Anton Golopenția și rostul „științelor sociale”. Sociologia etaticului și geopolitica etnicului în perioada interbelică

Author(s): Didă Diana / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2011

Anton Golopentia was an important member of Romanian Sociological School of Bucharest led by Dimitrie Gusti. With A. Golopentia`s texts, we could dismount two errors often done in interwar period regarding sociology and geopolitics sciences in Romania. Concretely, first of them was considered to have an narrow ethnic or nationalist character; second, on the contrary, was seen as concerning only good functioning of state, so that ignoring the ethnic factor. With Golopentia`s texts we reached the conclusion that sociology and geopolitics are complementary social sciences. Sociology is both an ethnic and state-concerning science and it does not ignore the state as institution. Also, geopolitics is about the state, but in the same time it gives a big importance to the ethnic factor. This double and almost equal focus to the state and to the ethnic factor was facilitated by the national-state character of our country. Sociological research on internal medium of a state and geopolitical research on external medium of it are, both, national kind.

Ukrainos operos diva XX a. pradžios Vilniuje. Solomijos Krušelnickos (1872–1952) 150-osioms gimimo metinėms

Author(s): Vida Bakutytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 3/2022

The object of the article is the tours of Solomiya Krushelnytska (Соломія Крушельницька, 1872–1952), one of the most outstanding Ukrainian opera singers of the twentieth century, in Vilnius on 10 February and 21–22 March 1901. Not only Lithuanian but also Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian historiographies fail to reflect this significant fact in the history of musical culture of Lithuania. The concert of the world-renowned Ukrainian opera prima donna and her participation in two performances of an Italian opera troupe in Vilnius were important events in the cultural life of the city. They were warmly welcomed by the public of Vilnius and received glowing reviews. The acquaintance with the singer of extraordinary talent was a new and significant experience for the admirers of operatic art in Vilnius. The aim of this article is to publish the results of an in-depth analysis providing an opportunity to find out the circumstances of the tours of the world-acclaimed soloist in Vilnius. It also seeks to present a precise sequence of events that accompanied her visits and their reception in the city, as well as evaluate the artistic importance of her performances for the residents of Vilnius. At the same time, the article intends to fill the gap in the research on this particular theme and to enrich the material provided in the publications of the biographers of Solomiya Krushelnytska with her “Vilnius page”.

Gheorghe P. Dinu (1916-1973?)

Author(s): Florin Şandru / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2021

The Sovietization of Romania and the installation of the communist regime were the consequences of two events which took place towards the end of WW II: the first was "The Agreement of Percentage" in October 1944 and the second was the advance of the Red Army towards the centre of Europe. That was supported by the force of weapons and the result was the establishment of political regimes fully controlled by and obedient to Moscow. Gheorghe P. Dinu had a career as a lawyer and as a Police commissioner during a period of great changes in the history of Romania, 1938-1945. He worked at the Police departments of Arad, Lipova and Timişoara, where he was involved in the discovery of some legionary and communist organizations and in the arrest of their members, activity which led to his arrest and sentence in 1954 to 25 years of heavy prison. He was freed in 1964 from the prison of Gherla. Since he knew many former police officers, he was recruited as a Security informer in September 1964. In this position, he made 198 informative notes regarding former working or detention colleagues. This ended in 1973 when his collaboration with the Securitate ended.

Janoș Fazekaș (1926-2004)

Author(s): Cristian Alexandru Voicu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2021

One of the few Romanian communists that had a different ethnic background than the majority of the Romanian Communist Party, Janoș Fazekaș rose steadily through the ranks, being favoured in part by its Hungarian ethnicity. Unlike other high-ranking members of the RCP (Vasile Luca or Alexandru Moghioroș), Fazekaș has not denied his ethnicity and kept a strong and active link with his native area, as he considered that being a Hungarian is part of his political identity, while constantly trying to improve the economic and cultural state of the Szekler-populated regions.

