يوسف أفندي زاده ورسالته"الرّدّية للضاد المعجمة": دراسة وتحقيق

Author(s): Zakir Aras,Hamza KHELİFATİ / Language(s): Arabic Issue: 2/2019

His real name is Abu Muhammad Abdullah b. Muhammad b. Yusuf b. Abdul Mennan El-Hilmi al-Amasi, or more famously known as Yusuf Efendi Zadeh. He lived in the 18th century (d.1167 \ 1754) during the Ottoman period. He has a great contribution in the development of the Science of Qur’anic Recitations (Qiraat) in the Ottaman State. He has written many importand and fundemantal books in this field of Qiraat. Among his writings are “Al-Raddiyya li Al-Dad Al-Mu’jama”, which is an important piece that reflects the characteristics and attributes of the period he lives in. In this work, he replied to al-Mar’ashi, also known as Sajagli Zadeh on his argument regarding the Pronunciation of the letter "Dad" and its method of recitation. This is due to Sajagli Zadeh’s writing entitled “Kayfiyyatu Adaai Al-Dâd” causing a great polemic and heated discussions among the Ottoman scholars. in return, his view has received many opposition and rejections. Yusuf Effendi Zadeh, founder of Sheikh al-Kurra’ Foundation, had produced a brief writing in order to evaluate the term dâd from the perspective of Qiraat, tajweed, jurisprudence, interpretation (tafsir) and linguistics. This article aims at studying and evaluating the writing of the writing of the Imam of Qiraat, Yusuf Effendi Zadeh, and publishing it for its priceless contribution to the field of Qiraat (Quranic Recitations).

ОСМАНСКИ ПОПИС ОВЧАРИНЕ И ТОРОВИНЕ У КАДИЛУКУ МАЛА ПОЖЕГА ИЗ 1596. ГОДИНЕ

Author(s): Dragana Amedoski,Dejan Bulić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 40/2019

The breeding of sheep and goats in the territory of today’s Serbia has a long tradition. Thanks to favourable geographical characteristics, this tradition was also preserved during the Middle Ages and the period of Ottoman rule. Since the Ottomans found highly developed sheep breeding in the territory oftoday’s Serbia, they immediately established an appropriate taxation system in order to collect revenues that were not negligible. Revenues from sheep and flock belonged basicaly to the State Treasury; however, it happened that the state transferred some of the revenues to certain people. In the territory of the kazâ of Mala Požega, 43 villages were breeding sheep and goats and the state collected a tax from them. The kazâ of Mala Požega included the largest part of today’s municipality of Lučani, and the following villages from today’s municipality of Ivanjica: Osonica, Lisa and Luke – the former Gornje and Donje Luke; from the municipality of Arilјe, the village of Cerova, and from today’s municipality of Požega, villages Gugalј and Tabanovići in the north and Lopaš, Pilatovići and Prilipac in the southeast of the municipality. From the spatial perspective, this is for the most part Gornje and Donje Dragačevo. The number of sheep and goats collected by taxation was 33,186 heads, which, given the territory of the kazâ, represents a significant number. The largest number of sm ll cattle was bred in the villages of Dubce and Lisa, where the tax amounted to 1,999 and 1,499 heads.

Osmanlı, İran ve Diyalog Perspektifinden Anabaptistler ve Hristiyan-Müslüman İlişkileri

Author(s): Halil TEMİZTÜRK / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 40/2020

