architecture and person (society) on different communicative levels. Definition of social functions during sociological analysis gives the opportunity to concretize the role of architectural object in definite society during definite period. Dynamic internal social changes were typical straightly to the architecture itself (form building of architectural objects). Changes in traditional forms of architectural objects are influenced by changes in social structure of population (due to the economic development of society). New forms of architectural objects depend on economic and political dynamics of society progress and its social status. This classification of social structure gives more possibilities for analysis of definite social demands (standards, needs) and their influences on any architectural object according to its functional destination. For providing social research of architecture, it is necessary to underline great influence of socio-cultural environment. The use of social certification in the study of the above-mentioned questions gives realization what society does the architectural object under analysis belong to. Next classification of society divides it to micro- and macrosociology: from small groups of people to society as a whole. Macro-sociological analysis includes problems of significant social changes. Image and form of architectural objects are changed under the influence of socio-cultural factors during definite period. For providing research of social influence on architecture with the help of micro-sociological analysis, we need to consider the influence of cultural and religious factors. Micro-sociological analysis studies the problem of individual, problems of social interaction inside small groups of people and separate individuals. Under the given analysis, in the history of architecture questions of interaction between architect, customer and participants in the constructing process and their influence on the result of architectural decision of the object are examined. While providing sociological research processes of macro-sociology and micro-sociology interact and flow from one to another. Sociological research in architecture gives the opportunity to consider questions about peculiarities of formation definite architectural object and its character in definite social environment. Provided analysis allows making the following conclusion: 1) sociology of architecture is objective necessity, important condition of projecting architectural environment in the process of socio-cultural dynamics and technological development of society; 2) the use of sociological research in architecture allows understanding architectural environment of past and modern time and define perspective directions of the development through the realization of principles of interaction of person consciousness and architectural environment. This gives the opportunity to use previous experience for designing new strategic approaches in the process of architectural projecting the environment that will be in conformity of new social standards of «the society of future»

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Comparing nonlinear regression analysis and artificial neural networks to predict geotechnical parameters from standard penetration test

Author(s): Mohammed Amin Benbouras,Ratiba Mitiche Kettab,Hamma Zedira,Fatiha Debiche,Narimane Zaidi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

At the beginning the twenty-first century, a lot of high-level methods have become ‎available in geotechnical engineering in order to deal with the complexity and ‎heterogeneity encountered in soil, Statistical modeling (i.e. regression analysis method) ‎was used to estimate the relationships among two or more variables, however in the early ‎nineties an application of a new system emerged which gave excellent results in solving a ‎lot of problems by learning from the available data so-called ”artificial neural network”.‎ The aim of this study is to apply both methods, nonlinear regression analysis and ‎artificial neural networks in order to predict geotechnical parameters from standard ‎penetration test in all soil’s types; Comparison of the results using correlation’s ‎coefficient (R) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is done between both methods; ‎About 400 samples, over 65 boreholes in the Algiers area have been collected and were ‎used in this study, The results show the superiority of ANN‎ method in predicting data ‎that seems closer to experimental values compared to NRA method.

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Mistrz i uczeń. Średniowieczny przeżytek czy nowoczesny układ kształtowania twórczych rozwiązań dla gospodarki

Author(s): Lidia Kazimierczak,Anna Gaszewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2012

„Mistrz i uczeń. Średniowieczny przeżytek czy nowoczesny układ kształtowania twórczych rozwiązań dla gospodarki."- praca pokazująca jak ważną rolę pełni relacja mistrz-uczeń w poszukiwaniu innowacyjności na podstawie badań z zakresu zagadnień architektonicznych. Artykuł zawiera analizę porównawczą architektów i ich dzieł bazujących na wiedzy minionych czasów i wprowadzających nowoczesne rozwiązania architektoniczne oraz innowacje w budownictwie. W pełni akceptowana i ceniona jest kontynuacja kierunków przy odpowiednio dobranych współczesnych środkach przekazu. Właściwe wykorzystanie wiedzy i doświadczenia jest podstawą do innowacyjnego kreowania w architekturze. „ Lepiej kopiować, niż tworzyć coś podobnego do niczego" (Stanisław Fisher). Nowoczesne technologie w budownictwie wynikają z pomysłów architektów i są motorem rozwoju przestrzeni. Kreowanie dobrej jakościowo przestrzeni wiąże się z czerpaniem inspiracji, a przede wszystkim doświadczeń z epok poprzednich. Mimo współczesnego odrzucenia rangi instytucji mistrza (w wymiarze jaki znamy z czasów starożytnych), architektura pozostaje dziedziną, gdzie kult mentorów jest obecny i mimo rozwoju technologii znajdujemy tu wiele formalnych odwołań do epok przeszłych. Dzieło architektoniczne ściśle związane jest z człowiekiem. To wokół niego organizowane jest życie i ono wyznacza ramy przestrzenne funkcjonowania ludzi. Związek ten nie pozwala na rozpatrywanie architektury w oderwaniu od jej wielowątkowości. Praca pokazuje rolę edukacji we współczesnym świecie, jako podstawę do poszukiwań innowacyjności. Nauka nadal opiera się na relacji mistrz - uczeń, której bazą jest przekaz ustny wspomagany pomocami naukowymi. Poruszane pojęcia "mentoringu" oraz "tutoringu" jako form nauczania oraz nowatorskiego wykorzystania wiedzy będącej bazą dla rozwoju biznesu, pomagają udowodnić, że mimo współczesnego odrzucenia i pomniejszenia rangi instytucji mistrza, architektura pozostaje tym miejscem, gdzie kult mentorów jest nadal obecny i mimo postępu technologii, do którego dążymy, ciągle widoczne są formalne odwołania do epok minionych. Oba te pojęcia zakładają długoterminową współpracę pomiędzy uczniem a nauczycielem.

