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Albanian Literature in Its Critical Evaluation Process. Case Study: Periodicals

Author(s): Marisa Kërbizi,Edlira Macaj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The aim of this article is to analyze the process of evaluation of Albanian literature in literary periodicals (print or online). The research aims to explain the nature of criticism of Albanian literature in accordance with three main periods of Albanian literary history (1920–1944; 1945–1990; 1991–present). The paper has a short chronological presentation of the main periodicals which deal with literature. It also deals with the reception of Albanian literature in old and new periodicals. Some of the most important research questions of this paper are: Is there a continuation in the critical approaches to Albanian literature from the beginning to the present? Do critics have a ‘critical’ interaction between them while they express their evaluation regarding literature? Who are the critics? Which is the core role of certain critics and periodicals? The methodology used in this paper embraces a historical, analytical, statistical and interpretative approach. The paper will be developed in two parallel sections. The first one will elaborate quantitatively official data related to the number of periodicals which deal with the evaluation of literature in its theoretical and critical aspects and the other section will describe, analyze and interpret the data. The research results tend to prove that the process of critical evaluation of Albanian literature has experienced similar characteristics with Albanian literature itself. The critical reflection or criticism has turned out to be a refracting process. The critical evaluations are marred occasionally by low levels of professionalism or political interference.

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Recuperarea memoriei culturale a unei comunități pierdute. Proza lui I. Peltz

Author(s): Maria Pașcalău / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

During the interwar period, the Jewish population of Bucharest lived in the so-called “Jewish Neighbourhood”. With the establishment of the communist regime, the very existence of the Jewish community living in Bucharest was threatened and it almost disappeared because of the urban reconfiguration and of the political decisions which determined the Jewish population to gradually leave the country. Although the physical evidence of this community was destroyed, its cultural memory is still preserved in various forms with literature being one of these. Born in the Jewish Neighbourhood and through his detailed descriptions of his life in the Bucharest ghetto, I. Peltz managed to transform his prose into an instrument for preserving the memory of this community which got lost as time passed by. The present paper aims to identify in three of I. Peltz’s novels, Calea Văcărești (1933), Foc în Hanul cu tei (1934) și Israel însângerat (1946), those elements which shape the cultural profile of the Jewish community living in Bucharest before and during the interwar period. In addition, it investigates to what extent the cultural memory of a minority community manages to become an integral part of the national cultural memory by following the way in which I. Peltz’s literature succeed to enter and position itself within the Romanian literary canon. The purpose of this article is to draw the attention on the cultural and political practices used to control the process of formation of the national cultural memory. It is important to point out that these practices had almost entirely promoted the cultural identity belonging to the majority.

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Literatura și recuperarea memoriei pierdute. Despre romanele postmemoriale ale lui Cătălin Mihuleac

Author(s): Dumitru Tucan / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The memory of the Holocaust in Romania (i.e. the participation of the Romanian authorities in the atrocious crime of the Holocaust) was distorted and occulted in the Romanian public consciousness after the end of the Second World War. It was only in the last two decades, more precisely after the public debates initiated by the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, chaired by Elie Wiesel, and especially after the publication of the Final Report (2004), that the Romanian authorities’ accountability for the Holocaust timidly penetrated the public discourse. However, this memorial recovery has had only a minor impact, limited to only a few academic discursive communities. As a marginal part of the memory generated by the ruptures of recent history, the traumatic memory of the Holocaust in Romania remains to be recovered in the Romanian public discourse. One of the writers fully dedicated to this recovery process is Cătălin Mihuleac, who in two recent novels, America over the pogrom (2014) and Deborah (2019), fictionally reconstructs two major traumatic events of the Holocaust in Romania: the Iași Pogrom (1941) and the deportation of the Romanian Jews in Transnistria. Using as a theoretical framework the notions of postmemory (Hirsch 2012) and prosthetic memory (Landsberg 2004), this paper analyzes these two novels, trying to show their importance as an act of a recent “memorial atonement” in the Romanian culture.

