CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Political Conversion Opposites: Two Writers and Their 1920s Soviet Union Experience

Author(s): George T. Sipos / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2022

This study reopens the question of the nature of political commitment and its causes during a time that drastically altered the history of the 20th century, the 1920s and 1930s. Focused largely on a body of texts produced by Japanese female writer Miyamoto Yuriko (1899-1951) who returned from a three-year long trip to the Soviet Union in late 1920s as a convinced communist, the study offers a comparison with communism renunciation writings produced by leftist Romanian French writer Panait Istrati (1894-1935), as well as other communist and fellow travelers who experienced the same Soviet realities as Miyamoto but with opposite outcomes, such as French writer André Gide (1869-1951). What made those members of the intelligentsia so passionately embrace or renounce certain political ideologies that ultimately changed the face of modern history?

More...

GEORGE CIPRIAN. MINOR DRAMA

Author(s): Crenguţa Gânscă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2020

A very important actor in his time, almost forgotten nowadays, George Ciprian is mentioned instead by the literary histories as a dramatist, one of the most important in the interwar period. However, only two of his plays – not very numerous by the way – are considered significant, one of them, Omul cu mârţoaga, being extremely successful all over the Europe in that time. Beside this play and Capul de răţoi, there are at least other two plays, less known, but which strenghten a certain literary and human profil of this very interesting and original writer, and a real dramaturgical calling as well, unfortunately uncultivated seriously enough. The study below is part of a monographic book which is in progress.

More...

READING CABINETS IN BUCOVINA. READING OFFICES IN CHERNIVTSI COUNTY DURING 1870-1938

Author(s): Lăcrămioara Avasiloaie (Andrei) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 21/2020

After 1860, we can talk about the beginning of the reading rooms that were established from the desire to lay the foundations of a cultural movement in Bucovina. Through these actions, the Academic and Cultural Societies from this area, contributed to the action of cultural, social and economic emancipation of the Romanian population and set up and supported the activity of the reading rooms. Cabinets and reading societies fulfilled their role of "Romanian nests of light and soul" during 1870-1940, by involving the population from villages and towns in the cultural life. The activity of the cabinets is materialized by organizing cultural events that included "folk parties", conferences on various topics, presentation of Romanian plays, meetings with writers and other personalities from Bucovina and Romania, highlighting the national games, the Tricolor and folk costume, promoting among young people and foreigners the development of libraries in cabinets and outside them, through donations and book acquisition, given to poor pupils and students, but good students and involvement in other social and economic problems of the community. In 1900, about 56 reading rooms have activities in the counties of Bucovina, as the published article shows, from "The Calendar of the Bucovina people", but it is assumed that were more. In 1905 were about 47 cabinets, according to the statistics presented by the "Society for Culture" from Cernauti. In Cernauti County, in 1900, 7 reading cabinets carried out their activities and in 1905 in “Patria” Magazine published a record with 11 cabinets, also republished by the writer Constantin Loghin in 1943.

More...

Kari Alenius, Saulius Kaubrys: Balancing between National Unity and „Multiculturalism“. National Minorities in Lithuania and Finland 1918–1939

Author(s): Theodore Weeks / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Review of: Kari Alenius, Saulius Kaubrys: Balancing between National Unity and „Multiculturalism“. National Minorities in Lithuania and Finland 1918–1939. (On the Boundary of Two Worlds, Bd. 47.) Brill Schöningh. Paderborn 2022. XII, 264 S., Kt. ISBN 978-3-506- 79278-5

More...

Reducing Execution Costs by Using Different Organizational Models in Housing Construction

Author(s): Radu Taşcă / Language(s): English Issue: 30/2022

The construction processes require ways to align different steps of the project, from the beginning and development of the execution in time and space of two or other processes, between which there is a dependency, which lead to the re-fabrication of construction elements as needed. The development of execution procedures, based on the path method, leads to the analyze of the most parameters of a construction project, the cost, the dominant parameter, which ultimately measures the efficiency of housing constructions. The cost of a construction activity is defined (Hagiu, 2003, p.250) as the general expression of labor, construction materials, and all other equipment needed for the execution of technological and organizational conditions of the construction project to be implemented. The cost must be interpreted as a general resource of a project, therefore an optimization criterion, has the meaning of the financial resource requirement, as it results from the summation of the partial costs of the resources and can be used for the analysis and optimization of the program for carrying out a final construction work.