As Muslims live side by side with Christians in a globalizing world has made it imperative for Muslims to wrestle seriously with the Christian tradition. One of the branches of science investi-gating this confrontation is the history of religions. Because this discipline examines religious creeds, their historical process as much as the relationships of religous people in the context of their history and theology. It can be said that Muslim-Christian relations have a positive history when taken into account the Christians of Najran, the migration of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and the Christians living under the rule of Muslim sultans. However, especially after the crusades, Islam has been regarded as the object of fear in the West. On the other hand, factors such as the Crusa-des, studies of orientalism,the increasing Islamophobia and Zionism in the West after 9/11 have influenced Muslims’ views on Western civilization.The history of Protestant Christians is an important area in Muslim-Christian relations. It is evalu-ated in this article the approach of Anabaptists, a Protestant sect, towards Muslim Turks in the early period and their relations with Shia and Sunni Muslims in the modern period. Firstly we state that the names of Mennonite and Anabaptist are used interchangeably in the article but in fact, the name of Anabaptist is an umbrella term. Protestantism basically accepts the doctrines and rituals based on the Bible, and by criticizing the religious authority of the papacy, adopts everyone to be clergy. Anabaptism, which means “re-baptizing” (ἀναβαπτισμός) in Greek, has been separated from Protestantism over time and became an independent church. Anabaptists agree with Luther about rejecting the authority of the Papacy and other Roman Catholic leaders and advocating that only the Bible is valid in the religious field. However, at some points, they have dissent towards him. For example, Andreas Karlstadt (d. 1541), who is regarded as the first leader of the Anabaptists, refused religious vows, accepted the eucharist just is a symbol to remember that Jesus’ moments on the cross. Also, he banned to addressing Luther as a “doctor”, since all the people who belie-ved in Jesus would be equal. Anabaptists stated that the teachings of Jesus are the centrepiece and the church and state affairs should be separated since politics is not in line with him. Also, they advocated staying away from violence, just like Jesus. The main difference that distinguishes Anabaptists from other Protestant groups is that they accept adult baptism, not baby baptism. Anabaptists have been subjected to oppression by both the Protestant and Catholic Church because of this kind of believes. Many Anabaptists, like Thomas Müntzer (1489-1525), who is one of the important leaders of the Anabaptists, were executed during the Peasant Wars (1524-1525). The most striking point in the relations of the Anabaptists with the Muslims is that they refused to fight against the Turks. Michael Sattler (1490-1527), one of the first leaders of the Anabaptists, was tried in 1527 because he refused to fight against the Turks. Other examples of Anabaptists did not use weapons against the Turks are the Mohac Square Battle (1526) and the 1st Siege of Vienna (1529). Upon the arrival of the Ottomans to the Moravian region that remained within the boun-daries of Austria (now the Czech Republic), Hutterites, an Anabaptist group living in that region, had stated that they would not fight against the Turks even if they had the power.In our opinion, the main reason oppression against the Anabaptists by their co-religionists is that they did not fight against the Turks. Because opposing infant baptism points to a theological separation, while opposing the idea of uniting against Turks supported by even a reformer like Luther is a political revolt against the church. Therefore, Anabaptists were considered by others as traitors who opposed the defence policies of their own countries.Anabaptist migrated to regions such as Ukraine, Central Asia and Russia as a result of the pressu-res by their co-religionist. It is known that Anabaptists migrated to Russia and Central Asia after the 1880s. The information in the Ottoman archives that some Anabaptists passed from the Da-nube region to Russia confirms this immigration. Remarkably, the Mennonites today living in the Hive region (Uzbekistan) organize various exhibitions and organizations to keep these memories alive. Anabaptists claim that do not adopt policies based on violence and prejudices unlike Evangelists and believe that it is necessary to interact with Muslims for the solution of problems. For examp-le, it is emphasized that anti-Islamic rhetoric that started after the 9/11 attacks prevented com-munication between the two religions and that American hegemony and strict national policies do not represent Christianity in the Anabaptist-Muslim Symposium book (2005). Although Ana-baptists criticize Evangelical policies and have an indulgence towards Muslims, this does not mean that Anabaptists have abandoned their missionary goals. Because it draws attention to Anabaptists’ activities in different Islamic countries. For example, it is known that they work with Muslims in different parts of Indonesia and Africa on education, agricultural research and techno-logy. It can be said that the dialogue efforts between Anabaptists and Muslims are mostly from Ameri-ca, Canada and Iran. The activities of Anabaptists in Turkey carried out by Rosedale Mennonite Missions. The two groups that outstanding with inter-institutional studies in contacts between anabaptists and Muslims are Iranian Shiites and American and Canadian Mennonites. These rela-tions started after the visits of four Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) members who came to the region after the earthquake occurred in Manjil-Rudbar city of Iran in 1990. These relations have continued with Imam Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute going to Toronto and North American Mennonite students came to Kum city. Relations between Iranian Shiites and Canadian Mennonites have continued thanks to symposiums until today. Although Anabaptists aim to establish positive relations with Muslims, we think that these con-tacts have some problems similar to interfaith dialogue. It is a fact that there are similarities between Christian teachings and Islam but it is problematic to express that both traditions are fed from the same source and that a dialogue can be established on Jesus, which is the common point of both religions. It is also standing out that Anabaptists distort some information and deflect the meaning of Islamic terms with the idea of establishing a dialogue between the two religions. Remarkably, they choose the title “The Kingdom of God in Islam and the Gospel” in the first paper of the Anabaptist-Muslim Conference book in 2005 and this affirms our thoughts. It is also another problem to emphasize that the belief of sunnah in Islam and the lifestyle stated in the Bible are similar. Undoubtedly, this attempt to establish similarity carries the danger of the di-sappearance of meaning and terminology that the religions belong to. Although it is admirable that Anabaptists keep in touch with Muslims, stand against Islamophobia, distance from Evange-lism, and help Syrian immigrants, there are some hesitations that if they have pure intentions, because Anabaptists give importance missionary activities and adopt inter-religious dialogue that means to reconcile Islam with Christianity.