Manea Mănescu (1916-2009)

Author(s): Cristina Diac / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2021

This article analyzes Manea Mănescu’s life trajectory. Manea Mănescu was a member of the nomenklatura during the Romanian socialist regime and also held important positions within the State administration (between March 1974 and March 1979, he was a prime minister). The main „turning points "of Mănescu's biography came under attention, with an accent on his political activity during the Second World War and on how and why the Romanian Communist Party (RCP) reassessed this period of Mănescu's life periodically after 1945. The well-known expression of the French historian Henry Rousso - „le passé qui ne passe pas "/„the past that not pass” - which refers to the impact of the Vichy syndrome on French society after the Second World War, seems to have functioned in Manea Mănescu’s case as well. From 1945 until 1960, even when he held key positions within the State and Party hierarchies, this official had to explain an alleged collaboration with the military dictatorship. This article also briefly discusses the main developments of the Romanian state-socialist regime in the second part of the 1970s, when Manea Mănescu was a prime minister and his role in the institutionalization of the Romanian cybernetic as a scientific field. Mănescu's biography relies on his Cadre file from the archive of the RCP, other unpublished documents, memoirs of the communist functionaries, and secondary literature.

Şerban Stănciulescu (1946-1991)

Author(s): Flori Bălănescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2021

Șerban Stănciulescu asserted his vocation for freedom in his teenage years. In 1977, he joined the Human Rights Movement initiated by Paul Goma. Being constantly harassed by the Securitate, along with other young people, he was a member of the Balta Brăilei Group, named after the area where some of them have been sent to a labour camp by the communist regime. When he arrived in the West, in 1978, the director of the Romanian Department of Radio Free Europe Noel Bernard, impressed by his education and individuality, offered him to hold a series of musical encounters in the show „Metronom".

Epopeea tezaurului românesc evacuat la Moscova văzută prin ochii unui istoric rus

Author(s): Vasile Buga / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2021

This is the review of the book Sudba „,rumânskogo zolota” v Rossii. 1916-2020. Ocerki istorii” (Destinul „tezaurului românesc” în Rusia.1916- 2020. Schițe de istorie), Aleteia, Sankt-Petersburg, 2020, 268 p.

PRIKAZI

Author(s): Enes Pelidija,Boris Nilević,Milka Zdraveva,Vera Ilić,Nusret Šehić,Ilijas Hadžibegović,Budimir Miličić,Slobodan Branković,Drago Borovčanin,Behija Zlatar,Miralem Arslanagić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 14-15/1978

Reviews of: Radovan Samardžić, “Sulejman i Rokselana”, Srpska književna zadruga, kolo LXIX, knjiga 463, Beograd 1976, str. 691; Zdravko Kajmaković, Georgije Mitrojanović, »Veselin Masleša«, Biblioteka: »Kulturno nasljeđe«, Sarajevo 1977, str. 406; Aleksandar Matkovski, “Kreposništvoto vo Makedonija vo vreme na turskoto vladeenje. – Le servage en Macédoine pendant la domination turque”. Izd. Institut za nacionalna istorija, Skopje 1978, str. 411; Galib Šljivo, “Klek i Sutorina u međunarodnim odnosima 1815-1878”, Filozofski fakultet u Beogradu, Beograd 1977. godine; Mitar Papić, “Istorija srpskih škola u Bosni i Hercegovini”, IP »Veselin Masleša«, Bilblioteka »Kulturno nasljeđe«, Sarajevo 1978, str. 191; Enver Redžić, “Austromarksizam i jugoslavensko pitanje”, Institut za savremenu istoriju, IP »Narodna knjiga«, Beograd 1977, str. 497; Ahmed Hadžirović, “Sindikalni pokret u Bosni i Hercegovini 1918 – 1941.” Izdanje Instituta za istoriju u Sarajevu i Izdavačke organizacije »Rad« u Beogradu, Beograd 1978, str. 501; Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu naroda Jugoslavije, tom 12, knjiga, 3, Vojnoistorijski institut, Beograd 1978; Branko Petranović i dr Čedomir Štrbac, “Istorija socijalističke Jugoslavije”, »Radnička štampa«, Beograd 1977, knjiga, I, II, III,; Prilozi za orijentalnu filologiju XXV/1975, Orijentalni Institut, Sarajevo 1977; VI Jugoslovenski simpozijum o nastavi istorije, Banjaluka 1. 2. i 3. septembra, 1978. godine.

