За произхода на търновския митрополит Теофил I (преди 1527, 1528, 1530 – ?)

Author(s): Ivan Tyutyundhziev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The present article tries to elucidate the origins and activities of Theophilos I – an Archbishop of Tarnovo in the early 16th century. As a successor of the Tarnovo Patriarchate, which had existed before the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria at the end of the 14th century, the city continued to play an important role in the Orthodox world. Therefore, Theophilos I took a very high position, which is obvious by the documents mentioning his name. Unfortunately, the information about him is scanty. There are few documents, found out mainly in the archives of the Mount Athos monasteries but they are limited to the period between 1527 and 1530. The origins of Theophilos is obscure. However, based on a new reading of an inscription in the monastery of Mylopotamos, where he had been a hieromonk prior to becoming an archbishop of Tarnovo, the author concludes that his native town was Arta in Epirus, Greece.

Вера Мутафчиева – явление в българската наука

Author(s): Krasimira Moutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The article is devoted to Vera Mutafchieva – a real phenomenon both in modern Bulgarian historical knowledge and literature. Her researches focused on the Ottoman period on which she published dozens of articles, studies, monographies in Bulgarian and European journals. Vera Mutafchieva is also an author of popular historical novels which were translated into many languages. The author of the article presents her development and contributions for the Bulgarian historical knowledge as her main scholarly theses are revealed.

Rec. ad: David Nicolle. Cross and Crescent in the Balkans: The Ottoman Conquest of Southeastern Europe. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2010. 256 pp.

Author(s): Peter Benbow / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Метафората „турско робство“ – концепт на националната култура

Author(s): Strashimir Tsanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article deals with the role of the “Turkish yoke” metaphor in historiography, history textbooks, and Bulgarian national culture. The analysis leads to the conclusion that “Turkish yoke” is not the most suitable term for naming the historical period during which Bulgarians had no state of their own for nearly five centuries. Although historically imprecise, the metaphor is defined as an important concept of national culture, representing the mindset of the Bulgarian elite during the High Renaissance period. The understanding of the historical logic behind the term “Turkish yoke” is very important for preserving correct historical memory of the events of the third quarter of the nineteenth century. The text concludes that the “Turkish yoke” metaphor symbolizes the nоn-slave consciousness of those Bulgarians who had accepted the ideas of national revolution.

За Ботевия роман на революцията (за Христо Ботев. Да драснем кибрита на въстанието…)

Author(s): Antonia Velkova-Gaydarzhieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

„Османското присъствие“ в съвременните учебници по история – мит или реалност

Author(s): Yuliya Simeonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

During the last few years, an attempt has been made in Bulgarian society to impose the con-tention that the Ottoman period is represented in the school history and civilizations textbooks through the definition “Ottoman Presence”. The present article seeks to provide a scientifically grounded review of the educational documentation concerning school history education, and in particular the history textbooks, to ascertain whether such a definition is present or absent

İRAN-FARS MİLLİ KİMLİĞİNİN OLUŞUMU VE TÜRK SORUNU:1800-1940

Author(s): Hossein Hassanpashaei / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2022

The formation of the Iranian approach/mentality in the modern period and their attitude towards the “Turks”, who was chosen as one of the two main othernesses of Iranian nationalism, is the subject of this research. This research examines the historical roots of Iranianism, the three Qadisiyah, Chaldirani, and Crusader-Racial mentalities, and how these three discourses occasionally cooperate. From the Safavid period, Westerners enter the rivalry between Ottoman Turks and Safavid Turks as military advisers, and this entry manifests itself in a more complex and conscious way, in modern historiography. Finally, modern Iran emerges from these collaborations and conflicts.

Българските хайдути в контекста на хайдутството на Балканите (според фолклорните извори)

Author(s): Ivan Parvanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

This article attempts to study Bulgarian hayduts (outlaws) in the context of haydutry in the Balkans by comparing Bulgarian and Balkan haydut folk songs. The aim of the research is to establish and explain the common and different moments in them in terms of themes, plots, and presentation of the main characters through their behaviour, actions, and the attitude of the folk artist to them. Based on that comparison, the common and different characteristics of Bulgarian and Balkan hayduts and the Bulgarian haydutry during the period of Ottoman rule are to be derived and indicated. The geographical area of the study covers the territories of today’s Balkan countries: Bulgaria, Serbia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece, and Romania.

