Антивоенните настроения в България в навечерието на Първата световна война

Author(s): Tamara Stoilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2015

The First World War has its pre-history, in which the local conflicts point out the main interests and goals, for which a peaceful solution hadn’t been found until that moment. The Balkan wars (1912–1913) are not only a typical example for that, but also a sign for the upcoming Europe-wide bloodshed. The following article covers the period between the end of the Balkan wars and the beginning of World War I and has as a goal to present some of the problems that reflect the public sentiments in Bulgaria. The article presents the oppositional public positions, seen through the eyes of the editors of the daily newspaper of the People’s Party – “Mir”, the daily newspaper of the Democratic party – “Pryaporets” and the weekly magazine “Svobodno mnenie”. The information, which the three publications offer, presents the events commented from the point of view of the political and most of all the nationalistic ideals of its editors. The analysis of the facts is usually too emotional and this is understandable considering the moment of national grief.Two are the main problems, which most of all capture the attention of the authors and the editors. Firstly, the desire to research and analyze the well-meaning attitude of the foreigners towards Bulgaria, which was especially important considering the anti-Bulgarian attitude in regard to the Second Balkan War and secondly, the need for a peaceful solution of the problems this war has caused. The newspapers describe the sentiments in the Bulgarian political and social circles and the fluctuations between outright neutrality and military intervention, without giving a definite answer on which side to be.

Pravni okvir djelovanja Katoličke Crkve i neki podaci o katolicima krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća u Crnoj Gori, Srbiji, Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Tomo Vukšić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2015

The condition of the Catholic Church in the early 20th century on the territory of today's Montenegro, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina was extremely complex and very different from the situation today. This article analyzes church circumstances at that time examining demographic facts regarding Catholics, church organization, and legal regulation of relations between Church and state at the time. Catholics lived as a small community in Montenegro and Serbia. Their situation in Montenegro was governed by a contract between the state and the Holy See (1878) and they had an archdiocese with headquarter in the city of Bar. On the other side, the legal status of the Catholic Church in Serbia, where there was no diocese, was not resolved until 1914, when a concordat with the Holy See was signed. However, this concordat was not implemented due to the outbreak of the First World War. In the region of today's Croatia, Catholics were a majority almost everywhere. The legal status of the Church, which was organized in three major metropolitan districts (Zagreb, Zadar, Gorica), was arranged firstly through a concordat between the Holy See and Austria-Hungary in 1855, and later under special laws enacted in 1874. In order to regulate the position of the Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where Catholics represented about 18 percent of the population, the Austro- Hungarians in 1881, before the establishment of new dioceses and the appointment of new bishops, signed a special agreement with the Holy See. All of these agreements with the Holy See, except the one of 1855, which ceased to be valid after 1870, signed by individual countries and implemented at the beginning of the 20th century are presented here in the original language and in translation.

O re vizionističkoj metodi

Author(s): Pierre Vidal-Naquet / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2016

Od svih historiografija najgora je svakako ona državna: države će rijetko kad priznati da su bile zločinačke. Možda je najbolniji slučaj u tom smislu turska historiografija o armenskom genocidu 1915. Sasvim je normalno da Turci inzistiraju na ratnoj situaciji, na tome da su mnogi Armenci izražavali želju za ruskom ofenzivom, na lokalnim sukobima između Armenaca i njihovih susjeda u kojima se prvi nisu uvijek ponašali kao janje iz bajke.