Професор Иван Шишманов и германската славистика

Author(s): Maria Zlatkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1993

Information is provided on the contracts which Prof. Ivan Shishmanov established with representatives of German Slavonic studies during the 80s and 90s of the 19th c. and during the first three decades of the present century. An attempt is made to show the influence of the rich intellectual life in Germany at the end of the past century on the formation of Shishmanov as a scholar and to outline his role in the development of Bulgarian-German cultural relations during that period, laying stress on his contribution to the popularization in Germany of the achievements of the Bulgarian humanities in folkloristic studies, linguistics, literary history, on the one hand, and his making the Bulgarian learned public familiar with the avant-garde German achievements in the same fields, on the other.

Живяна история на българското право. Сто и четиридесет години от рождението на Стефан Савов Бобчев (20 януари 1853 – 8 септември 1940 г.)

Author(s): Ivan Bilyarski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4-5/1993

О СОЦИЈАЛНОЈ И ПОЛИТИЧКОЈ ДИФЕРЕНЦИЈАЦИЈИ МЕЂУ САРАЈЕВСКИМ ЈЕВРЕЈИМА У РАЗДОБЉУ 1918-1941

Author(s): Moni Finci / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 18/1981

Између два свјетска рата Сарајево je ишло у ред три града (иза Загреба и Београда) с процентуално највећим бројем јеврејског становништва у Југославији (и до 70% у Босни и Херцеговини). Према статистичким и другим објавленим подацима, у Сарајеву je 1921. године живјело 7,458 Јевреја, у години 1931. око 8,500, да би се, досељавањем из мањих мјеста и уз извјестан природни прираштај, тај број 1940/41. попео до близу десет хиљада. To je чинило од 10,35% до нешто преко 12,30% укупног броја сарајевског становништва. Захваљујући стољетним урбаним традицијама и урођеној предузимљивости његових људи, утицај тог дијела становништва на привредни и културни, a унеколико и на укупни живот града био je, у новије вријеме, сразмјерно велихи.

Държавната политика към земеделските кооперации в България (края на XIX в. – 1944 г.)

Author(s): Rositsa Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1993

A general evaluation is made in the article of the policy of the state towards the agricultural co-operatives from the late 19th century to 1944, and the main stages in it are outlined. Despite some omissions and oversights in legislation, the state appreciated the opportunities of the co-operative farms in agriculture to contribute to a certain regulation of social relations, to the development of the productive forces and to the transformation and intensification of farm production. Without according them top importance, these opportunities were utilized to a considerable degree. Most generally speaking, two stages are outlined in the policy pursued. During the first – from the end of the 19th century to the mid-30s of the 20th century – a legislation for the co-operative associations, adequate to the conditions of the country, was passed. Through the Bulgarian Agricultural Bank and the Bulgarian Central Co-operative Bank the state assisted in the establishment and consolidation of the young co-operatives in the villages. At this stage it still lacked the ambitions to supervise and control the co-operative movement, and the co-operatives and their unions enjoyed complete autonomy in their internal life. The change in state policy towards direct intervention in co-operative affairs became noticeable after the May 19, 1934 coup. It was part of the general tendency to strengthen the control of the executive power in all spheres of the life of society and found expression in a number of enactments.

Учебната книжнина и национализмът (подходът на Димитрис Глинос)

Author(s): Philippos Iliou / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1993

The study is dedicated to an important and almost unknown instance from the development of the Greek public thinking in the 20th century. The contemporary Greek historian Philipos lliou reports and subjects to comprehensive analysis the inquiry devised by the Greek intellectual Dimitris Glinos on Greek school literature with reference to the notion reflected in it of Greece's neighbouring peoples. The inquiry is connected with the efforts of the "Carnegie Endowment" international organization to reveal the roots of World War I and the Balkan Wars and the elimination of hostility between the nations. The data in the article shed light on the complex contradictory road covered by the Greek intelligentsia in the 20th century in an atmosphere of domination of nationalism in the life of the Balkans. The pieces of information about the image of the Bulgarian in Greek school literature are interesting; they reflected the evolution of Bulgarian-Greek relations in the first decades of the 20th century. Ph. lliou pays particular attention to the sober attitude of Glinos to the problems of nationalism.