Üsküdar’da Konumlanmış Bir Ocak: Tazıcılar Ocağı

Author(s): Nevzat Yiğit / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 40/2020

In this study, the emergence of the Stretchers’ Quarry established in Scutari (Üsküdar), the change it has undergone in the historical process, the outbuildings of the quarry, the money foundations connected to the quarry and their functioning have been tried to be handled mostly in the light of the 18th century Ottoman Judges’s registers and archive records. In connection with the subject, previous studies have been examined and evaluated within the framework of documents. First of all, it should be noted that the tradition of hunting was an action made to meet the food and clothing needs of human beings in the historical process, but over time, it became an organi-zation for monarchs and state administrators to prepare for war with the enemy and sometimes for entertainment. Lethal and wounding tools to catch game animals, beside the falcon, bazzard, sparrowhawkand, goshawk, animals such as greyhound and hound were also used.Units named “chief of hunting” (Shikar Agha) were created in the Ottoman palace and the mili-tary organization, which were dealing with the care of animals used in hunting. The Stretchers’ Quarry, which is the subject of this study, is one of the units in question. Quarry was established in Scutari Garden, which belongs to the Palace in Scutari. The fact that Scutari was preferred as the location can be explained by the location of this place. Because the wide area extending from Scutari and Beykoz to Şile is allocated to the palace as hunting grounds. Scutari, one of the three important provinces of the state on the Anatolian side, is a region equipped with many instituti-ons. Although there is no exact information about the foundation date of the quarry, it is tho-ught that it was built in the same period as Scutari Garden, that is, after 1560’s. The quarry’s emp-loyees were called as tazidji, and those who were at the head were called tazidji corps In addition, since they are affiliated with Bostancıbaşı, the proportion of “bostanjî” (corps) has been added to the end of the employees’ names. “Tazıcıbaşı”, who are selected from people who have a certain status in the society, are responsible for the organziation of the quarry. They had additional duties such as protecting the forests, trees allocated for hunting and preventing anyone from hunting there. In the historical course, it is seen that during the times of extraordinary events, the tazidji and tazidji corps were given various duties to ensure the public order of the city. As it is understood from the records, a part of the financing of the quarry was provided by the income obtained from the foundation properties located around Scutari. Apart from Scutari, there were vineyards devoted to the quarry. Money Waqf, which have become an important part of the Ottoman economic life, also served as a source of financing for the Stretchers’ quarry. The administration of these foundations was undertaken by quarry workers nicknamed bostanî. The money foundations established here played an important role in meeting the needs of not only the quarry personnel but also the masjid in the outbuilding. According to the documents that have survived to date, it has been determined that money foundations are borrowed through one of the operating forms, the mortgage (lease). When the debt records in the court registers in the first quarter of the 18th century are examined, it is seen that Muslims borrow from the money foundations belonging to the palace gardens in the vicinity, and the non-Muslims living in Scuta-ri mostly prefer the foundations of the Stretchers’ Quarry.The quarry’s location which was built on the Karaca Ahmed side of today’s Selimiye barracks included the shelters of the rescuers, the masjid where the quarry’s staff pray, kitchen, barns for greyhounds, the Fountain of Stretchers’, and a tranining area for the archers. The masjid, built in two floors, was rebuilt in the 16th century because it was devastated over time. After the const-ruction of Selimiye Barracks in the 19th century, the masjid disappeared, therefore, not much information could be identified about it.Greyhounds barn is among the most important parts of the quarry. Greyhound has an important place in Turkish hunting culture. The Turks have been familiar with this animal since Central Asia. As a matter of