Die orientalisierende Architektur als ein stilistischer Ausdruck des offiziellen Bauprogramms der k. u. k. bosnisch-herzegowinischen Landesregierung 1878-1918

Author(s): Alexander Zäh / Language(s): German Issue: 72/2013

The orientalizing architecture of Bosnia-Herzegovina was part of the official building policy for this province under the Habsburg administration from 1878-1918. It was executed by a team of architects, members of the building department of the Bosnian-Herzegovinian “Landesregierung” (provincial administration) at Sarajevo. This introductory paper surveys and gives an overview of its most important monuments. It displays the building types and their functions and shows the distribution of this distinctive building style in the country, which became the last significant territorial acquisition of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following the official annexation of the province in 1908. The architectural style was clearly chosen by the administration for political reasons to underline the Islamic traditions and heritage of the country, to strengthen the local identity of its citizens and to support them with and artificial, new, often very pseudo-Islamic “genius loci”. It was also chosen as an answer in the field of the material culture against the pan-slavic movements of the time, which were especially active in this province. Other aspects were economically motivated, e.g. to create a pseudo-oriental impression as an attraction for visitors of the country to support the young, prospering tourism industry within the Habsburg Empire, promoting the identity of Bosnia-Herzegovina as a “near”, but still “oriental” and “new”, exotic travel destination within Austria-Hungary’s borders. Internationally the detected orientalistic building style is part of the architectural historicism and the many related “revival” styles that other European powers used in their colonial dominions in related contexts (e.g. the “Indo-saracenic” style of British-India). The downfall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy ended this progressive architectural experiment, which would have corresponded very well with a reformed multicultural Empire in the sense of a proposed (and visionary) “United States of Greater Austria“. Most of the discussed monuments were recently declared national monuments of the young independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Sozialdemokratie und Wahlen (Uber die Versuche zur Einigung der bulgarischen revolutionaren und reformistischen Sozialisten am Anfang des 20.Jh.)

Author(s): Dobrinka Parusheva / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/1998

Sur la responsibilité politique et judicaire des ministres en Bulgarie depuis Fan 1879 jusque 1944 (aspects fondamentaux)

Author(s): Yordanka Gesheva / Language(s): French Issue: 1/1997

La police bulgare 1878-1912

Author(s): Georgi Peev / Language(s): French Issue: 2-3/1997

The Smithsonian Institution in Washington and Bulgarian-American Cultural Ties up to the Beginning of World War II

Author(s): Alexander Velichkov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/1995

Стоян Германов. Руската общественост и революционното движение в Македония и Одринско. 1893-1908. (The Russian Public and the Revolutionary Movement in Macedonia and the Adrianople Region. 1893-1908). София, 1992. 250 с.

Author(s): Nina Djulgerova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/1994

August Ritter von Kral. Aktorikryesor i Austro-Hungarisë në trojet shqiptare

Author(s): Kurt Gostentschnigg / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 03-04/2016

The diplomat August Ritter von Krai has been the main actor of Austria - Hungary in the Albanian territories. This article on his contribution begins with notes on the reconstruction of the political field.Then it deals with the main activities of Krai in Albania concerning the topics as follows: The Congress of Alphabet in Manastir in November 1908, the action for Albania in 1908 -1909 against Montenegro, the rebellion of 1914 in Middle Albania, the action for Albania in 1914 against Serbia and Montenegro, the Albanian Literary Commission of Shkodër in 1916 -1918, sending of ancient monuments to Sarajevo or the building of an Albanian national museum and the command of the corps against Krai in 1918, the argue on the separation of the civil commissary’s agenda from that of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ representative.In the end, you find the analysis on Krai’s activity in Albania according to Pierre Bourdieu’s praxeology referring to crucial terms: economic capital, cultural capital, social and symbolic one, as well as an analysis of the circle of friends and connections of Kral.

I. Dünya Savaşı’nda Marne Cephesi ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin Savaşa Girişi

Author(s): Refik Arıkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

World War I became one of the most important breaking points that changed the course of history. After the war, while borders of the defeated countries were undergoing a great change, Ottoman Empire, with great loss of lands, disappeared from the history scene. This war, as its consequences triggered World War II, caused to other political and socio-economic problems that continue today, especially in Balkans and Mid-East. With regard to Ottoman Empire, this study aims to analysis the motives of Ottomans’ participation to this war and the effects of Marne Campaign that affected the course of the war absolutely. Even though Germans, after the defeat in Marne Campaign, lost their hopes, depending upon the changing of their expectations from the war, the fact that Ottomans were involved in a war whose result was deceive, also, constitutes the starting point of this study.