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Persian Enclosed Garden: Recognition & Recreation of the Persian Garden

Author(s): Bahareh Bathaei / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

In these days of worldwide political stress, most of us crave moments of peace and security, a chance to mediate and smell the air, or quite literally experience the scent of flowers. We can find this peace in an enclosed garden. The main goal of this research is to find a solution to have more balance between natural and artificial environment in order to achieve a higher level of mental health standards in 21st century urban life style. In this way, this research tries to rethink the Persian garden as one of the ancient paradigms which has regenerated itself through the history frequently. This study shows that the “environmental DETACH in Persian garden can lead us to spiritual ATTACH” . The word for “paradise” derives from the Persian word “Pardis” for a garden and usually has the same meaning in every culture and language. In these gardens, many things are designed just to stimulate our five senses simultaneously. This attraction of all senses, according to environmental psychology research, makes a concentration place in Persian gardens. In order to rethinking Persian garden, this research tries to recognize it in the Iranian traditional arts such as carpet, miniature, literature and so on.

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Metamorfoza spaţiului urban în spaţiu teatral

Author(s): Silvia Ionescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2017

Architecture of the theatrical spaces has continuously evolved adapting to the requirements of contemporary society. Conceptual and spatial dynamics has influenced the theatrical space viewed as a symbiosis between architecture and show. The transition towards alternative spaces, unconventional coming as an alternative to classical halls offers a exiting space thath we can see , hear , offering a sensory significance. Perception of the constructive elements is eclipsed, by the atmosphere, sensation and perception of the show. Theater as a living organism, it cannot be stopped and canonized, he always needs new life, being in acontinuous transformation process . The last two centuries brings ideological changes, the conventional scenic space is challenged , experimental theater appears as a manifesto against the rigor of the naturalistic scenes, changing the traditional conventions of spatiality. The theatrical environment migrates to alternative spaces. Desacrilization of the theater and bringing the audience in different urban non-theatrical spaces offers the experimental theater creators, different perceptions, making them dream up new forms of expression. In this context i propose the analysis of alternative theater spaces in the city of Bucharest to highlight how the theater is adapting to current social context.

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Descoperiri recente în opera arhitectului George Matei Cantacuzino

Author(s): Andreea Vasilca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2017

Architect George Matei Cantacuzino has been evoked in many writings as the only theoretician of Romanian architecture, distinguished personality of modern Romanian architecture and interwar society, with deep implications over all domains of architecture (architecture, restoration, urban planning, landscape, architecture theory and criticism), in the Romanian school of architecture (teaching and lecturing on architecture and culture), in the literature (creating the architectural essay), in painting (exhibitions and chronicles in the Royal Foundations Review, the Romanian Historical Review, magazines or newspapers). A close study of his life and work revealed official documents that either invalidate an important part of the published information, or uncover works unknown or not been presented at their real value, reason for which it is necessary to make some clarifications and considerations regarding the writings published so far to present, with application to two of his projects, insufficiently known, and thus interpretable: The Aircraft Factory of Romanian Aeronautic Industry (Brasov) and its block of flats for employees, and St. Basil Church in Domnu Tudor village, Dolj County (the research brings novelty in the Byzantine cult space solution). The purpose of the article is to evoke this personality in the light of historical truth and respect his memory.

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DEITIES IN TRAJAN’S AND MARCUS AURELIUS’ COLUMN

Author(s): Péter Kovács / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

In his paper the author deals with the deities depicted on Trajan’s and Marcus Aurelius’ Column with a special regard to the cult of Danuvius/Danube and the winged and bearded god of the rain miracle. The cult of Danuvius is rarely attested epigraphically (and not before the 2nd century AD) and it must be connected to Trajan’s campaign against the Dacians. The rain god is iconographically unique but a figure of a river god among the Dionysiac relief panels of the theatre in Perge dated to Marcus Aurelius’ reign can be its first parallel.

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ROMAN BUILDING TECHNIQUES OBSERVED IN THE MUNICIPIUM OF BRIGETIO

Author(s): Linda Dobosi,László Borhy / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

The research excavations in Brigetio at Komárom/Szőny–Vásártér between 1992–2014 unearthed a part of the civil town (municipium) with domestic buildings and workshops with several construction phases from the end of the 1st century AD to the second half of the 3rd century AD. Best preserved are the ruins from the Severan era which offer us an insight into the building techniques of the age: adobe walls with stone foundations, mortar floors, hypocaust heating systems, ceilings and vaulted ceilings, roofs covered with ceramic roof tiles, stair cases, door and window openings and wells.