fact, a greyhound called Turkish hound is mentioned in the documents. The ho-unds needed for the Stretchers’ quarry were primarily supplied from Scutari, Kocaeli. If needed, hound was also provided from nearby places such as Bolu and Hüdavendigar. In the time of IV. Mehmed, also known as Hunter Mehmed, hounds were brought from many places to the hunting areas where the sultan was located. According to the information in the archive records, flour was sent from Unkapanı to feed the hounds left in the barn, and the cost was collected from the treasury. The barn, which had existed for many years, was destroyed during the construction of the Selimiye Barracks, and the hounds were transferred to other places. After III. Selim was remo-ved from the throne, the barn was revived. With the abolition of the Janissary in 1826, the Stretc-hers’ Quarry and the stables barn ceased to be needed. According to the records, this place was allocated to horses since 1850. One of the places mentioned together with the Stretchers’ Quarry is the training area of the arc-her. There was an range point for the training of archers, which had a very important place in the classical period wars. According to the record written in 1705, this range point became disfuncti-onal about thirty years ago (1675), and Scutari archers demanded that this place be revived. The only outbuilding we have of the Stretchers’ Quarry today is the Stretchers’ Fountain. This fountain is located in the parking lot of Selimiye Petty Office Club to the right of the road from Scutari to Haydarpaşa. There is the Hasib Pasha Fountain just across the Stretchers’ Fountain. It is said that the Stretchers' Fountain was built by Mimar Sinan. However, in the inscriptions on the fountain, there are statements about the horses placed here after 1850. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the water sewers around the fountain were repaired, landscaping was made by laying the sidewalk. The fountain was restored in 2019 with the efforts of the 1st Army Command, thus maintaining the historical memory.As a result, the Stretchers’ Quarry, which was built in the second half of the 16th century, continued its existence in Scutari for nearly three centuries. Due to its presence in Scutari, it has affec-ted the political and socio-economic life of this place in many ways. The quarry, 1826, with the removal of the Janissaries and a new management approach, it lost its function.

Buhara Hanlığı ve Afganistan

Author(s): M. Bilal Çelik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2020

The Khanate of Bukhara, which reigned between 1500 and 1920, was the longest surviving Turkish-Islamic State after the Ottoman Empire. The Khanate, founded in Ma Wara al-Nahr, had the opportunity to spread in the northern Afghanistan. The territory of Afghanistan was divided into three zones of influence after the complete dissolution of the Timurid Empire at the beginning of the 16th century.The west was under the control of the Safavid State, while the east was subordinated to the Baburid Empire. The northern part was dominated by the Khanate of Bukhara. As Muhammad Shibani Khan,the founder of the khanate, acquired Balkh in 1505 and Herat, the capital of Timurids, in 1507, he conquered a large part of the territory of Northern Afghanistan. However, with his death, although these lands were abandoned, the city of Balkh and its environs were subjected to the Khanate of Bukharaby Kistan Kara Sultan, son of Janibek, in 1526. Since then, Balkh has been one of the four main administrative regions of the Khanate of Bukhara, together with Bukhara, Samarkand and Tashkent.During the reign of Abdullah Khan II (1583-1598), Badakhshan, Qunduz, Talukan and Qulab were captured and the khanate borders were almost extended as far as Kabul. However, the dominance of the Khanate of Bukhara on the territory of Afghanistan has been fluctuating, and it has not been possible to keep it uninterruptedly. The longest ruled place became Balkh, especially during the reign of the Tuqai-Timurids (Astrakhanids, Janids). Here, the heir, relatively autonomous from the capital, has weakened quite the central administration. In this article, it will be discussed the Bukharan hegemony in Northern Afghanistan, and its conflicts with the Safavid State and the Baburid Empire from time to time in order to avoid losing that hegemony until Nader Shah seized Balkh in 1737 and Badakhshan in 1738.