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AUREL COSMA JR. – CONTRIBUŢII LA CONFERINŢA DE PACE (1946)

Author(s): Carmen Albert / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2021

Aurel Cosma jr., one of the prominent personalities in the 20th century Banat, an exponent of the Romanian culture and one of the most important political activists, had a notable contribution in preparing the works of the future peace conference after World War II. The government‘s approach intensified after the events of 1940 which had shaken both the Romanian public opinion and governmental circles in Bucharest. To organize the coming peace, many institutions and personalities, men of science, politicians, diplomats, and library experts were contacted within the national strategy schedule, the government understanding that the future of Romania depended on the way the materials and the whole process would be prepared. As a former deputy in the Parliament commission for foreign affairs and councilor at the Ministry of National Propaganda, Aurel Cosma jr. involved himself in the side-scenes of the future conference, both as a member of the organizing committee and an author of library reports. The present study follows all this aspects in developing, according to the evolution of external events, a proof of his exceptional professional abilities, for which in change he payed a high price - his own liberty.

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19. YÜZYILIN SONLARI 20. YÜZYILIN BAŞLARINDA (1880-1930) TÜRKİSTAN SÜRELİ YAYINLARI VE KADIN KONUSUNA YAKLAŞIMLARI

Author(s): Yasemin IŞIK,Kübra Koç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 74/2022

Turkistan Turks, who started to wake up with the “Cedidcilik (Principles-of Jadid/Jadidism)” movement that emerged in Western Turkestan, took advantage of the libertarian atmosphere that emerged after the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1905 in Tsarist Russia and accelerated their publishing activities even more. The libertarian and egalitarian atmosphere promised by the Bolsheviks blowing in the region with the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution lasted only until 1922; This situation is also reflected in social and cultural life. While these were happening in West Turkestan, East Turkestan was exposed to the attacks of the Chinese on the one hand and the Bolshevik Russians on the other. Some of the Turkestan intellectuals, who could not stand all these pressures, preferred to emigrate and published various newspapers and magazines in the countries they migrated to tell the whole world about the Turkestan cause. Intellectuals who preferred to stay in Turkestan despite all the difficulties experienced did not stay idle and expressed their views through newspapers and magazines by transforming their reactions to the pressures into intellectual movements. In these periodicals, the subjects are usually political; discussions on different issues such as social life, women, women’s rights were also discussed.

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Bernard Linek: Górnośląskie miasta w XIX i XX wieku/Bernard Linek: Dwa narody

Author(s): Jakub Grudniewski / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Jakub Grudniewski - Bernard Linek: Górnośląskie miasta w XIX i XX wieku. Powstanie – życie gospodarcze – totalitarne piętno (wybór artykułów) [Oberschlesische Städte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Aufschwung – Wirtschaftsleben – totalitäres Stigma (Auswahl von Artikeln).] Instytut Śląski. Opole 2020. 384 S. ISBN 978-83-7126-367-5. (PLN 25,–.) Jakub Grudniewski - Bernard Linek: Dwa narody. Wyłanianie się nowoczesnych narodów na Górnym Śląsku w XIX i XX wieku (wybór artykułów) [Zwei Nationen. Die Entstehung moderner Nationen in Oberschlesien im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Auswahl von Artikeln).] Instytut Śląski. Opole 2020. 376 S. ISBN 978-83-7126-368-2. (PLN 25,–.)

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Димитрина Петрова. Българският земеделски народен съюз през 1899–1944. София, Фондация „Детелина“, 1999. 240 с.

Author(s): Ilcho Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2000

Book Review

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Евгени Костов. Транспортната проблематика и институтът на конституционната министерска наказателна отговорност в България (1895–1923). София, 1999. 220 с.