More...

Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the Soviet Scientific Discourse (1923–1939)

4.50 €

Preview

Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the Soviet Scientific Discourse (1923–1939)

Author(s): Dmytro Mykolenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2023

The article explores the features of the image of the Bulgarian Prince/Tsar Ferdinand in Soviet historiography 1923–1939. It reveals the factors that determined the assessments of Ferdinand’s activities in the works of historians and publicists in USSR. The research clarifies how Pokrovsky’s opinion influenced the study of the Bulgarian history. The author concludes that Ferdinand’s activity is a demonstrative topic of Soviet historiography in 1923–1939. It illustrates the development of humanitarian science in USSR at the time. Bulgarian monarch turned into a positive hero amid criticism of Tsar’s foreign policy in 1920s. The wide-spreading Marxist methodology contributed to the formation of the image of Ferdinand as a representative of the interests of the bourgeoisie. When Russia began to use the doctrine of pan-Slavism again, Ferdinand as a supporter of Germany and Austro-Hungary became a negative character for Russian scientists. Different factors influenced the interpretation of Ferdinand’s policies in the Soviet Union. They are legacy of Russian pre-revolutionary science, the spread of Marxist methodology, imposition of Pokrovsky’s concept and revitalization of imperial policy of the USSR under the influence of I. Stalin. All this predetermined the formation of the contradictory image of Ferdinand in Soviet historiography.

More...

Ivan Tomas and the Smuggler for the Pope

Author(s): Domagoj Tomas / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

During the pontificate of Pope Pius XII (1939–1958), the relations between the Holy See and the European communist countries were either strained or severed. In such circumstances, the trial against the Archbishop of Zagreb Alojzije Stepinac was held in the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY). The proceedings were completed in 1946 when Stepinac was sentenced to sixteen years in prison. After five years in prison, he was given the choice of either going to Rome or serving the rest of his sentence under house arrest in his hometown of Krašić. After Stepinac was appointed cardinal in 1953, the FPRY severed its diplomatic relations with the Holy See, while Stepinac lost the opportunity of going to Rome and accepting the cardinal’s insignia. At the time, the Croatian Catholic priest Ivan Tomas worked at the Vatican Radio in Rome. Tomas’s efforts and the assistance from an American tourist of Slovenian origin, Frances Yenko Chilcoat, resulted in a fascinating and unusual journey of Stepinac’s cardinal robe and its safe arrival to the territory of the FPRY in 1954. Yenko Chilcoat described her endeavour in a memoir titled Smuggler for the Pope, published in 2006.This paper will first explain the international political context at the time of Yenko Chilcoat’s arrival from the United States of America to Europe and the church-state relations between the Holy See and the FPRY after World War II. Furthermore, the paper will verify the authenticity of Chilcoat’s memoir and the credibility of her claims, analyse Tomas’s role in the smuggling of the cardinal robe, as well as the consequences of the cardinal robe coming into Stepinac’s possession. Finally, a conclusion will be made about the meaning and importance of Stepinac’s cardinal robe being sent from Rome to the FPRY in the context of contemporaneous church-state relations.

More...

Record of Violence. The Socio‑Political German‑Jewish Relations in Free City of Danzig in the Years 1933–1939

Author(s): Krzysztof Ulanowski / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2022

The author focuses on historical evidence to answer the sociological problem how did the Jewish citizens of the Free City of Danzig, who had lived there for several generations, come to be considered strangers for the Germans ones and were forced to leave their hometown? The method chosen by the author is based on the chronological factor, showing how each subsequent day deprived Jews of the dignity and living space in their own city. The author mentions not only the laws and regulations concerning the Gdańsk Jews as a whole, but wherever possible he refers to the individual fate of a given person or family in order to evoke the terror to those days through the prism of the personal experiences. The author presented the history of Nazi repressions towards the Jewish community in the years 1933–1939 thus exposing the sources of German planned violence hidden by the Nazis under the guise of national propaganda.