Църковно строителство в Североизточна България през 50-те – 70-те години на ХІХ век

Author(s): Nevena Nedelcheva,Aldzhan Dzhafer / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

This report presents the construction of churches in Eski Juma, Osman Pazar, Hezargrad, and in several other settlements in the 1850s – 1870s. It also focuses on the procedures for building churches and on the reasons for their mass construction in the region under review during this period. The study analyzes the applications of the population, their reasons, and the ethnic composition of the settlements studied. In addition, the paper discusses issues concerning the construction of the churches themselves, their size, organization, and financing.

За стопанската дейност на Евстати Селвели през 1843 г.

Author(s): Veselin Goranchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The article presents information about the economic activity of Eustati Selveli in 1843, a prominent Renaissance entrepreneur and public figure of the 19th century. It is a continuation of two previous publications that examined this activity of his in the period 1831–1842. In 1843, Eustati Selveli took active part in at least two business structures – the trading company called “Hadji Mincho Hadji Tsachev and Company,” founded together with Hadji Mincho hadji Tsachev, and the trading company called “Eustati Hadji Nikolaou Selveli and Company,” established together with Atanas hadji Nikolaou. Both were set up in 1841. The main part of the information presented in this article was acquired on the basis of Greek-language documents that are stored in the State Archives of Veliko Tarnovo and in the archives of the Regional Museum of History in Veliko Tarnovo. These include contracts concluded between Eustati Selveli and Atanas hadji Nikolaou, a commercial notebook that belonged to their partnership, and a personal notebook of Eustati Selveli. The indicated historical sources contain information about the material and financial condition of Eustati Selveli and about his joint business activity with Atanas hadji Nikolaou. The article presents information about the business partners of Eustati Selveli and Atanas hadji Nikolaou in the year under review; the items which the partners traded in and their prices; the monetary units they used when paying for supplies and their value equal to grosh (the local coin at the time); the ways of delivery of the goods, etc.

DOPRINOS ČASOPISA PRILOZI (INSTITUTA ZA HISTORIJU) BOSANSKOHERCEGOVAČKOJ HISTORIOGRAFIJI O OSMANSKOM PERIODU

Author(s): Nermina Bikić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2021

In this paper, the author presents the overview of articles corresponding to the Ottoman era of Bosnia-Herzegovina's history, published in the Institute of History's journal Contributions. Given that the main goal was to collect articles from the mentioned period, this paper contains an overview and brief references to the same, not a critical analysis. In order to clarify certain events or contexts, the author used other relevant works.

„La Révolution de la Grèce n’est qu’accidentelle...”: o versiune inedită a relatării prinţului Gheorghe Cantacuzino despre acţiunea Eteriei în Principatele Române la 1821

Author(s): Alexandru-Florin Platon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 68/2022

