Preispitivanje historije i historiografije Jugoslavije tokom Drugog svjetskog rata: slučaj Sarajeva

Author(s): Emily Greble Balić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

In this essay, Emily Balić raises questions on the way that historians approach the study of the Second World War in Yugoslavia. She discusses the limitations of military and political histories and suggests that scholars need to examine social, legal, religious, and cultural aspects of the war. To make her case, she offers examples from the history of Sarajevo during the Second World War. The first example analyzes the limitations of the dominant paradigm of “collaboration” and “resistance” in the wartime literature. The second example explores categories of identity as they pertain to the genocide committed against Serbs, Jews, and Roma in the Independent State of Croatia.

Zloupotreba rezultata antifašističke borbe - prilog razumijevanju događaja nakon pobjede nad fašizmom

Author(s): Muhamed Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

This work examines the abuses that resulted from different factions that participated in the anti-fascist movement both during the Second World War and in its aftermath. Filipović notes that on the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary, scholars have focused on the actual victory and the positive aspects of the destruction of the greatest evil ever born in the western world: fascism. However, he argues that such a victory was not complete; that evil was not totally eradicated; and that sixty years later, there are various attempts to revive fascism as well as to justify fascist ideas and practices.

Saveznički zračni napadi na Zagreb i okolicu 1945. godine

Author(s): Marica Karakas Obradov / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Allied Air forces became an important factor in the military and political consideration of the territory of the Independent State of Croatia after the autumn of 1943, when they established bases in Southern Italy. At first, Allied Air forces struck at the territory of Dalmatia, but afterward they expanded their activities to the north. Zagreb and its environs were situated on the path of Allied Airforces directed at southern Germany, Austria and Hungary, consequently during 1944 and 1945 they were considered secondary targets, though sometimes they also became direct targets. In this period Allied Airforces bombed Zagreb, in varying degrees of intensity, 21 times, 11 of these attacks came in 1945, while the environs of the city were bombed or fired upon 44 times, 29 of those occurred in 1945. In these attacks, 554 persons (516 civilians, 38 soldiers) were killed, and 790 persons (741 civilians and 49 soldiers) were wounded. National Defense units carried the burden of the passive antiaircraft defense of people and property in Zagreb, while in the environs fire-fighters fulfilled this function. Zagreb and its environs, as was the case with all the other targets on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia, were attacked from the air for military-strategic reasons, as well as to break the morale of the population. The cost of these attacks was borne most often by the civilian population who paid for them with their lives and material goods.

Jasenovac 1945.

Author(s): Mario Kevo / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses the camp at Jasenovac in 1945, that is to say, the article deals with certian events tied to the Ustaša camp at Jasenovac up to the escape of inmates in April 1945. A review of events is given from the liberation of this territory by the Yugoslavian Army and the arrival of the Provincial Commission of Croatia to confirm the crimes of the occupiers and their collaborators. The last portion of the article briefly describes the issues regarding the activities of the camp during the war; an appendix to the article introduces several eyewitness accounts and other documents.

A magyar zsidóság és a fasizmus a marcia su Romától 1938-ig

Author(s): Gábor Andreides / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The fate of Russian émigrés in Czechoslovakia

Author(s): Anastasie Kopřivová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Between the two world wars, a large community of Russian émigrés that had been forced to leave their homeland and flee the Bolshevik terror lived in Czechoslovakia. The young state offered them a background and support. However, that all changed after the end of WWII. In 1945 many Czechoslovak Russians met their tragic fate personified by members of the Soviet secret police who came to arrest them.

Disappeared Science - With historians Michal V. Šimůnek and Antonín Kostlán on their book Disappeared Science, which documents the fate of scholars and intellectuals of Jewish origin in the years 1939-1945

Author(s): Pavel Zeman / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Despite the advances in research after the year 1989, there are still blank spaces on the map documenting the country’s victims of Nazi persecution and racially motivated persecution of the Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia. Together with a number of scientific institutions, museums and archives, initiatives and civic associations, the Cabinet of the History of Sciences of the Institute for Contemporary History of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic has also been involved in documentation of the victims of Nazi persecution and persecution on racial grounds for many years. The Cabinet’s collective research project Scientists and Intellectuals of the Czech Lands as Victims of Nazi Persecution 1939–1945 was launched in 2007 and focused on representative documentation of the consequences of the Nazi occupation in the personnel composition of the scientific community in the Czech lands in the latter half of the 1930s and the first half of the 1940s.