Osmanlı Diplomasisinde “Musalahalar Devletler İledür” Kaidesi

Author(s): Hilal Çiftçi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 26/2020

It is not possible to think of the experience of the Ottoman Empire in the field of Diplomacy apart from her adventure in the field of politics. Just as her political adventure was in a unique way, her experience in the field of diplomacy was likewise unique. The Ottoman Empire’s diplomatic activities through permanent representatives in foreign countries coincided with a late date like 1793. However, this does not mean that the Ottoman had not carried out any diplomatic activity before this time. For while the sultans of the founding period used the diplomacy as a tool to consolidate and enhance their political achievements, the sultans of the ascension period used the diplomacy as an indicator and a manifestation of their political forces. In the period when the state was weakened and fell out of power, instead of being the party determining the rules of diplomacy, she continued her existence with the diplomatic balance policy as a part of European States law. In other words, although the diplomacy was carried out in different ways with different missions, it had always been an instrument applied in the relations of the Ottoman Empire with other states from her foundation to her collapse. In doing so, the Ottoman Empire,especially in her politically strong times, adopted a set of principles of diplomacy which both meticulously applied by herself and accepted by her counterparts. The subject of our study, the principle of “treaties are between states” is one of these principles. In our study, we will try to put forth the diplomatic background of this principle and how it is carefully applied by the Ottoman Empire.

FATİH SULTAN MEHMED DEVRİNDE PAŞA LİVÂSI’NA TÂBİ PRAVADİ NAHİYESİ TİMARLARI (1456-1469)

Author(s): Cengiz Parlak / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

This paper is based on İcmâl Tahrir Registry dated 1456 and kept in the section of Muallim Cevdet Manuscripts of the Rare Books Catalogue in Taksim Atatürk Library registered with the inventory number MC_Yz_O.000089. Through the data in this registry about hâs, zeâmet and timars located in the center and countryside of the District of Pravadi, we can acquire information and explanations regarding the owners of these fiefs, the methods of their use and their obligations, as well as the changes experienced by the owners of these fiefs after the composition of this registry. Besides, as hâs, zeâmet and timars were among the basic elements of the military structure of the Ottoman Empire, we can also determine the amount of manpower provided to the Ottoman army from the District of Pravadi. However, the data of the Pravadi District in the tahrir registry (1485-1486) which was recorded during the reign of Sultan Bayezid II, we compare with the data in the tahrir registry dated 1456 and reveal the situation of these fiefs after thirty years. In our study, evaluating all these data, we will try to explain how the Ottoman timar system was applied during the second half of the 15th century in the sample of the District of Pravadi.

II. ABDÜLHAMİD DÖNEMİNDE EDİRNE VİLAYETİ JANDARMA TENSİKATI

Author(s): Türkmen Töreli / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2020

During the reign of Abdulhamid II, reorganization of administrative, judicial, financial and internal security in the Macedonian region after the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 become an international issue also involving the European countries. In this process, Macedonia become a focus of political crises and disputes between the Ottoman Empire and European states. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the restructuring of gendarmerie organization during the reign of Abdulhamid II by taking into account these conditions. Undoubtedly, the Mürzsteg reform program of 1903 played a decisive role in the power struggle of the actors in the region. After launching the program, restructuring of administrative, financial, judicial and security areas under supervision of the European states started in the provinces of Thessaloniki, Kosovo and Monastır. While the gendarmerie organization in the region was handled within the scope of the Mürzsteg program, Edirne province was not included in this program. In this study, the attempts to include the gendarmerie organization in Edirne province in the Mürzsteg reform program, and reorganization of gendarmerie in Edirne province will be examined.