Membre de la haute noblesse moldave, descendant d’une illustre famille d’origine grecque, le Prince Georges Cantacuzène (1786-1845) a joué un rôle de premier ordre dans l’insurrection grecque de 1821, organisée et menée par l’Hétairie dans les Principautés Roumaines. La relation qu’il a laissée sur cet événement a été conservée jusqu’ici dans deux versions. La première, en allemand, publiée en 1824 à Halle et intitulée Denkschrift des Fürsten Georg Cantacuzeno, a été insérée dans une brochure (Briefe eines Augenzeugen des griechischen Revolution vom Jahre 1821. Nebst einer Denkschrift des Fürsten Georg Cantacuzeno über die Begebenheiten in der Moldau und Walachey in den Jahren 1820 und 1821. Mit Rigas Portrait) à coté de 33 lettres anonymes sur la révolution grecque. Cette version n’a jamais été republiée depuis. La deuxième version, datée 1828 et écrite en français, destinée au colonel russe Ivan Petrovici Liprandi, a été publiée en 1960 par l’historien roumain Andrei Oţetea dans un volume de documents concernant le mouvement insurrectionnel de Tudor Vladimirescu qui a eu lieu à la même année (1821) en Valachie, de connivence avec le soulèvement grec. La troisième version de cette relation (ou « journal », d’après l’intitulé que lui donne l’auteur) – celle que nous avons découvert et que nous publions ici – est inédite. Écrite aussi en français, elle a été conservée dans l’archive de Léonard Revilliod (1786-1867), un Suisse originaire de Genève, qui a passé plusieurs années à Odessa, en Russie, et qui, pendant ce long séjour de 25 ans, s’était vraisemblablement lié d’amitié avec le Prince Cantacuzène, dont la famille avait une propriété non loin de la même ville. Il s’agit d’une copie faite d’après l’original perdu, mais qui, par rapport aux autres relations, est plus exhaustive, avec maints détails concernant les préparatifs de l’insurrection, les circonstances de la nomination du Prince Alexandre Ipsilanti comme chef de l’Hétairie, la politique ambiguë de la Russie envers la révolte qui se préparait, la campagne militaire des Grecs en Moldavie et en Valachie (22 février / 6 mars – 17 / 22 juin 1821) et, finalement, le rôle que le Prince lui-même a joué dans ces événements. Georges Cantacuzène a écrit ce « journal » pour faire mieux ressortir ses mérites au cours de la campagne militaire, mais, surtout, pour se justifier d’avoir abandonné l’armée qu’il commandait avant la dernière bataille (celle de Scouleni, sur le Pruth) contre les Turcs – geste qui a été qualifié par la postérité comme trahison et lui a valu une sorte de « légende noire ». En plus de tous ces éléments, cette version inédite de la relation du Prince Georges Cantacuzène sur les événements de 1821 est au plus haut point intéressante parce qu’elle nous montre de plus près la réalité chaotique et souvent contradictoire d’un événement historique également important tant pour les Roumains, que pour les Grecs.

TRI LITERARIZIRANE SLIKE SUŽIVOTA JEVREJA I MUSLIMANA U OSMANSKOJ BOSNI

Author(s): Nehrudin Rebihić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 21/2022

The paper presents three literary images of the coexistence of Jews and Muslims in Ottoman Bosnia. The pictures chronologically represent a hodogram of coexistence from the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century. The first picture is Sušić's short story Šta učini Don Daniel Rodriga, in which the author first shows the early relationship between Bosnian Muslims and Jews in trade between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic, and then the social controversies that accompanied that process. The second picture is based on Bašeski's Ljetopis and presents a picture of coexistence in the daily life of Sarajevo in the 18th century, where it does not only include the beautiful and positive, but also the negative representations. However, this picture shows the dynamic connections between Muslims and Jews at the national level, but also the differences and tensions conditioned by the social, religious, and political context. The third picture represents the positive relationship between Muslims and Jews in the example of literary representations of Sarajevo’s Purim. Here we analyze the different interpretations of this event, as well as how much they, regardless of evident contradictions, together influenced the shaping of the discourse about this holiday of Sarajevo’s Jews

Slučaj srpske škole u Kumanovu u svjetlu dokumenata Osmanskog arhiva

Author(s): Amina Lila,Merjema Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 51/2022

In addition to many problems of the 19th century, it was the Macedonian Question at the end of the century that sparked considerable interest. Finding a solution required inclusion not only of the leading World powers but also of the regional Balkan countries Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria.The Macedonian Question vastly manifested itself in the educational and ecclesiastical sphere which led to the intangible cultural war between the countries involved. In this paper, we will discuss the shutdown of the Serbian school in Kumanovo and it’s reopening through diplomatic ways. Kumanovo is a remarkable example of the Macedonian Question, where the educational and ecclesiastical affairs were highly influenced by the excharhists and patriarchists. We aim to elaborate on the efficiency of the Ottoman Empire’s bureaucratic mechanism, which solved and prevented possible crises and conflicts in writing. The Ottoman archive, one of the greatest legacies of the Ottoman Empire, abounds with many materials that are still unexplored. Finding a document means nothing without knowing the administrative mechanism of the Empire, the structure of the Archive and its functionality. More often than not, the documents are of the bureaucratical essence, but it is its content that includes the name of the department, office or the addressed individual, as well as various details and elements of the issue discussed, that can draw a rather extensively broad picture of the event withnin its particular time frame and political circumstances. By using the example of the Serbian school in Kumanovo we will expand on the idea of the Ottoman system solving the Macedonian Que stion. From the local superintendent of education, through the wali, ambassadors and ministers of foreign affairs and education, to the Grand Vizier and the Sultan, everyone was involved and engaged in parallel intercourse, without any hindrance in communication and conveyance.