Two journeys to the gallows - Life stories of members of the Prague Gestapo Wilhelm Wollner and Friedrich Dennert

Author(s): Jiří Plachý / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In January 1942, the representatives of nine occupied European countries, including Czechoslovakia, met in London to formulate their attitude to post-war punishment of Nazi war criminals and collaborators. Together they adopted the Declaration of St James’s Palace, which later became the basis of the principles according to which war criminals were prosecuted and which were also adopted by the Allied Powers and many other countries.

The story of a dilatory informer - Robert Sylten – State Security Service (StB) collaborator in Israel

Author(s): Jan Dvořák / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Robert Sylten was never a publicly known or important person. His actions did not make a significant mark on history either. Yet his story certainly cannot be described as commonplace – it dramatically reflected the turbulent history of the 20th century. When watching the fateful twists of Sylten’s life, we can also clearly see some practices of totalitarian regimes.

Nie chodzi (tylko) o Erikę Steinbach. Trzy mity niemieckiego dyskursu o wysiedleniach

Author(s): Anna Kwiatkowska-Drożdż / Language(s): English,Polish

The activity of the Federation of Expellees (German: Bund der Ver triebenen, BdV) and its chairperson Erika Steinbach, including efforts aimed at establishing the Centre Against Expulsions1 (ZgV) have been and will continue to be a source of controversy in Germany’s domestic policy, as well as in Polish–German and Czech–German relations. Steinbach has become a central figure in German inter-party conflicts and in disputes with the country’s immediate neighbours. In her efforts to gain more publicity for injustice and suffering in the German past she has resorted to controversial methods and has thus latched onto another stage in the historical debate on the consequences of World War II. This time it is related to and interpreted from the point of view of the German victims.

Savremenici fašizma 2. – Jugoslavija u okruženju 1933-1941.

Author(s): Olivera Milosavljević / Language(s): Serbian

U kontekstu naglog uspona fašizma u Evropi i njegove pobede u pojedinim zemljama, jedno od pitanja koje se postavljalo u beogradskoj javnosti, odnosilo se na mogućnosti njegove pojave i u Jugoslaviji, i u skladu sa tim, na analize uslova koji u zemlji postoje za eventualni razmah fašističkih ideja. Nasuprot dominantnom stavu da u zemlji nema fašističkih pokreta, levičari su registrovali njihovo prisustvo, posebno izraženo u rasističkim obeležjima. Demokratskoliberalno stanovište je odbacivalo ove teze sa obrazloženjem da se fašizam uglavnom javlja u gradovima, a da u zemlji seljaka fašističke ideje mogu da nastanu samo kao plod kafanskih razgovora. Po mišljenju intelektualaca ove struje, socijalni uslovi u Jugoslaviji nisu bili pogodni za njegov razvoj, a ideje pojedinih pokreta koje su „ličile“ na fašizam, uglavnom su ocenjivali kao marginalne i potpuno bezopasne. Minimizujući fašističku opasnost u zemlji, liberalno stanovište ni u Ljotićevom pokretu nije videlo sklonost ka fašizmu, već samo njegove „primese“, „loš surogat“ i „neozbiljna oponašanja fantasta“, sklonijih diktaturi nego temeljima ove ideologije. Ambivalencija konzervativnih krugova ispoljavala se i u ovom pitanju. Fašističke ideje su odbacivane kao i teze da su prisutne u zemlji, ali su se istovremeno za Jugoslaviju tražila rešenja koja su uzor pronalazila upravo u njima. Desničari su odricali da su i sami nosioci fašističkih ideja, ali ne zato što se sa njima nisu slagali, već što su verovali da su „novi nacionalizmi“ – fašizam i nacionalsocijalizam – specifično italijanski i nemački produkt, dok je ideologija Zbora, iako sastavni deo globalne pojave „novog nacionalizma“, autentična domaća tvorevina.