Polscy ochotnicy w wojnach bałkańskich – na przykładzie Józefa Lipkowskiego

Author(s): Jaroslav Rubaha / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

During the Balkan Wars (1912-1913) Polish volunteers have supported the Bulgarian nation in its fight against Turkish yoke. Side by side they fought on the war fields and offered their experience as military commanders. An excellent example of that was Joseph Lipkowski, personal messenger and observer of the French Prime Minister Raymond Poincare, at the headquarters of the Bulgarian Army. In his book The war in the Balkans by the eye-witness and participant of the war, he has analyzed the activities of the Bulgarian military headquarters during the First Balkan War. The aim of this article is primarily designed to demonstrate that the participation of Poles in the history, culture and everyday life of Bulgaria was quite significant.

KÁLLAY'S DILEMMA: ON THE CHALLENGE OF CREATING A MANAGEABLE IDENTITY IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA (1882-1903)

Author(s): Andrea Feldman / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

This paper will explore the ideas and problems of forging a common Bosnian identity during more than twenty years of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. To that effect the influence of Austrian “civilizing missionaries,” notably Benjamin Kállay, the Joint Minister of Finance (in effect the governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina), on the three principal Bosnian communities, political elites, and intelligentsia is overriding. This paper will examine how the idea of Bosniak identity interacted with the realities that were already put into place at the time of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Insights offered by a close reading of Kállay’s books and writings go a long way in explaining his intellectual formation in Hungary, the broadening of horizons that attended his first diplomatic mission in Belgrade, and the ways in which his appetite for history and culture affected his liberal worldview and statecraft. The paper discusses the circumstances that inspired Kállay to perceive Bosnia and Herzegovina as a country that, for a culturally oriented person like himself, offered a paradigm of how to “build the new upon the old…to retain the ancient traditions of the land vilified and purified by modern ideas.” The author utilizes the existing literature on the topic, most prominently Tomislav Kraljačić’s and Robin Okay’s books on Kállay, and other authors’ insights into Bosnian Muslims experience under Austrian occupation, variety of literature and sources in relevant languages of the area, as well as Kallay’s own writings.

Sultanov, carev i kraljev službenik

Author(s): Amila Kasumović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2018

This paper deals with a bureaucratic career history of a professional clerk (Muhamed ef. Kadić) who served in three administrative and political entities which subsequently ruled the region – the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Najbolja slika oba rata

Author(s): Christopher Clark,Nemanja Rujević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2015

Kristofer Klark, „Najbolja slika oba rata“, intervju Nemanji Rujeviću, Vreme, Beograd, br. 1192, 7. novembar 2013.

Приказ: Министарство војно, Зборник докумената (1879–1916)

Author(s): Ivan Laković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2010

Prikaz/The review of: Славко Бурзановић, Министарство војно, Зборник докумената (1879–1916), ЦИД Подгорица, 2010, 572

Немачка; европске велике силе и балканска конференција 1878. године

Author(s): Thorsten Loch / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2014

This paper is focusing on role and interests of German Reich during the final resolution of Great Eastern Crisis which happened during the Berlin Congress of 1878. Although it doesn’t tends to analyse complexity of events related to this crisis it demonstrates how deep was change in which existing policy of balance among the Eurpoean Great Powers has been replaced by foreign policies driven primarily by national interests – how the “Concert of Great Powers” was replaced by the concept of short-term defense alliances. Paper begins with short pre-history of event prior to San Stefano peace settlement and it gives a review of both international and German interests in this matter as well how the way to the Berlin Congres was actually “paved”. It analyses the conference as instrument of German foreign policy. At the end it asks a question in what way the Berlin conference on the Balkans actually lied a corner stone for the later alliances of states which fought against one another in the Great War.