PRILOZI PODGORIČKIH MUSLIMANA CRVENOM POLUMJESECU U TOKU PRVOG SVJETSKOG RATA

Author(s): Enes Efović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 85-86/2020

In this paper, we publish a list of donations for the Ottoman Red Crescent, which is the product of the effort of a group of Podgorica citizens in a year of 1916, with the aim of helping the war efforts of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War. The list is a great example of the dedication of most native Podgorica muslim families, who, although in difficult and scarce war conditions, set aside a huge amount of money to help and support the Ottoman Empire.

Osmanlı Devleti’nin Öğrencilere Özel Son Gazetelerinden: Talebe Mecmuası

Author(s): Huzeyfe Bilge / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

This paper aims to investigate the journal of Talebe Mecmuası which is one of the last three journals in Ottoman Empire. Talebe Mecmuası published for students. The owner was Hikmet Arif and manager was Ömer Kemal. The administration place was Ali Firaz Trading House in Babıali Avenue. The founder and owners were teachers. The aim of journal was to provide necessary informations for students and to make them have funny moments. The journal announced some informations about general exam dates. Texts that send by readers, especially from teachers, published and there was an additional page that covers replies to letters of readers. The main features of the newspaper are the frequent use of pictures/photographs, the preference of a plain language and the presence of nationalist expressions such as the text called “Dear Turkish Children”. The journal also emphasized scouting by devoting some pages. The journal published once in every 15 days and we have two numbers of it. Total page number is 23.

BIBLIOGRAFIJA RADOVA HALILA INALDŽIKA

Author(s): Hatice Oruç,Hülya Tash / Language(s): Bosnian,Turkish Issue: 49/2000

Prilog proučavanju biografije velikog vezira Mehmed-paše Sokolovića

Author(s): Alen Zečević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2019

The paper aims to, relying on relevant historical material and sources, contextualize and illuminate the political biography of Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokolović. Conceived in several thematically interdependent chapters, the review article deals in chronological order with the problem of ideological interpretations of national and religious identity, and the developing phases of Sokolović's military and political career in the service of the Ottoman Empire

ПИТАЊЕ ЕМИГРАЦИЈЕ ОСМАНСКИХ ПОДАНИКА ИЗ СКАДАРСКОГ И КОСОВСКОГ ВИЛАЈЕТА У ЦРНУ ГОРУ

Author(s): Darko Bakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2020

The suppression of armed rebellions of Albanians, which in Kosovo’s and in Shkodra’s vilayet did oppose the policy of ottomanization of the society that the Young Turks was carrying out at the time, had as its consequence a huge number of refugees from war-affected areas that were seeking for some refuge in Montenegro. Even though it was overburdening Montenegro’s financial system, King Nicholas I gladly received refugees from Albania in Montenegro, not only from humanitarian reasons but also because he wanted to gain their affection towards his state, in order to much easier, when the opportunity arises, achieve the main goal of his foreign policy to extend Montenegro’s territory to northern Albania.

MONETARY WAQF IN THE OTTOMAN STATE AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

Author(s): Muhammed Izeti,Suad Bećirović / Language(s): English Issue: 13-14/2020

In the Ottoman state, waqf played a key role in the social and economic realm of the state organization and the system itself. The Ottoman state can also be referred to as the "Waqf State". One of the most striking waqf that functioned in the Ottoman state was the monetary waqfs (wuquf-i nuqood). One of the main characteristics that distinguished the Ottomans from other states and civilizations was the establishment of monetary waqf that were compatible with their value system and mind-set and compatible with civilizational concepts confronting modern capitalism and its modern financial institutions that dominated and influenced the world in the modern age. They developed and expanded to almost every part of the Ottoman state, including in the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia. These institutions, with their understanding of a foundation that plays the role of a third sector outside the public and private sectors, apart from removing individual and institutional needs in the social, cultural, economic and financial fields, as well as the long-term economy, can be said to have played a vital role in maintaining financial "stability" in these territories. In this paper, with some examples, we will try to present the system of operation of monetary waqf and their functions in the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia.