Snaga lične odgovornosti

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian

U oktobru 2008. godine Latinka Perović je napunila 75 godina života. Knjiga “Snaga lične odgovornosti”, zbirka članaka njenih prijatelja i saradnika, je izraz poštovanja njenom dugogodišnjem istraživačkom radu i zalaganju za razumevanje Srbije i njenog napora da se modernizuje. Ova knjiga je omaž njenom životnom zalaganju za istinu, toleranciju, individualno poštenje i hrabrost, odgovornost prema vlastitoj zemlji. Knjiga je takođe počast Latinki Perović – čoveku, istoričaru, političaru i, iznad svega, prijatelju i saradniku. Među srpskim istoričarima, Latinka Perović je verovatno uložila najveći trud da se pronikne u početke moderne istorije Srbije tokom XIX veka, bez čega se ne može razumeti ni aktuelna drama srbijanskog društva u pravljenju bilansa dvovekovnog lutanja. Isto tako, nije moguće dati odgovore na sve dileme sa kojima se Srbija na dramatičan način suočava bez uvida u suštinu dugotrajne političke opcije, Srbije kao hegemona na Balkanu, koja je završila u zločinu. U jednom razdoblju, dok je bila istaknuti političar, Latinka Perović je duboko uvažavala svu kompleksnost jugoslovenske federacije, suprotstavljajući se konstatntnom odbijanju Srbije da pristane na napor koji takva državna zajednica zahteva. Ona je u tom pogledu jedna od retkih koja je razumela tu složenu državnu zajednicu i potrebu za ravnopravnim odnosima između svih republika, bez čega takva zajednica nije moguća. Zato je i njeno razumevanje raspada Jugoslavije jedinstveno među, kako srpskim istoričarima, tako i među političarima. Ova knjiga, kao izraz našeg dubokog poštovanja za Latinku Perović, istovremeno je i pokušaj odupiranja marginalizaciji njene pojave, njenog rada i razumevanja Srbije. Bez takvog uvida i razumevanja, Srbija ne može istinski postati deo zajednice evropskih zemalja.