Българската армия през погледа на френския консул в Пловдив 1906 г.

Author(s): Georgi Peev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2018

The rivalry between the Great Powers in Europe at the beginning of the 20th century forces each of those countries to turn alliance demand into a key element of its foreign policy. The strategic location of Bulgaria makes it an ally, which the big European countries aspire to win on their sides. Consequently, the country's armed forces become a subject of interest to both political circles and military leaders. France makes no exception and Paris requires information from both military and diplomatic sources. In 1906 the French Consul in Plovdiv M. Choublier sends a report to Quai d’Orsay providing an interesting analysis of the state of the Bulgarian army.

«Шпионские гнезда» в Варшавском генерал-губернаторстве России в 1906–1914 гг. (по материалам уголовных дел)

Author(s): V. O. Zverev,V. A. Ivanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 26/2019

The article examines organized criminal activity by military espionage formations on the territory of the Warsaw Governor General between the Russian-Japanese War and the First World War. The study of this historical case became possible with the appearance of unique documents on foreign espionage, primarily stored in State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). The correspondences of gendarmes, counterintelligence and the Office of the Warsaw Governor-General, circulars, and intelligence on foreign intelligence activities helped shed light on the unfamiliar history of such group espionage. The goals and objectives of individual “nests of spies,” and forms and methods of their work, were revealed, providing a glimpse into some activities of organized crime by spies. Archival materials from formal inquiries and preliminary investigations for criminal cases on German and Austrian espionage were the main confirmation of a “spy past” in the Warsaw provinces. A study of criminal cases filed with the prosecutor of the Warsaw Court of Justice, and letters from prosecutors of district courts, judicial investigators, and officials of the Ministry of Justice provide a real picture of such espionage. The names of agents and emissaries or residents of German and Austrian intelligence, the scale of German and Austro-Hungarian intelligence activities in western Russia, the cost of secret documents, fees for cooperation with the enemy, judicial practice in espionage cases — this is not a complete list of information in these document. According to this study, the total number of spy networks and “spy nests” functioning in the Warsaw Governor-General can be established, as well as the number of “organized criminals” and those involved in committing criminal acts but avoiding criminal liability. In addition, signs of criminal activity indicated high functionality of this professional spy environment.

«Разбойничий» киножанр и его расцвет в годы Первой мировой войны

Author(s): V. V. Ustyugova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 25/2018

Films of the criminal genre were widely popular among Russian audiences during the First World War and on the eve of the Revolution. Viewers of first-screen cinemas were attracted by foreign, French, and American adventure films, such as “Zigomar,” “Rocambole,” “Fantomas,” “Vampires,” “The New Exploits of Elaine,” and others. Mass audiences watched “Sonia the Golden hand,” “Vaska Chyrkin,” “Sashka, the seminary student,” and “Anton Krechet,” with their scenarios based on criminal news. “Stenka Razin,” “Emelka Pugachev,” and films about typical bandits remained popular. The reasons for the popularity of the criminal adventure genre are grounded both in the typical Russian pre-revolutionary situation, in urbanization processes, and in the expansion of the social basis of spectator culture as a whole. The “bandit” film portrays different sociocultural and sociopsychological needs of the viewers using strong sensations, escapist experiences, and safety. The image of the social bandit was attractive to lower strata audiences and was likely to show a certain escalation in aggressive behavior and crime in wartime society. Further, moral narratives of criminal films raised anxiety and expectations of narrow-minded viewers, since laws of the popular genre were expected to provide inevitable punishment for the criminals. “Bandit” films were successful business projects in cinematography in its early development, along with other popular entertainment genres of culture and leisure time practices in modern society. What is more, in some cases they appeared as аrt projects thanks to their creators’ talents, had an impact on art development, and represented the spirit of modernity.