OSMANLI TARİHİ YAZIMINDA NÜFUS DEFTERLERİNİN YERİ: 1831 TARİHLİ TEKE LİVASINA BAĞLI ELMALI KAZASI NÜFUS DEFTERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Author(s): Tevfik EVCİ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 49/2021

There were no censuses in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century with the exception of some records; . During the reign of Mahmud II (1808-1839); it was necessary to create financial resources both for the implementation of the planned reforms and for the creation of the necessary modern army. For this reason; first of all; it was necessary to determine the current income sources in the country in a "complete" manner and at the same time to determine the population that could be recruited into the army. The empire began a census for this purpose in 1830; covering only the male population. The Muslim and non-Muslim male population living in the country was recorded by the people in charge of the census.In this study; the general information about the censuses and censuses made in the Ottoman Empire was giveb; and the importance of the population registers in the Ottoman historiography was tried to be explained from the example of the census made in the Elmalı District of Teke Region in 1831. Since the districts; villages and the population living in the administrative unit are registered in these censuses; their age; occupation; nicknames; physical disabilities; etc. are written with an indication of the problems. Thus; the notebooks provide very valuable data for determining the number of the population -male- living in a village; in the county; the average age; common occupations; business lines and thus the socio-economic history of the Ottoman Empire. Moreover; the names of villages and neighborhoods and the change of these names over time can be followed; which is valuable data in terms of administrative history. In this study; this change was tried to be demonstrated through the example notebook.

ENHANCING THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE WITH ANGLO-OTTOMAN COOPERATION IN THE (POST-UNKIAR SKELESSI) NEW ERA 1833-1839

Author(s): Serkan DEMİRBAŞ / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2021

Both in English and Turkish historiography, the issue of Mehmet Ali Pasha of Egypt and its aftermath are always portrayed as a consequence of Ottoman weakness and Mahmud II's despair. Nevertheless, the long course of events such as this that took place between the Sultan and his Governor was considered by the Ottoman administration as a series of military defeats. At the same time, it is obvious that this was clearly a process of reform when the diplomatic manoeuvres of Mahmud II and his civil servants, and their cooperation with European countries (esp the UK) with a view to raise the State from its dire conditions, took place. Following a short introduction on Mahmud II's reformist character, this essay will focus on the works of the Sultan and his men on the reforms in the new era following the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi (1833-1839), made in cooperation with chiefly the UK but also with all other European countries in every field. This study will use Ottoman documents in detail on a year-to-year basis.

The Reign of Sultan Abdulaziz in the American Press

Author(s): Ercan KARAKOÇ,Gökhan DURAK / Language(s): English Issue: 28/2021

Sultan Abdulaziz ascended the Ottoman throne in a difficult period of political and economic crisis. During the 19thcentury, the empire was on the point of disintegration due to rebellions in the Balkans, especially in the region of Wallachia-Moldavia. The state’s finances almost collapsed. Internally, an important opposition front formed with the influence of the Young Ottomans. This opposition grew stronger over time within the military and political bureaucracy and played a critical role in Abdulaziz’s detohrement and Murad V becoming the sultan. In this study, the important events that took place in the Abdulaziz period and the developments following his dethronement are examined through some American newspapers and American State Department documents. The last period of the Empire was examined with different documents by giving a new perspective to the Ottoman history.