O društveno-političkim prilikama u Smederevskom sandžaku i Bosanskom ejaletu krajem 18. i prvim decenijama 19. stoljeća

Author(s): Amir Džinić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 51/2022

This work presents the most important socio-political events in the Smederevo Sanjak and the Bosnian Eyalet at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Chronologically following events in the mentioned areas, it is possible to see the separate socio-political movements of both administrative units, but also the period of contact points on that historical path and the consequences that would follow. Based on published and unpublished archival material, available documents and literature, in addition to the main factors that marked the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, the work also touches on the everyday life of an ordinary person in the Bosnian Eyalet in the context of wider socio-political processes. The paper points to the position of the Ottoman state at that time, its military and socio-economic circumstances, and the influence of international powers and their relations. Therefore, every reflection and refraction in various aspects on the Bosnian Eyalet must be viewed in a broader framework, taking into account the policy and strategy of the center in relation to the events on the frontiers which become the subject of interest at the international level, and which are reflected in the area of the Smederevo Sanjak and the Bosnian Eyalet. Seen from a broader framework, while taking into account the policy and strategy of the center, the events that become an issue at the international level are exposed, solely because of the different plans and interests of each of them. In addition, the paper emphasises some of the most important consequences of the events in the Smederevo Sanjak, especially the long-term outcomes of the Serbian uprisings and the issues related to its demarcation with the Bosnian Eyalet as well as the forced emigration of the Muslim population.

Life on the Ottoman Border, ur. Vjeran Kursar

Author(s): Vedrana Šimić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 51/2022

Review of: Life on the Ottoman Border, ur. Vjeran Kursar. Zagreb: FF Press, 2022, 374.

Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi’nde 1641-1642 Azak Seferi

Author(s): Mücahit Orkun İKİNCİ / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

Evliya Çelebi, one of the first names that come to mind Ottoman travelling tradition, conveys to the reader many extraordinary events and situations in the places he travelled and saw in his rich work, which he wrote as a result of nearly half a century of experience and presented information to her enthusiast on many subject. One of the issues he dealt with in his work was the attempt to take back the Azov Fortress, which was captured by the Don Cossacks in 1637, by the Ottoman-Crimean allied army, including him, about for years after the capture and the events that followed. İn this study, it is aimed to examine the events and situation that Evliya Çelebi saw in the mentioned campaign and the manner of handling them. Undoubtedly, Evliya Çelebi‟s book; Seyahatname, in which who was an on duty soldier on the campaign, provides very mportant information about the 1641-1642 Azov Campaign, which was very important with its causes and consequences in the political history of the Ottoman Empire and Crimean Khanate. İn addition to the chronic historical sources, Evliya Çelebi who was in the events himself, witnessed the atmospher, the physical and psychological condition of the soldiers of the both group, and the words of the people around him who were interviewed, such as the rare point that we can only find in himself; he focuses his attention on the information he conveyed, which is a primary sources on his subject.

Kilka uwag na temat zobowiązań finansowych Mołdawii wobec Rzeczypospolitej i Imperium Osmańskiego w latach 1595–1606(1611)

Author(s): Cristian Bobicescu Antim / Language(s): Polish Issue: 83/2022

The article deals with the fiscal obligations of Moldaviatowards the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of Jeremy Mohyla (1595–1606). First, the text presents the theses of Polish and Romanian historiography on the size and manner of the financial contribution that Moldavia had to pay to the Crown since 1600. Given that Moldavia was under a double suzerainty (Polish and Ottoman), it was necessary to present Moldavia’s fiscal relations with the Ottoman Empire under Jeremy Mohyla and during the previous period. As a consequence of these relations, the Polish diplomacy tried either to get Moldavia for itself or to reduce the tribute it owed to the Ottomans (which would be tantamount to taking Moldavia under its protection in the relations with the Ottoman Empire), or to obtain for itself the tribute which Moldavia was paying to the Ottomans for 30–40 years. All those steps remained formally unsuccessful. The article presents Poland’s fiscal actions towards Moldavia in 1595–1606, criticises the hypothesis of Polish historiography about the alleged reduction of 40,000 red złotys set in Conditie in 1600 to 15,000 złotys, provides information on the Oriental trade of some magnates, and also on the imposition of military obligations (stacja wojskowa) in Moldavia.

OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE ULUFELERİNİ GÜMRÜK MUKATAALARINDAN ALAN CAMİ GÖREVLİLERİ (H. 1099-1182 / M. 1688-1769)

Author(s): Hakan Doğan,Fatma Ünyay Açikgöz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 77/2023

In the Ottoman Empire, mosques were one of the most important institutions that performed various functions apart from worship. The expenditures such as construction, repair, lighting, heating, maintenance and wages of the mosque officials constituted the basic expenses of the mosques. These expenses were sometimes met from the central treasury, sometimes from real estate revenues, whose revenues were donated for mosques, and sometimes from direct donations in kind and in cash from the people of the region where the mosque was located. In the Ottoman Empire, many officials were serving in mosques. Among the main of these officials; there were imam, hatip, muezzin, preacher, kayyım, ferraş, devir-hân, kâri (kurrâ), na’t-hân, tariffhân, muvakkit, enam-hân, muarrif, sure-hân, cüzhân and dersiam. The salaries and wages of the said officials were mostly paid through the waqifs of the mosques or masjids they were in charge of. Waqifs, which also served in other fields, became so widespread in the Ottomans that almost every mosque had at least one real estate. Sometimes the incomes of the waqifs were too low to meet the needs of the mosque or the waqıfs were disappearing themselves. In this cases where the waqif revenues were insufficient, various sources of income were used to meet the expenditures partially or completely. One of the sources that the state used for the payment of the salaries of mosque officials was customs revenues. So much so that in the Ottoman Empire, it is seen that the salaries of the officials in some mosques were paid from the revenues of customs revenues instead of waqifs incomes. In this study, duties of people working in mosques of the different regions of the Ottoman geography and the amount of their salaries from customs revenues were evaluated through the data on the berat (royal degree) copies in Cumhurbaşkanlığı Osmanlı Arşivi (The Presidential Ottoman Archive) Ali Amirî (AE.SMHD.I, AE.SMST.II, AE.SMST.III, AE.SAMD.III) classification (1688-1769).

Славянская арабскоалфавитная письменность литовских татар

Author(s): Galina Miškinene / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2012

Lithuanian Tatars’ manuscript tradition is a unique cultural phenomenon, which was born in XVI century, when Lithuanian Tartars lost their Turkic language, and it composed an exclusive heritage feature of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The scientific literature refers to four literary languages recorded in Lithuania Tartars’ manuscripts. These are Chorezm, Chagatai, old Ottoman and Crimean Tatar languages. Over the centuries, Tatars have not lost connection with their compatriots in the East. There is much information about Tartars’ trips to Istanbul, the Balkans and Mecca. However, inaptitude of the liturgical Arabic language and loss of the Turkic language was the reason why Lithuanian Tartars were constrained to change their religious literature into Old Belorussian and later into Polish. In this way, Lithuanian Tartars’ manuscript tradition was born, when Slavic text was written in the Arabic alphabet. One of the peculiarities of these manuscripts is that it is a multilingual monument. In manuscripts, beside the Slavic languages, there are many texts written in Arabic and old Ottoman words. Lithuanian Tartars’ writing tradition, little bit modified and modernized, remained till our days. At the end of XIX century Chamail written in Cyrillic alphabet appeared, whereas Kitab written by printing-machine in the Latin alphabet appeared in 1980s. The oldest Tartars’ manuscripts (kitabs, chamails, tefsirs and tedžvids), written in the old Belorussian and Polish languages in the Arabic alphabet, are dated back in the middle of XVII century. The meaning of the word kitab in the Arabic language is a book. However, kitab refers only to a very large size and scope of a book. Kitabs for Lithuanian Tartars had a great cultural and educational value. It was possible to learn from them about Muslim rituals, traditions, and access to popular hadith – stories about prophet Muhammed and his predecessors. There were also a lot of Eastern stories, folklore, sometimes biblical legends. Chamail (prayer-book) consists of prayer text written in the Arabic and Turkic languages and explanation of the text in old Belorussian and Polish. It is also possible to find knowledge about Muslim chronology, advices how to heal disease by praying, dreams interpretations, lucky and unlucky day predictions. Quran reading rules are stated in tedžvid. Tefsir is the Quran with narration between the lines and comments in Polish. It helps to understand content of the Scripture. All the written forms are equally important and reflect the unique Lithuanian Tartars’ culture and its links with other cultures.