More...

Niemieckie Katholikentagi na Śląsku i Śląskie Zjazdy Katolickie jako przejaw zaangażowania laikatu w życiu politycznym, społecznym i religijnym

Author(s): Piotr Górecki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2022

The events of the Spring of Nations in the mid-19th century brought Catholics in Germany freedom of association and began the process of pushing for their equality and ensuring parity in political and social life. An outward manifestation of the growing strength of Catholics each year were the conventions held, which went down in history as the so-called Katholikentags. Interestingly, five of them were organized in Wrocław (in 1849, 1872, 1886, 1909 and 1926), and one convention was held in Nysa (in 1899), as Catholics were a great force in Silesia, actively involved in associational life. After the division of Upper Silesia in 1922. Upper Silesia, three Silesian conventions of Catholics were organized in 1922–1924 in apostolic administration of Upper Silesia. Their purpose, course, as well as the most important issues raised during them on political, religious and social issues are discussed in this article.

More...

Legal Regulation of Elementary and Upper Elementary Schools during the Second Czecho-Slovak Republic and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia

Author(s): Tereza Kolumber / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This paper offers an overview of the education law from 1760s to late 1930s and then well-structured analysis of the legal framework for elementary and upper elementary (main) schools from 1938 to 1945, which is characterized by a focus on extensive secondary legislation, which is frequently not even of the Czech origin. The paper intends to illustrate the transformation of the school system from the era of the interwar democratic state through a local variation of fascism into a Nazi-occupied territory where education was mainly intended to serve the indoctrination of children and youth. The author of the paper combines the available laws and regulations with other sources to provide a comprehensive overview of this part of the Czech education system, which has so far been rather neglected in the academic world.

More...

Strafrecht in Ungarn (1920–1944)

Author(s): Veronika Lehotay / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

The study deals with criminal law between the two world wars. The first codified Hungarian Penal Code was completed in 1878. The Criminal Code became known as the Csemegi Code. After 1920, there were also a number of changes in criminal law. The main questions of this paper are: How did the economic crisis, the war, and the increasing discrimination from 1938 onward affect criminal law? In the context of the period between 1920 and 1944, the question arises how and whether the representatives of (criminal) jurisprudence took a stand on equality, war and restriction of rights. How has the relationship between the state and the individual changed with regard to public law / criminal law? How did the criminal law tendency appear in Hungarian jurisprudence and how did it influence legislation? How did racial protection appear in Hungarian criminal law thought and practice? How did criminal law develop in practice in Hungary between 1920 and 1944? How did the law of criminal procedure change? The main sources for the research are the legislation and the literature of the time.

More...

Normalization Policy of Ukrainian-Polish Relations in the mid-1930s: Essence, Causes, and Preconditions

Author(s): Yaryna Zavada,Ruslan Demchyshak / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2022

The article attempts to analyse the historical event that was the process of normalisation of Ukrainian-Polish relations in the mid-1930s. It analyses the rationale that led to the conclusion of a normalisation agreement in 1935 between the Ukrainian National Democratic Union (UNDO) – the most influential social representative in the Ukrainian community in the western territories of Ukraine at the time – and the Polish government represented by representatives of the Sanation. In addition, the reasons that favoured the normalisation policy are discussed. The conclusion of the agreement was a landmark step. In exchange for a declaration of loyalty and the UNDO’s recognition of the Polish raison d’état, the government was to implement many Ukrainian demands. For the UNDO, it was an opportunity to create parliamentary representation and ensure that Ukrainian NGOs were able to function, while for the Sanation, it was a chance to gain a political ally among Ukrainians in the region and the Polish parliament. In this way, the civic equality of Ukrainians was marked. At the same time, convergence of views on many issues was emphasised, but also issues that should be resolved and put in order were pointed out.