I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan Önce Türk Boğazlarına Yönelik Rus Talepleri ve İngiltere’nin Tutumu (1908-1914)

Author(s): Abdullah Bozkurt / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2021

Taking advantage of the international developments, political crises and the situation of the Ottoman Empire prior the World War I, Russia raised its demands for the revision of the status quo of the Turkish Straits. At the first stage,the Russians were demanding that the Turkish Straits be opened to the warships of the states on the Black Sea coast.But the British opposed the status quo of the Straits to be revised, taking into account their national interests and possible changes in international relations in the future, even though they had been allies since 1907During the Bosnian Crisis, when the Russians raised their demands for the Straits ‘ status quo to be revised, the British developed a formula to withdraw their allies’ demands. This formula, announced on 14 October 1908, was based on the acceptance of Russian demands on the condition that all states could enjoy the same rights.The Russians, who found the British counter-proposal to be against their interests, offered limited support during the Bosnian Crisis and the Tripoli War, and demanded that their demands be approved by the Ottoman Empire and even granted them the privilege of establishing a supply station in Istanbul. But the Ottoman statesman had enough political experience to know that these proposals were part of Russia’s plan to establish hegemony over the Straits region. Considering these proposals as a threat, the Ottoman statesmen first sought support from Britain. As Russia’s ally Britain remained neutral, the Ottoman Empire’s relations with Germany resulted in an alliance treaty.This study, based on published British archival documents, aims to examine Russia’s demands for revision of the status quo of the Turkish Straits between 1908-1914, but also the attitude of British and the developments behind the scenes by using official correspondence.

İttifakın Bedeli: Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Osmanlı Kamuoyunda Rus Karadeniz Filosu Sorunu

Author(s): Ahmet Köksal / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 28/2021

The fall of the Russian Navy into German hands by the Treaty of Brest-Litowsk also caused serious mobility in the Ottoman public opinion. As required by the law of the alliance, the Ottoman press suddenly began to include recurring news, such as the struggle of the Ottoman State in the Black Sea and the historical rivalry with the Russians in the harsh conditions of the war. This excitement soon increased expectations. Every day, a new article or editorial addressed this problem. The articles discussed at length that there was no doubt the Russian fleet was the spoils, whileon the one hand, all the aspects of the issue, such as the historical process and the law of states, were evaluated. Thenewspaper articles explicitly dealt with the Black Sea issue, with particular emphasis on Germany and other allies tounderstand why the navy was so important to the Ottomans. Some open messages were also given to the governmentin order to do what was necessary due to external developments in the press, and it was stated that no informationshould be hidden from the Ottoman public.As the tension on the fronts continued in the last summer of the First World War, there was an opinion in the newspapers that the Allied Germans did not examine this issue in depth and did not want to understand what the Black SeaFleet meant to the Ottoman State. It was also emphasized that alliance relations should be based on a clear trust andthe solution of the fleet issue should not be linked with any other. By the end of the First World War, public excitementabout the Black Sea Fleet had disappeared, the number of related articles in newspapers had decreased, and front-linedevelopments had come to the fore. In terms of the Ottoman press, it was the collapse of fronts such as Palestine, justas in the course of the First World War, that ended the Russian fleet issue

SÜSLEYİCİ BİR GEREÇ OLARAK DÜĞME VE OSMANLI DÖNEMİNDE KULLANILAN ÖRME DÜĞMELER ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Author(s): Mine Can / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2020

It is known that buttons has been used since ancient times as one of the accessories completing the garment. In the past, button was an element that is designed and produced carefully, prepared with special stones or valuable metals such as gold and silver, completing the worn garments, determining the status of the person wearing it and showing one’s character not only appearance. The buttons on the clothes worn by people are accepted as an indicator of the wearer's wealth and authority not a simple means of hooks. As in many civilizations throughout history, attention has been paid for the construction of the button during Ottoman period. Especially in Ottoman Palace that is a center that directs the apparel, diamonds, rubies, turquoise, jade and emerald buttons were used on the clothes of people representing the power of wealth that was sewn by precious fabric Among these ones, buttons created by weaving thin wires taken from gold and silver are quite remarkable. These buttons are often used on characteristic clothes of the period such as suits jacket, bindallı, three skirts. Buttons that are round shaped or in the form of drops were created by a special weaving technique using sim or a braid on a filler prepared by paper.