Author(s): Yordanka Gesheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2000

Book Review

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Кино и общество в СССР:«изучение кинозрителя» в советской кинематографии 1920-х годов

Author(s): Stefano Pisu / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2010

Tema lucrării este analiza fenomenului de „studiu al spectatorului” în cinematografia din Uniunea Sovietică în anii ’20. Acesta se inserează în domeniul interdisciplinar al cercetării istorice prin surse cinematografice şi are două obiective principale. Pe de o parte să descrie metodele şi scopurile „studiului spectatorului” în cinematografia sovietică a Noii Politici Economice (NEP), dar şi premisele politico-culturale şi socio-economice care l-au făcut posibil şi dorit. Pe de altă parte, să individualizeze gustul şi cererea publicului sovietic din anii ’20 prin informaţiile rezultate din practica de mai sus. Lucrarea se bazează pe documente ale RGALI (Arhiva statului rus de literatură şi artă) şi pe publicistica din acea perioadă despre raporturile dintre cinematografie şi societate în URSS, ţinând cont în acelaşi timp de istoriografia sovietică, rusă şi internaţională a acestui subiect.

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The „soft” borders in the Baltic Sea Region, 1905-1940

Author(s): Silviu-Marian Miloiu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

Borders as imaginary or physical lines that serve as elements of separation (exclusion) and unification (inclusion) are widely discussed in fields such as history, international relations theory, international relations history, strategic studies, political science, and political geography, to name a few. Recent advances in the study of border problems have reshaped the conventional research paradigm in the fields of geography and political geography. This is why, in a study on the contemporary meanings of borders co-authored by numerous famous European and North American academics, an analysis of research paradigms, concepts, and future perspectives in border studies is offered. Corey Johnson and Reece Jones see borders as a complicated network of political, social, and cultural influences as long as sovereign states dominate the planet.This article will conduct an empirical examination of the Baltic Sea region's limits during the interwar period. It considers the complexities of borders as a twinning of political, social, cultural, economic, and psychological processes and occurrences, practically all of which are connected to a manifestation of power in its "hard" component. It is referred to as a "hard" border, pointing to the ones that divided Poland from Lithuania, or the Soviet Union from the Baltic States and the rest of the world, and as a "soft" or even "the softest" border, referring to the boundaries of the Scandinavian states during the same time period. As a complement to national ideologies, the notion of political and surveillance checkpoints would be an extension of Anssi Paasi's dual vision of discursive and emotional spaces (encompassing acquisition, exclusion, protection, love, hate, and violence). Liam O'Dowd's case for the need of understanding the history of state-building processes is compelling. While our study will concentrate on state and supranational processes, it will also examine border-related activities at the local and regional levels.

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Българското стопанство между Германия и Съветския съюз. Ликвидирането на германското технологично влияние в България

Author(s): Gospodinka Nikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3-4/1999

The influence exercised by Germany and the Soviet Union on the technological development of the Bulgarian economy during the years of two decisive and denying each other epoch, the divide of which was the Second World War, has so far not been the subject of special research. This theme has numerous aspects. The present study aims at revealing the role of the external factor in determining the basic tendencies in the technological development of Bulgaria before and after the war. It puts the accent on some problems still inadequately studied in our historiography: 1) The ideas and activities of the Central European Economic Council (Mitteleuropaischer Wirtsshaftstag – MWT), which in the period between the wars promoted the German technological expansion in Southeast Europe: 2) The peculiarities of the Bulgarian-German economic, respectively technological, integration proceeding during the same period; 3) The expropriation after the Second World War of the German material and intellectual property by the Soviet Union whereby the German technological influence in this country was most radically eliminated; 4) The fate of the so-called “German creature” and the building up of a Soviet advisory apparatus in Bulgaria. In the examination of the last circle of the problems space is devoted also to the last wave of purges, carried out through the so-called “Traicho Kostov trails” in the late 40s and early 50s, which in our view characterized most frankly the nature and objectives of the technological coup that was carried out. Briefly are surveyed the negative consequences of Bulgaria’s technological binding to the Soviet Union which emerged already in the 50s.