More...

1919-1947 VE 1985-2004 DÖNEMLERİNDE TÜRK SAVUNMA SANAYİİ KURMA GİRİŞİMLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ

Author(s): Uğur Ermiş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 27/2023

The Republic of Turkey has attempted to establish a national defense industry twice, between the years 1919- 1947 and 1985-2004, from the War of Independence to the present. The first of these attempts, the period of 1919-1947, failed despite all the efforts. The attempt to establish a national defense industry for the second time, on the other hand, has progressed to become a functioning and developing industry since 1985, after a preparation period that could be taken until 1964. The lessons to be learned from the reasons for the failure between 1919 and 1947 play a major role in the success achieved after 1985. The comparison of these two periods is of great importance in terms of understanding the capacity and potential of today's Turkish defense industry.

More...

An Alternative Modernity: Zmitrok Bjadulja and His Creation of the Belarusian Jew

Author(s): Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern / Language(s): English Issue: 64/2021

A young rabbinical pupil from a remote Belarusian shtetl, Shmuel Plaŭnik, debuted as a Hebrew poet, and then moved on to Russian poetry, until, with the adoption of the pseudonym Zmitrok Bjadulja around 1910, he came to Belarusian prose and poetry and integration into the Belarusian intelligentsia. His unconventional choice of a Belarusian cultural and literary identity was in contradiction to the traditional ways of acculturation of Jews in the Russian Empire, based on entry into the majority Russian language and culture. Bjadulja not only chose what was at the time a colonial culture with no supporting statehood, but also maintained his dual identity as a Belarusian Jew, which is the basis of his autobiographical narratives, sketches and short stories. In his narrative prose, Bjadulja proposed an innovative synthesis of Slavic and Jewish elements based on his profound knowledge of Jewish sources and Belarusian folklore. This fusion profoundly shaped the imagery, motifs, style and language of his works. Bjadulja was able to bring together two stateless, marginalised and deprecated ethno-national cultures to create a utopian vision of Jewish-Belarusian coexistence and interference that, thanks to the power of his pen, became a fundamental part of the Belarusian canon in his own formation.

More...

Jeżow – Beria – Sierow a sprawa Polaków. Na szczytach totalitarnej władzy

Author(s): Adam Lityński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov was Minister (People’s Commissar) of the Interior (NKVD USSR) from 1936 to 1938. In these years falls the period of the so-called Great Terror. Using the hands of Yezhov, Stalin carried out the genocide of his own citizens. Poles – citizens of the USSR – suffered the most. Yezhov was shot. In his place there came Lavrentiy Beria (December 1938). Beria was the second person after Stalin for 15 years. His right hand man was a NKVD General – Serov. From the beginning of World War II until the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, State Security General Ivan Alexandrovich Serov was an active participant in all of the most important events of those years. He was the only person in the Soviet Union to be the head of both the “civilian” Committee of State Security (KGB) and the military Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). In particular, Serov was responsible for the criminal pacification of Poland after 1944. The author of the article used mainly two priceless documents: The secrets of general Serov’s briefcase. Journals of the first Chairman of KGB. 1939–1963 (Polish: Tajemnice walizki generała Sierowa. Dzienniki pierwszego szefa KGB. 1939–1963). The Polish version was published in 2019. The second document are the memories of Beria’s son – Sergo Beria: Beria, mon pḕre. Au coeur du porvoir stalinien (Polish: Beria mój ojciec. W sercu stalinowskiej władzy, the Polish version was published in 2000). Moreover, the author used: P. Sudoplatov, Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness – A Soviet Spymaster (Polish: Wspomnienia niewygodnego świadka, the Polish version was published in 1999).

More...