Желю Желев. Фашизмът. София, Изд. на БЗНС, 1990

Author(s): Plamen S. Tsvetkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1991

Zašto su Bošnjaci “plaćali kamatu navodne turske krivice”u mirnodopskim vremenima u XX vijeku? - Primjeri Šahovića 1924 i Rožaja 1967-1971

Author(s): Šerbo Rastoder / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 89-90/2022

Tema kojom se bavimo nije nova u istoriografiji. Pitanjima iseljavanja muslimana, balkanska istoriografija i ona u Crnoj Gori posebno, počela se baviti još prije drugog svjetskog rata. Istina, izvan ovih prostora bilo je više pokušaja da se definišu neki odgovori, često u širem civilizacijskom kontekstu. Tako Edvin Pezo u predgovoru svoje knjige problematizuje naizgled neočekivano sljedeća pitanja: ”Obje jugoslovenske države nastale u nakon svjetskih ratova i obje su unutar svojih granica zatekle nacionalne i etničke skupine, koje su državne vlasti smatrale nepoželjnima. Jedna od takvih neżeljenih skupina bili su muslimani neslovenskog podrijetla, u kojima je kršćanska većina vidjela neželjeni ostatak višestoljetnog Osmanskog jarma. “A onda slijedi posve aktuelno pitanje:” Jesu li Islam i Evropa kompatibilni te pripada li Islam evropskome povijesnom nasljeđu”? Bez obzira što se na ovo pitanje može gledati i kao na izvedenu iskustvenu konstrukciju, ipak je naslov njegove knjige u prevodu sa njemačkog“ Prisilna migracija u vrijeme mira.? Jugoslovenska migraciona politika i iseljavanje muslimana u Tursku ( 1918-1966)” više nego provokativan.

Драгомир Драганов. В сянката на сталинизма. С., „Хр. Ботев“, 1990

Author(s): Vladimir Migev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/1991

A presentation of Dr.Draganov's "Under the Shade of Stalinism"

Intellectual Sources of Parisian “Kultura”: Adolf Bocheński’s Wartime Political Thought

Author(s): Kazimierz Michał Ujazdowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

A significant aspect of the study of political thought is the recognition of its creativity, expressed in the ability to evaluate the past critically and to formulate groundbreaking ideas at moments of radical social and political changes. Undoubtedly, Adolf Bocheński’s political thought in the texts published during World War II had this attribute. The ideas that Bocheński produced were a vital source of inspiration for the program of the magazine called Parisian “Kultura”, which was the most influential center of Polish political emigration after 1945. The forerunning political thought of Bocheński inspired the critical approach of Jerzy Giedroyc’s magazine to the social system of the Second Republic and a willingness to support transformations aimed at making social groups hitherto excluded from active participation in the life of the national community more aware of their rights as citizens. Bocheński’s neo-federalist concepts were even more inspiring. He was undoubtedly a precursor of the concepts of eastern policy of Parisian “Kultura”. When designing the post-war policy of Polish emigration, he postulated linking the Polish cause with the fight for national independence of nations subjugated by the Soviet Union, in particular with the idea of Ukraine’s independence.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ ТРУДЯЩИХСЯ МУРМАНА В ГОДЫ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ НА ПРИМЕРЕ СТАНЦИИ ИМАНДРА

Author(s): Eugene O. Sushko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 6/2022

The article investigates the financial situation of the workers and employees of the Imandra railway station during the Russian Civil War and the intervention on Murman. The key research questions are: what legal acts established the workers’ wages, and how these wages correlated with the general socio-economic situation of the inhabitants of the Northern Oblast. The main sources of research are archival materials containing information on the salaries of employees who held various positions, reports on the average wages of women and men, and the minutes of meetings of officials discussing the economic problems on the Murman. Archival data on the life of workers at the Imandra depot are used for the first time. It is concluded that at the Imandra station there was a significant gender inequality in terms of wages, with the average wage of men being almost twice the average wage of women. Nevertheless, despite all the difficulties, the station workers had access to the free purchase of consumer goods, although the prices for these goods were relatively high. It is concluded that one of the main problems of the Northern Oblast population was the rapid inflation of the ruble that resulted in higher prices, while wages could not match them.