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Newly Discovered Anabaptist Settlement at Čermákovice (Alinkov Farmstead, Municipality of Horní Kounice, Znojmo District)

Author(s): Jírí Pajer / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

Anabaptist settlements formed a specific enclave in the area of western Moravia, named “Horní dvory” in chronicles. They include Trstěnice (Stiegnitz), Tavíkovice (Teikovitz), Višňové (Wischenau), Skalice (Skalitz) and Čermákovice (Schermankowitz). According to written reports and archaeological finds, a settlement at Čermákovice, situated on the territory of the municipality of Horní Kounice, was in 2014 identified with Alinkov farmstead. The closed rectangular courtyard forms a unique preserved complex, comprising a main residential building, an adjacent residential building with a mill, and a row of farm buildings. In the main residential building, interior spaces were identified which served the needs of the Anabaptist community at Čermákovice as a whole.

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Особливості композиції та семантика "Виду купола в цейхгаузі в Замку" Хотинської фортеці

Author(s): Vitalina Kalinichenko / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2013

Khotyn fortress is an outstanding historical and architectural monument of Ukraine 13th–19th centuries. There were cultural and art influences from many countries in this fortress. Therefore, it is unique and has some scientific interest for detection these influences in particular objects. Among wide range of information about the Khotyn fortress, which is included into scientific use, there are mostly historical and archeological researches, aimed at learning historical environment of Khotyn territory and respective changes of architectural forms of Khotyn fortress as well as search of the artifacts. In this article the image on the ceiling of the Khotyn castle armoury is being researched; its drawing was made by Russian military engineering services in 1823 during repair works. The pictures of these drawings, in particular of the armoury ceiling, are registered nowadays in archive recordings and are named "The view of the cupola in the castle armoury № 62". The analysis of this document allows us to expand pretty limited information about the peculiarities of the room interiors of the castle and other buildings of the Khotyn fortress at different stages of its construction. In particular, it is important to establish the meaning of signs and symbols, that are depicted on the walls and ceilings of Khotyn fortress. The image on the armoury ceiling with an eight pointed star composition as basis, which takes almost all the ceiling surface, differs significantly by content and form from ceiling appearance of similar buildings and testifies its unique character. During comparison of the size and form of the room, notations on the maps and a little stretched in one direction outline of the image was defined that the image was placed not on the cupola as indicated in the name, but on the vault. The actual dimensions of the room along the perimeter are calculated as 4.3 meters by 6.5 meters. There are theories about the function of this room in the Moldavian construction period of the Khotyn castle taking into consideration the set of signs-symbols on the ceiling and time frames of its application on the ceiling. The peculiarities of the compositional arrangement of the image are being defined, which show its forethought, preciseness, regulation and according to this the image has to contain some encoded message, sense, which precedes its esthetic, artistic composite. In order to read the semantic meaning of those symbols it is useful to refer to heraldry, numismatics and religious symbols. It is pointed at the number of discrepancies in images, which could appear because of defects of the image itself, inattentiveness of the person, who made the drawing of initially foreseen separation of particular images from the others with certain purpose. Taking into consideration the plan of the Palace of the governor or as it is also called Prince palace, the studied room had two entrances, it means it was walk-through and had social and representative function. The proof of this assumption was found in the explanation of the signs-symbols set into the composition, painted on the ceiling of the armoury. Parts of composition related with the axes of the star. Its center contains a circle filled with images. Contour the of star framed by a double line. Some images are located at the ends of rays. They have a similar shape. The upper part of the figure shows rounded. The lower part of the six figures at its base is an ellipse, and two figures – a straight line. Images in the inner corners of stars, except one, connected with the circle by double lines. Three images among them fit into the circle, and the other in the shape of the shield. Layout of the placement of three drawings of heraldic roses and three shields with drawings of the bull, Sun and the Moon is ordered. Images of two roses and a shield between them is symmetric to the image of two shields and roses between them. Placement of two larger shields are flip symmetric. The character and the direction of the symbol explanation in three image groups and the semantic meaning of most symbols have been defined. Most of the symbols can be referred to Christian and Moldavian heraldic symbols. The analysis of numismatic sources and historical evidences testified that the image on the ceiling in the Palace of the governor was applied during government of the owner Stephen III the Great, that is all at the same time with the construction of this house – from 80-s of 15th century till 1504 year. The eight pointed star as basis of the image could testify the wish to be under divine protection. It combines the symbols of religious ranks (hats) at the edges, symbols of Moldavian secular authorities on the basis of the strays with wishes of hope (anchor) for prosperity and welfare (horn, sun) as well as support of Holy Virgin and the patriarch of military valour of the Moldavian principality. The above mentioned image on the armoury vault still has many secrets and needs further research.

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