HOVHANNES KAÇAZNUNİ’NİN HAYATI*

Author(s): Fatma Nur GÜCÜYENER,Hüseyin Saraç / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 17/2023

Hovhannes Katchaznouni, an architect, was one of the most important members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaksutyun). During the Bolsheviks, who took over the administration with the Bolshevik revolution in Tsarist Russia, the states of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan in the South Caucasus, where Armenia is located, entered into a formation that acted separately from the Bolsheviks. However, the existence of the formation did not last long due to problems such as historical problems, border conflicts, etc. among them. After the collapse of the Transcaucasian Seym, the three states of the region, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia, respectively, declared their independence and created new independent states. Katchaznouni became the first prime minister of the newly established Republic of Armenia. However, with the Bolsheviks entering the South Caucasus region with the Red Army, Soviet administrations were established in these states. In the meantime, Katchaznouni, who fled abroad, published a series of articles in Chakatamart newspaper under the title What Should Our Way Be? While emphasizing the importance of Dashnaksutyun in his articles and mentioning that the Bolsheviks will always need them, he read a report at the party conference of Dashnaksutyun in 1923; Dashnak sutyun Has Nothing To Do Anymore.In his report, most of his thoughts had changed, he mentioned that they had made mistakes and suggested that Dashnaksutyun had nothing to do anymore and suggested that the party dissolve itself. Immediately after this article, he applied to the Soviet authorities to return to Armenia. After his application was accepted, Katchaznouni returned to Armenia and continued his profession there. Katchaznouni, who was under probation by the Soviet authorities, was arrested in 1937 on charges of continuing his Dashnak activities and died in prison in early 1938 from tuberculosis. Although applications were made by Katchaznouni's daughter to exonerate him of the crimes laid upon him, this did not happen during the Soviet period. However, in the Republic of Armenia, which was established with the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was accepted that he did not commit these crimes, which he was acquitted of the charges against him in 1992 by the decision of the Armenian Public Prosecutor's Office. In this article, Hovhannes Katchaznouni's life was examined chronologically, his arrest process and his death were emphasized, and the report of Dashnaksutyun’s Nothing to Do Anymore, which is one of the most important works he produced throughout his life, was examined in detail and various evaluations were made.

More...

Tożsamościowe ucieczki we wspomnieniach członkiń i członków Gwardii Ludowej

Author(s): Katarzyna Kwiatkowska-Moskalewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2022

This article presents and compares the strategies of hiding the Jewish identity of members of the communist resistance movement (the People’s Guard/People’s Army). It uses the example of the wartime memoirs of Barbara Sowińska (1912–2004) and Gustaw Alef-Bolkowiak (1916–1979). They both grew up in Jewish homes, but their experiences in Polish schools were key for the development of their hybrid identity. In the fall of 1939 they both fled across the River Bug, but in 1941 they did not manage to flee into the interior of the Soviet Union. They returned to Warsaw, where they soon joined the infant People’s Guard. After the war, they played a significant though secondary role in the construction of the new political system. They both wrote best-selling memoirs about the period when they had fought in the communist resistance movement, where they hid their Jewish origin. However, they chose different camouflage strategies, the discussion of which constitutes the essence of this article. The basic source materials are the following two books: Stanisława Sowińska’s Lata walki [the years of struggle] and Gustaw Alef-Bolkowiak’s Gorące dni [hot days], which are juxtaposed with archival documents (party resumes, testimonies written for the communist party history archive, testimonies, etc.), and later testimonies and manuscripts, created in exile or for a foreign audience. The comparative analysis of their content facilitates highlighting the self-strategies of escape: both during the occupation and in communist Poland.

More...

Kto, kiedy i dlaczego? Ucieczki polskich Żydów przed Niemcami do Związku Radzieckiego jesienią 1939 i latem 1941 r. w perspektywie porównawczej

Author(s): Markus Nesselrodt / Language(s): Polish Issue: 18/2022

Using the example of five biographies of Polish Jews, in his article the author analyzes the motives and ways of the escapes from the Germans. The sources are journals, letters, memoirs, early reports, and interviews. Analyzing the motives and circumstances of the escapes, the author compares two stages. The first one was just after the beginning of the German and Soviet occupation of Poland in September 1939 and the other one began after the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. This comparison shows that despite the many differences, the similarities in the escapes’ circumstances were more numerous. In both cases, the following factors constituted a matter of life and death: the timing of the escape, the geographical proximity to the front line, the financial resources, the familial factors that accompanied the making of the decision to escape, and, last but not least, the age and gender.