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Историческата съдба на България през погледа на немската историопис (1878–1939)

Author(s): Elena Boyadjieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/1998

The interest of the German scholars in Bulgaria was stirred up together with the resurrection of the Bulgarian State after the Liberation (1878) form five centuries of Turkish slavery. The quantitative increase in the publications to a certain extent reflected the economic and political interest of the Great Powers in the “heart” of Europe in the small state in its periphery but of strategic importance as a bridge between the East and the West, the North and the South. Characteristic of the German historical Bulgarian studies in that sixty-years long period were: first, the participation in it of representatives of all branches of the humanities, as well as of politicians, public figures, the military, etc.; second, the rich range of the themes and events studied which contributed not only to a scientific acquaintance with the Bulgarian lands, the Bulgarian people and the vicissitudes in the fate of the Bulgarian State, but also to their popularization in Germany. Unlike the works of the contemporary German historians, those of their pre-war predecessors indicated the correct approach of a scholar not burdened by national bias and ad hoc interstate relations on the Macedonian question. It was the fruit of thorough researches into Bulgarian history and personal contacts with the population of the Macedonian land. German historiography on Bulgaria has made a doubtless contribution to the strengthening of the scientific ties between historians of the two countries, to the professional communications from which they benefited and, therefore, to the enrichment of bilateral cultural relations.

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Руската православна църква през 20-те години на XX век

Author(s): Pavel, Archimandrite Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/1998

The movement for reforms in the Russian Church began much earlier than the cataclysms in the state and gathered speed with the council which was convened in 1917–1918 and restored the patriarchy. The strategic aim of the Bolshevik regime was to liquidate the church as an institution by separating it from the state and depriving it of legal status. With state support, a powerful atheist movement was organized. In the 20s the Church faced severe problems such as the expropriation of its valuables when hunger arose, the persecution of the clergy and the faithful, the renovationist and emigrant schisms. In spite of some hesitation and contradiction, it took the historically correct step of officially recognizing the legitimacy of Bolshevik power in 1927. The internal church opposition to this act was expressed in the appearance of a catacomb wing which still exist today.

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Д-р Васил Радославов – предател или патриот?

Author(s): Pasha Kishkilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/1998

The question is discussed of the facts, passed over in silence or missed, connected with the activity of Dr Vassil Radoslavov as Minister of Justice in P. Karavelov’s Cabinet (1884–1886), his attitude to the Union of the Principality of Bulgaria with Eastern Roumelia, to the Serbo-Bulgarian War, to the abdication of Prince Alexander Battenberg, etc. Indicated are the biased and one-sided selection and interpretation of the facts connected with the sentence of 1903, the wrong statements that he was supported by the German Government during the years of his emigration in Germany (1918–1929), etc. The conclusion is drawn that Dr Radoslavov’s complex and contradictory life needs reassessment on the basis of an all-rounded and impartial study of the available archival and documentary material, analysed and summed up in accordance with the complex of political, economical, international, psychological and other historical conditions and without the limitations of the partisan canons and cliches. The objective assessment and the writing of a solid biographical study on Dr Vassil Radoslavov, that has been absent so far, are necessitated by his active presence on the political scene (for more than 20 years) and the principal role he played in the most difficult moments in the history of the Bulgarian State, in preserving and defending its territorial integrity and sovereignty. The problem raised indicates the need for changes of principle in the approach and starting positions of the researchers in writing biographies of the Bulgarian politicians.

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Женското движение в България през призмата на един живот (Димитрана Иванова)

Author(s): Krassimira Daskalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5-6/1998

Dimitrana Ivanova died in 1960 at the age of 79. For a long time – from 1926 to 1944 she was Chairwoman of the Women’s Union in Bulgaria. For the public her name, admired by some and ridiculed by others, became a synonym for a stubborn and rebellious person. Her whole life was dedicated to the feminist cause and she passed through the various stages of the struggle for women’s emancipation in Bulgaria. Her life spanned two epochs – the “bourgeois” epoch in Bulgaria prior to World War II and the communist regime. She had to overcome enormous obstacles in both. Paradoxically, while she was considered to be on the left in the pre-communist era, she barely escaped execution for being a prominent “bourgeois” public figure (and having numerous contacts abroad) after the communists seized power. The story of Dirmtrana’s life is intimately intertwined with several decades of history of the women's movement in Bulgaria and narrating it gives an idea about the women's movement itself, besides being indicative of the wider socio-political and ideological context in which the struggle for emancipation of the Bulgarian women had to take place.