Moj zavičaj kroz vrijeme

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian

Ne jednom smo si postavili pitanje zašto bi mladi ljudi trebali imati odnos prema prošlosti!? Većinu vremena tijekom našeg obrazovanja, nemamo velik interes za povijest. Često ju smatramo dosadnom i nepotrebnom. Međutim, dođe vrijeme kada si počnemo postavljati važna pitanja o kojima odgovore tražimo upravo u osobnim rukopisima i stranicama ispisanima povijesnim podacima koje nam mogu pomoći razumjeti uzroke sukoba, ratova i stalnih kršenja ljudskih prava. Uzroke i načine ljudskog stradanja koje nas vode traženju puteva solidarnosti i pozitivne društvene akcije, pamćenja i sjećanja. Zašto bi mlade prošlost trebala zanimati i kako danas dovodimo u vezu prošla zbivanja i život mladih danas? Vjerojatno se nećete iznenaditi, no mladi ljudi imaju odnos prema prošlosti, oni ga stvaraju i on se u njima stvara svakodnevno. Kroz obiteljske priče, iskustva naših susjeda, nastavne sadržaje, medije... Ključno je pitanje kakav je to odnos. Stvaramo li odnos prihvaćanja svega što čujemo ili ipak u tom odnosu spram prošlih zbivanja ima prostora kritičkom razmišljanju, selekciji sadržaja, korištenju kvalitetnih izvora informacija? Kakvom vidimo ulogu osobnih iskustava, kakvu priču o ratu i miru ona pričaju? Jeste li znali da su mladi najčešće korišteni instrument totalitarnih režima 20. stoljeća? Jeste li znali da mladi uglavnom nemaju pristup objektivnim interpretacijama povijesnih zbivanja utemeljenih na činjenicama? Jeste li znali da su mladi ljudi danas aktivni pronositelji isključivih političkih ideja i govora mržnje? Što mislite zašto je tome tako? Kako mladi mogu postati nositelji pozitivnih promjena, poruka solidarnosti i kulture mira? U pogledu na prošlost važnim ističemo suočavanje s istom, s bolnim posljedicama sukoba i ratova, s mnogobrojnim stradanjima nedužnih – djece, mladih, žena, staraca, muškaraca... Ističemo važnost suočavanja s istom jer se pokazuje da se povijest ponavlja. Važno je učiti iz nje. I sami poznajete izreku – povijest je učiteljica života! Čemu nas ona uči? Razmislite o nekim aspektima vašeg života danas, utjecajima koji su vas formirali – stavovima i iskustvima vaših baka i djedova. Kakvu odgovornost mladi ljudi imaju oko toga? Složit ćete se da je naša odgovornost kao mladih pripadnika/ica društva u kojemu živimo upravo način kako ćemo živjeti i graditi naša društva, na vrijednosnim temeljima ravnopravnog i uvažavajućeg odnosa spram svih ljudskih bića i njihovih prava i sloboda. Uz tu odgovornost, važna je i ona kako ćemo pričati povijesne priče i govoriti o prošlim zbivanjima, kako ćemo prenositi iskustva naših predaka. Naposljetku, važan je i naš stav prema teškim posljedicama ratova i svh oblika društvene isključivosti i političkoga nasilja koji nas i danas u modernim društvima okružuju. Upravo zato odlučili smo se na promišljen i sustavan doprinos dijalogu o prošlosti i kulturi sjećanja na stradanja i otpor nasilju kroz obogaćivanje nastave povijesti i nastavnih materijala. Željeli smo da taj dijalog unese kvalitetnije poznavanje i razumijevanje povijesnih zbivanja kod mladih, ali i da ih potakne na aktivno istraživanje povijesti njihova zavičaja – mjesta stradanja, mjesta sjećanja, mjesta otpora... Ove smo godine istražili zavičaje Osijeka, Zagreba i Opatijsko-liburnijskog kraja. U suradnji sa III. Gimnazijom Osijek, zagrebačkom Gimnazijom Lucijana Vranjanina i opatijskom Gimnazijom Eugen Kumičić kao i Volonterskim centrom Osijek i Muzejom Slavonije, Centrom za mirovne studije i Udrugom antifašističkih boraca i antifašista Opatije i Liburnije, u kasnim ljetnim, jesenskim i ranim zimskim mjesecima učili smo, razgovarali i istraživali ‘Moj zavičaj kroz vrijeme’ - kako smo i nazvali zajednički projekt – u vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata i poraća te naslijeđe antifašizma na ovim prostorima. U tijeku istraživanja, suradnju smo ostvarili i sa nizom drugih vjerskih i manjinskih organizacija, koje su s nama podjelile njihova iskustva ovih teških događaja. Željeli bismo da nam se više srednjih škola u Hrvatskoj pridruži u otkrivanju povijesti krajeva koja su obilježila teška stradanja u Drugom svjetskom ratu i poraća, ali i antifašističkog otpora za vrijeme i poslije rata koji je jednako tako ostavio duboke tragove u kulturi hrvatskoga društva.

Logori, zatvori i prisilni rad u Hrvatskoj/Jugoslaviji 1941.-1945., 1945.-1951.

Author(s): / Language(s): Croatian,German,Serbian

Thirteen presentations from the scientific conference "Camps, Prisons, and Forced Labor in Croatia/Yugoslavia 1941-1945, 1945-1951" held on May 12, 2009, at the Croatian Institute of History are published in this proceedings. Seven Croatian, five Serbian, and one German historian presented the results of their latest research on deprivation of freedom, camps, prisons, and forced labor during World War II and in the post-war period.