More...

Family structures on Polish soil at the end of the partitions period and in the interwar Poland. The outline of issues

Author(s): Cezary Kuklo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The article focuses on the history of the Christian family (and of the Jewish family to a lesser extent) and of the household on Polish soil since 1880s till 1939. It aims at presenting the demographic characteristics of rural families (of peasants, of petty nobility and of landowners) and urban families (of craftsmen, bourgeoisie and intelligentsia) as well as the circumstances of rising and lasting of these families. The Author of the article presents in detail such important features as: the age of the newlyweds, the length of the marriage, fertility rate and the death rate in the families. Furthermore, the Author indicates the influence of the intense economic and social transformations on Polish soil from the second half of XIX century on the role and position of each individual member of the family: the spouses, the children and the grandparents.

More...

Cumhuriyet Dönemi Dinî Yayınlarda Mucize Anlayışı (1924-1960)

Author(s): Abdurrahman Atalay / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2023

It is possible to talk about many reasons that determine the direction of religious publications in the first quarter of the Republic, both in terms of content, style and method. While some of these factors came into play or became stronger with the Republic, an important part of it has a history that goes back to Ottoman modernization. The decline of the Ottoman state, which started on the battlefields, caused serious land losses. This regression damaged the self-confidence of Muslims and spread the idea that salvation would be possible with a Western-style modernization. In this context, the obligatory relations with the Western world, which were established with the feeling of backwardness, were not limited to the military, political and cultural fields, but also spread to the religious field. For this reason, while Ottoman scholars and thinkers sought ways out through political and administrative reforms, they had to discuss the current understanding of religion and the religionworld conception formed in this direction. It has been especially emphasized that Islam does not prevent progress, encourages scientific and technical developments, and is compatible with the principles of reason and logic in terms of content. It is also known that the emphases in this manner maintain their vitality in the texts written both in the last period of the Ottoman Empire and in the Republic of Turkey. On the other hand, this approach, which was not possible to develop independently of the positivist and materialist understanding of science formed in a determinist framework of the West, also affected the field of creed along with the practical and moral issues of Islam. This situation continued and strengthened when it was transferred to the republican period. Because the founding cadres of the republic, who sought a secular and positivist ground, defended the idea that the religious field in general and the creed in particular should not conflict with the scientific understanding of the period. Expressed in the context of the present study, the political center thinks that there are compulsory fixed laws within the framework of cause-effect relationship in nature and that no effect is possible outside of these laws. In response to this attitude, the issue of miracles has been used in religious publications to express situations that go above the laws of nature, on the one hand, it has been tried to be discussed without prejudice to the attributes and actions of Allah. On the other hand, this discussion was conducted without giving the impression that Islam contradicts modern science. Discussing the issue under the influence of the secular and positivist framework drawn by the political center and Western intellectuals makes the issue a worthwhile subject to investigate. Because, in the period of the New Ilm-i Kalam, the restrictive attitude of the founding cadres accompanied the rational and scientific interpretations about the possibility of miracles. This situation significantly determined the content and style of the texts written during the period. In these circumstances, I believe that it is important to point out the points of conflict and reconciliation in the grounding of a religious issue such as a miracle. In this direction, while the current study covers the years 1924- 1960 in terms of time, it is a study that especially includes the publications of the Presidency of Religious Affairs and Ankara University Faculty of Theology as a source. The date 1924, which was determined as the starting date, is important both for the establishment date in terms of the Presidency of Religious Affairs and for the abolition of the caliphate and the taking of some important decisions such as the Law on Unification of Education. On the other hand, the date of 1960 points to a coup date and some fractures in the political sense. During the study, I included the sources published by both the Presidency of Religious Affairs and the Faculty of Theology of Ankara University, as well as other sources directly related to these sources. In addition to this time and resource restriction, it was also referred to important texts written before 1924 and after 1960 when appropriate.

More...