Lietuvos gyventojų mirtingumas ir epidemiologinis perėjimas 1849–1921 metais

Author(s): Dovilė Bugienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 48 (01)/2021

With the modernization of societies, mortality is one of the key factors in the process of population change. Mortality since the middle of the 20th century in Lithuania has been widely studied in various aspects. However, the previous historical period in this field is still little studied and data on the changes in the development of Lithuanian mortality are almost unavailable. This article presents a study on the basis of the information from Roman Catholic churches death records books to reconstruct the structure of causes of death in the Lithuanian population in 1849–1921, its differences between urban and rural areas, and the links with A. R. Omran’s theory of epidemiological transition. The data of death records suggests the epi¬demiological transition in Lithuania began at the end of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century and displays the influence of the type of place of residence on the pace of mortality change.

Neke osobenosti ekonomsko-socijalnog „razvoja" Bosne i Hercegovine u monarhističkof Jugoslaviji

Author(s): Senaid Hadžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 7/2022

Far this paper, data (unpublished and published historical sources, relevant literature, official papers, press, periodicals, etc.) were researched and presented in the content, which speaks about the characteristics and some features of economic and social „ development" of Bosnia and Herzegovina during monarchist Yugoslavia. Understanding and knowing this issue can help to understand the disproportion of unequal development of certain parts of the farmer common stale, the attitude of central authorities towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, the causes that led to the disproportion, and monitoring the process of transformation of Bosnian society from agrarian to industrial at the transition from 19th to 20th century in monarchist Yugoslavia, and, especially, during the post - war reconstruction and the first five - year plan. That is, verified data are offered on the basis of which one can follow such a complex process far which it was necessary to consult a significant number of archival documents. Most space was given to comparing economic development and highlighting the social characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other provinces that were part of monarchist Yugoslavia. The facts show that one of the basic features of the industry of the farmer Yugoslavia was that there was a big difference in the level of development of certain of its parts. While the branches of light industry, especially food and textile, were relatively developed, some branches almost did not exist, or were very poorly developed: oil production, electrical industry, metallurgy, machinery, energy and others. The difference was evident in the level of development in some provinces of the farmer Yugoslavia. The western and northern parts (Slovenia, Croatia, Vojvodina) were significantly more industrially developed than the eastern and central parts (Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Thus, far example, Slovenia entered Yugoslavia with 1.325 million dinars of capital invested in industry per 1,000 inhabitants, Croatia with Slavonia and Dalmatia with 0.727 million, Serbia with 0. 594 million, etc. In relation to the number of inhabitants, the highest industry was built in Slovenia, and the least next to Montenegro in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the period from 1918. to 1938, a total of 2, 193 industrial and processing companies were built in Yugoslavia. OF that, 403 companies in Slovenia or 18.4%, although it accounts far 8.2% of the total population; in Croatia 635 companies or 29%, and its share in the population was 24. 1 %; in Bosnia and Herzegovina 129 companies or 5.88%, although its share in the total population of Yugoslavia was 16.7%. Another important feature of Yugoslav industry between the two world wars was the technical backwardness of those branches that were more or less developed. Old and worn-out machines were procured from industrialized countries, which were thrown out of the production process there. The third characteristic was the irrational placement of companies away from raw materials, roads and markets. Factories were built regardless of the raw material base, but the profit was mostly taken into account and was the driving force. A further characteristic is related to the fact that in almost all industries it was present, and in the largest and technically most modern companies, the dominant foreign capital. It forced the export of ore, wood and other raw materials and imported finished products at expensive prices. The content presented here provides relevant information on some, significant (key) events that were crucial far answering the research question.