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Авторитаризъм – фашизъм (към модела на политическото развитие на България 1918–1944 г.)

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1997

In this article for the first time is raised the question of the nature of the right-wing political alternatives revealing the concrete contents of the authoritarian and fascist movements. The parameters of the authoritarian tendencies are determined. The basic tendencies, evolution and specific features of authoritarianism and fascism are outlined. The fascist manifestations are typologized, taking into consideration their close connection with authoritarianism. Authoritarianism was a basic alternative of bourgeois democracy between the two world wars. It proved to be a barrier against the threat of communism and did not allow fascism to enter into the government. The authoritarian movement had more diffuse contours unlike the clearly expressed tendencies of fascism. The authoritarian current, however, was predominant. After May 1934 authoritarianism in fact took over the administration of the country whereas fascism until the end of its existence remained disunited and failed to make its way into the government of the country. Complex, direct and indirect links and relationships existed between authoritarianism and fascism. The fascism movement was generated by the general authoritarian climate and was strongly influenced by external factors, but possessed also clearly outlined specific national features. The fundamental facts of the history of fascism are given a new interpretation, and typologization and periodization are introduced.

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Fritz Fischer. Hitler war kein Betriebsunfall. Aufsütze. 3 unveränderte Auflage, München, 1993. 272 S. (Фритц Фишер. Хитлер не беше случайност. Съчинения, 3 издание. Мюнхен, 1993. 272 с.)

Author(s): Maria Koleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/1996

Book Review

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Броят на унгарците в Румъния според преброяванията на населението и други статистически източници

Author(s): László Sebők / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1996

Official Rumanian statistics do not reveal the actual number of Hungarians living in Rumania, since their political aspect has always been stronger than the scientific one. According to the only acceptable census of Transylvania in 1956 there were at that time 1 616 000 Hungarian persons living there. The censuses of the Ceausescu era (1966 and 1977) were so strongly biased that their data are considered by the experts completely useless. (Similarly, the data reporting on 20–30 000 Hungarians in the Regat are also not accepted anywhere.) Demographic analysis and the analysis of ecclesiastical documents lead us namely to the conclusion that the number of Hungarians in Rumania must be somewhere between 2.1 and 2.3 million and that of those living in Transylvania must be above 2 million, the preliminary data of the 1992 census (1 620 000 Hungarians) prove that with all customary manipulations there are at least as many Hungarians who claim to be ones against all the intimidating measures and the political pressure exercised on them.

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Sprawozdanie z konferencji naukowej „Rządy parlamentarne w Polsce – historia i współczesność, w 100 lat od uchwalenia Konstytucji marcowej”, Lublin, 29 kwietnia 2021 r.

Author(s): Marek Woźnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2021

Dnia 29 kwietnia 2021 roku odbyła się w Lublinie Ogólnopolska Konferencja Naukowa „Rządy parlamentarne w Polsce – historia i współczesność, w 100 lat od uchwalenia Konstytucji marcowej”. Patronat merytoryczny nad konferencją objęła Katedra Prawa Konstytucyjnego Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie oraz redakcja czasopisma „Prawo i Polityka”. Organizacja konferencji była wspólnym dziełem studentów zrzeszonych w Kole Naukowym Prawa Parlamentarnego UMCS oraz Studenckim Kole Naukowe Prawników UMCS. Ze względu na sytuację pandemiczną obrady konferencyjne odbyły się w formie zdalnej, za pośrednictwem aplikacji Microsoft Teams.

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Romanian Modernity – Historical, Cultural and Theological Paradigms

Author(s): Florin Dobrei / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Romanian Modernity – Historical, Cultural and Theological Paradigms, Romanian Academy, Center for Transylvanian Studies, Supllement no. 1 of “Transylvanian Review”, Cluj-Napoca, year XXX, 2021, 314 p.

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