Didaktické inspirace k aktivizační výuce ve středoškolském dějepisu

Author(s): Lukáš Fasora,Pavel Boček,Tomáš Borovský,Tomáš Dvořák,Jiří Hanuš,Václav Kaška,Ludmila Klíčová,Tomáš Knoz,Tomáš Malý,Markéta Melounová,Denisa Nečasová,Lukáš Reitinger,Petr Steiner,Zdeňka Stoklásková / Language(s): Czech

The publication serves as a support for secondary school teachers for the development of activation teaching in history.

Židé v Čechách 8 - Sborník příspěvků ze semináře konaného 12. a 13. října 2021 v Jindřichově Hradci

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Czech

On October 12-13, 2021 in Jindřichův Hradec, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the Museum of Jindřichohradecko, hosted the eighth meeting of archivists, historians, Hebraists, and regional museum workers focused on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. Nineteen speakers discussed the historical development and legal status of Jewish religious communities from the 18th century to World War II, highlighting significant Jewish personalities. The seminar also covered the evaluation of archival sources on Jewish history preserved in Czech archives, with contributions on the Holocaust period, especially the fate of Jews from border areas, regional topics, and documentation of Jewish cemeteries. Additionally, a study based on NKVD documents was included. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.

Židé v Čechách 5 - Sborník příspěvků ze semináře konaného 1. a 2. října 2014 v Teplicích

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

On October 1-2, 2014 in Teplice, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the Regional Museum in Teplice, hosted the fifth meeting of archivists, historians, and regional museum workers focused on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. The seminar emphasized analyzing sources that trace the fate of Jews from border areas after Nazi Germany's occupation, leading to the creation of databases documenting Jewish populations from the 1930s to the end of World War II. Contributions also covered the role of Jews in trade and business development, along with other regional topics. An evening program was dedicated to documenting immovable monuments. The next seminar was planned for autumn 2016 in Kadaň, with a focus on post-1945 Jewish history in the Czech Republic. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.

Židé v Čechách 3 - Sborník příspěvků ze semináře konaného 6. a 7. října 2010 v Tachově

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

On October 6-7, 2010 in Tachov, the Jewish Museum in Prague, in collaboration with the Museum of Český Les in Tachov and the State District Archive in Tachov, hosted the third seminar on Jewish history in the Czech Republic, focusing on modern issues and the history of Jews in border regions. The seminar included discussions on archival sources for Jewish history, demographic records, and the role of Jews in industrial and business development. Topics also covered the Aryanization of Jewish property and post-World War II restitution issues. Not all contributions were included in the proceedings, but efforts were made to publish them in a planned fourth issue. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.

Židé v Čechách 2 - Sborník příspěvků ze semináře konaného 24. a 25. září 2008 v Nýrsku

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

On September 24-25, 2008 in Nýrsko, the Museum of Královský hvozd in Nýrsko, in collaboration with the Jewish Museum in Prague, hosted the second seminar on Jewish history in Bohemia, focusing on modern issues and the history of Jews in border regions. The seminar included discussions on the stay of Galician refugees in Bohemia during World War I, the contribution of Jews to industrial business development, and Czech-German relations post-1945. Regional topics included the history of Jews in specific localities, activities inspired by the "Lost Neighbors" project, and the documentation of Jewish cemeteries. Not all contributions were included in the proceedings, but efforts were made to publish them in a planned third issue. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.

Židé v Čechách - Sborník příspěvků ze semináře konaného 24. a 25. října 2006 v Liberci

Author(s): / Language(s): Czech

On November 24-25, 2006 in Liberec, the North Bohemian Museum in Liberec, in collaboration with the Jewish Museum in Prague, hosted a seminar for researchers focused on Jewish history in Bohemia, particularly modern issues and border regions' history. This event aimed to establish a tradition of regular meetings, addressing the history of Jewish communities in areas occupied by Nazi Germany in October 1938 and the broader history of Jews in 20th-century Bohemia. Contributions included master's and doctoral theses, broader projects, and regional museum research, covering topics from World War I to the 1950s. The seminar highlighted the need for such gatherings and their focus on contemporary issues and border regions. The authors are responsible for their studies' content, and the spelling of "žid" or "Žid" is left to their discretion.